Health Psych Exam 3
Neuroregulators altered by nicotine
-acetylcholine -norepi -dopamine -vasopressin
difficulties faced by diabetics
-cognitive dysfunc -risk for depression
Characteristic features of ppl who quit smoking on their own
-perceive that health benefits of quitting are substantial -good self control skills
Factors implicated in alcoholism
-sociodemographic factors -genetic factors
death rate for CVD has decreased since
1960s
when was smoking peak popularity
1960s
drinking rates in US have remained relatively stable since
1980s
age group during which men smoke most often
25-44
% of lung cancer due to smoking
85-90%
The occurrence of a major stressful event ___ days after treatment can trigger relapse among apparently recovered alcoholics
90
behavioral therapy pain
Behavioral Therapy/behavioral modification - process of shaping behavior through the application of operant conditioning principles Removal of ____reinforcers_____ that may have been prompting "pain traps" Has been effective in decreasing pain intensity and improving quality of life
NTs that reduce anxiety and tension
Beta endorphis
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply
smoking during preg
Fertility problems. High risk of miscarriage Problems with gas exchange and placenta Premie/low birth weight Risk of SIDS Birth defects, such as cleft lip or palate Earaches in children in secondhand: Prenatal SHS exposure affects fetal growth; Greater respiratory symptoms (wheezing)
specificity theory of pain
Hypothesizes that specific pain fibers and pain pathways exist, making the experience of pain virtually equal to the amount of tissue damage or injury. Pain is the result of pain signals sent to the pain center of the brain Limitations Overly simplistic Research has failed to identify specific receptors or "pain centers"
neurotransmitters and pain
In the 1970s, researchers identified naturally occurring chemicals in the brain that affect pain perception (nociception) Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphin modulate (reduce) pain Glutamate, substance _P__, bradykinin, and prostaglandins produce pain
medically treat pain
Medications and Drugs ___analgesic___ drugs - relieve pain; most likely to be opiates or nonnarcotic analgesics Limitations to using drugs to treat pain: Tolerance and dependence on drugs Overmedication __surgery____ _surgery_____ aims to repair the source of the pain or alter the nervous system to alleviate the pain Limitations of _surgery________: It may not always repair damaged tissue It may not provide patients with relief Expensive
alcohol use disorder
Problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
smoking quitting benefits
Reduces mortality by 36% Quitting smoking by age 35 adds 7-8 years of life expectancy Reduced coronary heart disease risk within 1-2 years of quitting
somatosensory w pain
Sense receptors located on the surface of the body turn physical energy into neural impulses These neural impulses can travel to the peripheral nervous system toward the spinal cord and brain Sensory (afferent) neurons Relay information from the sense organs toward the brain Myelinated afferent neurons A-fibers important in pain perception Responsible for "fast", reflexive, prickly pain C-fibers are unmyelinated afferent neurons Responsible for slower, dull pain
community nonsmoke campaigns
Smoke-free workplaces help decrease prevalence of smoking Random-digit dialing smokers has also been shown to reduce smoking rates -quitline
Smoking Optimistic Bias
Smokers believe they personally have a lower risk of disease and death than other smokers Smokers also rank their brand of cigarettes as less likely to cause disease than other brands
a relatively common outcome of pre-and neonatal exposure to secondhand smoke
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
smoking and weight gain
Women gain 6 lbs and men 11 lbs after quitting Physical exercise can stop weight gain
gender diffs in pain
Women report pain more readily than men, also high higher rates of pain related disorders May be due to gender roles and socialization Also sex hormones and gender differences in coping strategies may contribute
hysteria
a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
smoking is known to show a _____ ______ _______ where a single lapse reduces efficacy, increases negative mood, and reduce beliefs that one can quit
abstinence violation effect
most likely to die from quitting ____ cold turkey than any other drug
alcohol
Smoking is related to ___ in adolescence
anxiety
alcohol consumption is known to reliably lower ____ and ____ temporarily
anxiety and depression
estrogen protects against early onset of coronary disease and premenopausal women show smaller incr in
blood pressure, metab, and neuroendo responses to stress than men and older women
antidepressants may also act as a
blood thinner
excessive alcohol consumption has been tied to
brain atrophy and brain damage
most behaviors use ________ _________ __________ to achieve weight gain in those with anorexia nervosa
cognitive-behavioral approaches
most effective treatment of bulimia
combination of medication and CBT
are smoking rates increasing or decreasing
decreasing since mid 60s, vaping has caused an increase though
Most common difficulty experienced as a result of cancer
depressiom
Alcoholism may represent untreated symptoms of
depression
vital exhaustion may be a bodily expression of
depression
Most weight-loss programs begin with
dietary treatment
indirect alc hazard
drunk driving
All cancers result from:
dysfunction in DNA
health conditions linked w smoking
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer
cognitive remedial training
helps restore intellectual functioning
the effectiveness of a particular coping technique in page management depends on
how long patients have had their pain
Women prone to bulimia, especially binge eating, appear to have altered stress responses, especially an atypical _____ _____ _____ diurnal pattern
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
The risk factors for smoking
include cigarette smoking
psychotherapy
includes treatment for depression
as a result of insulin resistance, the production of insulin is temporarily
increased
In this surgery, an adjustable gastric band is inserted surgically around top of stomach to create a small pouch in upper stomach to reduce the stomach's capacity to take in food
lap band surgery
Gerard is obese around the waist. He has high blood pressure and low levels of good cholesterol. These are symptomatic of:
metabolic syndrome
what is compromised by cancer and its treatments
nutrition
_______ people are prone to having personality disorders and mental health issues esp depression
obese
an excessive accumulation of body fat
obesity
prechronic pain
occurs between acute and chronic pain - This is a very critical period as either the person overcomes pain at this time or develops feelings of fear and helplessness that can lead to chronic pain
independent risk factor for death among diabetic patients is
psych distress
Smoking among habitual smokers is known to improve
psychomotor performance
alcohol use
rose after prohibition then rel stable, highest in 1800s
significant factor that contributes to the beginning of tobacco use
self-identity
Alcoholics can have ___ disorders, which, in turn, may contribute to immune alterations that incr risk for infection
sleep
alcoholic
someone who is physically addicted to alcohol
relationship among stress and eating
stress and anxiety can suppress physiological cues of hunger, leading to lowered consumption of food
health conditions linked to alcohol consumption
stroke, high BP
obesity is known to increase risks during
surgery
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
withdrawal
the unpleasant symptoms, physical and psychological, that someone experiences when he or she stops using an addictive substance they are dependent on
A process by which the body increasingly adapt o use of a substance, requiring ;larger doses of it to obtain same and eventually reach a plateau
tolerance
relapse prevention
training in coping skills and other techniques intended to help people resist falling back into old health habits following a successful behavioral intervention
T/F: adult men are more hostile than women
true
T/F: amount of pain felt depends on its perception
true
T/F: cessation of smoking is successful following a health threat, especially among middle-aged smokers
true
t/f there are more former smokers than current smokers
true
neoplastic tissue
tumor
treatments for CAD
•Bypass surgery •Replaces blocked portion of the coronary artery •Expensive and risky but usually relieves angina and improves quality of life •Cardiac Rehabilitation •Helps cardiac patients adjust lifestyle to minimize risk factors •Often involves psychologists to help patients adjust lifestyles
psych interventions for cancer
•Types of interventions: •Cognitive behavioral stress management skills, •Providing social support, •Opportunities to express emotions • •Interventions have been shown to yield short-term benefits
reducing CVD
•eating healthier, exercising, not smoking •Reducing hypertension •Lowering serum cholesterol •Modifying psychosocial risk factors -Oral hygiene
arteriosclerosis
•the loss of elasticity of the arteries
tension reduc
▫Alcohol abusers tend to be unable to tolerate stress • ▫Many people _expect that alcohol use will _lower tension and anxiety__ and increase sexual desire and pleasure in life • ▫Adults with less intimate and supportive relationships tend to show greater drinking following sadness or hostility
why does depression accompany HIV diagnosis among ppl w low social support
-engage in avoidance coping behavior -have more severe HIV symptoms
intervening with obese and overweight children can be done by
-school based interventions directing to making healthy food available and modifying sedentary behavior will help -prevention with families at risk for having obese children is important
behavioral risk factors for cancer
-smoking -poor diet (fat, preserv, grill, low fiber) -alcohol -sedentary -tanning (12-15x stronger than sun) -unsafe sex -HPV linked to cervical and oral cancer
effects of educational appeals by mass media to decrease smoking among people
-smoking viewed as addiction with negative social consequences -people come close to desire to quit but not actually quit
common time periods for type 1 diabetes emergence
5-6 years and 10-13 years
cig chemicals
Cigarettes contain 4,000-7,000 chemical and compounds Tars - water-soluble residue; carcinogen Acrolein and formaldehyde - carcinogens that cause cell damage Nitric oxide and hydrocyanic acid - gases formed from smoking that affect oxygen metabolism Carcinogens -At least 60 -Carbon monox
psych interventions to quit smoking
Cognitive behavioral approaches, Group therapy, Motivational Interviewing/Enhancement Behavior modification and Contracts Most effective programs include both a counseling component and a pharmacological component
eating disorders have been documented in people as young as
7 year olds
more than __ percent of cigarettes smoked by adolescents are in the presence of a peer
70%
Type 2 diabetes is ____th most common chronic illness in US
7th
An especially potent risk factor for CVD
abdominally localized fat
T/f raising taxes on tobacco products decreased usage
True
when balance between insulin action and insulin secretion is dysregulated, it results in
Typ 2 diabetes
gender and smoking
Unladylike to smoke until 1960s and 70s (marketing freedom and femininity) WWI soldiers were smoking cigs and stay addicted when they come home WWII soldiers were given cigs as rations (to barter or smoke)
NTs that appear to enhance memory
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, vasopressin
HPA axis
activation of this system has immunosuppressive effects
Most pain control techniques work better for chronic/acute pain
acute
this pain is easier to treat as the source of the pain is clear
acute
Third leading cause of preventable death
alcohol consumption
pain and periaqueductal gray
an area of the brain involved in modulation of pain When this part of the brain is stimulated, pain relief occurs Modulating pain may be important in some survival instances Why? Helpful for survival and long-term health
bulimia
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
increases risk of heart disease, predicts poor likelihood of survival, and acts as a potential trigger for heart attacks
anger
Psychological interventions may be effective in reducing for cancer
anticipated fears and anxieties especially with treatment
emotional issues for people with left-brain damage
anxiety and depression
bonus question
cabbage
In US, most common cause of smoking-related death is
cancer
smoking interacts synergistically w depression to substantially increase the risk for
cancer
lung issues from smoking
cancer COPD Bronchitis Emphysema
malignant
cancerous
veins
carry blood to the heart
arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
relaxation used as an intervention to improve immune functioning is associated with enhancement in
cellular immunity
structured, stimulating environment
challenges the stroke patient's capabilities
what type of job incr risk for coronary artery disease in women
clerical worker
obesity has been tied to poor
cognitive functioning
an important part of weight-reduction programs
cognitive restructuring
second leading cancer killer
colon
Habitual smokers that stop smoking report that their _____ has reduced
concentration
People with hypertension are advised to
consume low-sodium foods
modest alcohol consumption reduces risk of
coronary heart disease
pain cognitive therapy
based on the principle that people's beliefs, personal standards, and feelings of self-efficacy strongly affect their behavior Identify irrational thoughts or "catastrophizing" and eliminate or change them
assessing functioning of immune cells involves
examining activation, proliferation, transformation and cytotoxicity of cells
why is physio reactivity of hostile ppl greater and longer-lasting
exhibit a weak antagonistic response to sympathetic activity in response to stress
pain patients may be trained in different coping strategies, attentive vs avoidant, based on
expected duration of pain
A functional pain disorder in which there is no clear tissue damage
fibromyalgia
Clearly implicated in development of anorexia nervosa
genetic factors
benign
harmless
eating disorders are tied to a
insecure attachment in relationships
movement therapy
involves training in specific skills development
Window of vulnerability in which problem drinking is used to manage stress
late middle age
Men and young adults are more/less likely to be obese
less
Men tend to eat more/less in stressful situations
less
disadvantage of community-based interventions to reduce smoking
limited long-term effects
_____ people have poorer health and immunocompromise
lonely
most cancer have ____ growth cycles
long
most vulnerable to psych distress
low-income blacks
crossing and uncrossing legs, shifting posture, and rolling over in sleep are examples of
low-level feedback for pain
deadliest cancer
lung, but not biggest cancer
clients learn how to monitor thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to break up ___ _____ _________ that accompany chronic pain
maladaptive behavioral syndromes
cancer higher among
males, and older age
characteristic feature of problem drinkers
may have social, psych, and medical problems
Used to engage neuroregulators that produce temporary improvements in performance
nicotine
Successful cardiac rehabilitation depends critically on:
patient's active participation and committment
people who survive a stroke suffer from
permanent physical impairment
Brief interventions by ____ bring about smoking cessation and control relapse
physicians and health-care practitioners
alc and bio factors
•Neurobiology ▫Mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway = center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain • •Genetic Vulnerability ▫May play a role in developing sensitivity to the addictive power of alcohol or personality traits associated with substance misuse ▫ ▫Having an alcoholic parent increases the risk of alcoholism
may mute the effects of stress on the immune system
relaxation
Skills incorporated in therapeutic interventions to treat bulimia
relaxation skills
Type C personality
repressed, internalizes anger/anxiety, cancer small relat (more on rxn)
nociceptors in the peripheral nerves first sense injury and in response release NT which are conducted to spinal cord where they are passed to _____ _____ and ________ into cerebral cortex
reticular formation and thalamus
several interventions to induce adolescents to stop smoking have made use of
self-determination theory
third objective of CB intervention promotes feeling of ______ in patients
self-efficacy
genetics and cancer
•Only 5-10% of cancers are due to specific inherited genes •Example - BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 for breast cancer •Genes may represent only a predisposition that interacts with other factors to increase a person's risk of cancer
angina pectoris
•Results from restriction of the blood supply •Symptoms include Crushing pain in chest and difficulty breathing •Usually caused by stress or exercise •An indicator that there is obstruction in the coronary arteries
individuals who are high in hostility
show exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity.
rheumatoid arthritis usually effects
small joints of hand and feet, wristes, knees, ankle, neck
Greatest cause of preventable death
smoking
the single greatest cause of preventable death in developed by countries by itself and in interaction with other risk factors
smoking
treatment that shows promise for stroke patients
stem cell transplant
craving
strong desire to engage in a behavior or consume a substance
yo-yo dieting
successive cycles of dieting and weight gain enhance the efficiency of food use and lower metabolic rate
coronary arteries
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium (heart muscle)
Pain Measurement
surveys, scales, Standardized psychological tests, where dishonesty about pain can be assessed - MMPI-2 Behavioral assessments of pain Record body movements and facial expressions looking for signs of pain This method may be especially useful for children and elderly who may not be able to accurately self-report on pain Physiological Measures Electromyography (EMG) - measures level of muscle tension, Heart rate - predicts perception of pain, but only for men Overall, physiological assessments may not be as valid as self-report or observational methods
system involved in pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
sympathetic NS
cbt w pain
type of therapy aimed at developing beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, and skills to make positive changes in behavior One form of CBT is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) which encourages acceptance of pain by focusing attention on other valuable goals and activities
physical dependence
when the body has adjusted to a substance and incorporates its use into normal body functioning
smoking most common age
young adult
CVD behavioral risk factors
•Smokers are 3-4 times more likely to suffer a heart attack •Obesity is a risk factor but is also related to others risk factors (blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol) •People who eat a diet high in fruits and veggies have a lower risk of heart attack •Coffee? - video •Physical inactivity is an important behavioral risk factor for CVD
Inherent CVD risk
•Age • •Family history • •Gender •Men have a higher rate of death from CVD • •Ethnic background •African Americans have higher risk
4 main groups of malignant growths
•Carcinomas -Cancers of the epithelial tissue •Sarcomas - Cancers of the connective tissues( bone, muscles, cartilage) •Leukemias -Cancers of the blood; bone marrow •Lymphoma -Cancers of the lymphatic system; less common
coronary artery disease
•Damage of the coronary arteries by either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis •Ischemia - restriction of blood flow
stroke
•Damage to the brain resulting from lack of oxygen • •Obstruction in the arteries of the brain will restrict blood flow and oxygen to the brain • •Strokes are the 3rd most frequent cause of death in the US • •Strokes damage neurons in the brain and are not replaced or repaired •Usually leads to some functionality lost
atheromatous plaque
•Damage to the coronary arteries can result in the formation of atheromatous plaques
(CVD) Psychosocial Risk Factors
•Educational Level and Income •Social support and marriage •Stress, anxiety, and depression •Hostility and anger •Anger and Cardiovascular Reactivity (CVR) •Suppressed anger
Atherosclerosis
•Formation of plaques on the arteries is called atherosclerosis
cancer
•Group of diseases characterized by the presence of new cells that grow and spread beyond control
myocardial infarction
•Heart attack; the death of myocardial tissue •Common Signs: •feeling weak or dizzy, •nauseous, •cold sweating, •difficulty breathing, •pain in chest/arms/shoulders/back
CVD Physiological Risk Factors
•Hypertension •Single most important risk factor for CVD •Serum cholesterol level •Level of cholesterol circulating through the bloodstream •Related to the amount of cholesterol in one's food, which comes from animal fats •Low-density (LDL) vs. High-density (HDL) •Cholesterol is a stronger predictor of CVD for young and middle-aged adults -diabetes -stress and inflammation
why CVD decline
•Improved emergency coronary changes •Increased awareness in risk factors of CVD •Surgeon General report (1964) •Strong association between smoking and heart disease •How much did each factor contribute to this declining rate? •About 47% - attributed to improved medicine •About 44%- attributed to changes in lifestyles
indirect hazards of alc
•Lost Work • •Homelessness • •Health care costs • •Suicide rates (24% involve alcohol) • •DUI costs including deaths • •Crime
cancers w decreaing death rates
•Lung (for men), breast, prostate, colon/rectum cancer rates have all declined
neuro damage from alc
▫Alcohol withdrawal delirium (can include hallucinations, tremors, etc.) ▫ ▫Alcohol amnesic disorder ("Korsakoff's syndrome") ▫ ▫Light to moderate use? May protect against dementia and Alzheimer's disease
alc and cancer
•Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, breast • ▫How does alcohol increase risk Direct damage to body tissue Synergistic effect with other harmful chemicals Malnutrition Effects on hormones Effects on body weight
alcohol on the brain
▫At lower levels, alcohol stimulates certain brain cells and activates the brain's "pleasure areas" ▫ ▫At higher levels, alcohol depresses brain functioning ▫ ▫BAC of 0.08 = intoxicated ▫ ▫BAC of 0.3-0.5 = unconsciousness and potential of death
alc an cardiovasc effects
▫Heavy drinking (chronic or binge) can interfere with oxidation of fatty acids (primary fuel source of heart) ▫ ▫Heart will directly metabolize alcohol impairing functioning ▫ ▫Increased risk of irregular heartbeats due to reduction in heart contractions ▫ ▫Related to hypertension and stroke
benefits of alc use
▫Light or moderate drinking may: Reduce mortality Lower heart disease deaths Lower risk of developing Type 2 diabetes Decrease risk for ulcers and digestive tract cancers Decrease risk for Alzheimer's disease
alcohol myopia
▫a state of shortsightedness in which superficially understood, immediate aspects of experience have a disproportionate influence on behavior and emotion, a state in which we can see the tree, albeit more dimly, but miss the forest altogether." (Steele & Josephs. 1990) ▫ ▫Insightful cognitive processing is compromised which then alters thoughts related to the self, stress, and social anxiety.
people who die from smoking in the US per year
480,000 incl secondhand 42,000 just from secondhand
Almost 43 million children under age ____ are overweight
5
what caused major smoking decline
1964 Surgeon General's report (linked lung cancer and other diseases to smoking), resulting in decline
cancer death rates declined since
1990s •Early detection and treatment •Lifestyle factors( better diets, less smoking) play a large role in the lower rates of cancer
Cancers with increasing death rates
- Liver cancer - Melanoma (a form of skin cancer) - Esophageal cancer (increased for men, decreased for women) - Lung cancer (increase for women, decrease for men)
Methods emphasized by social influence programs for young adolescents
-drink refusal techniques -coping methods to deal with high risk situations
ethnicity and cancer
-African Americans have the highest overall cancer incidence, and more likely to die of cancer due to late stage diagnosis -like other diseases, SES, education, attitudes, and access to health care likely drive this trend
characteristic features of people with binge eating disorder
-drug abuse -history of depression
individualized difference in pain
-Beliefs in not showing signs of pain - even if they perceive it -What about pain-prone personalities? - no specific personality identified - however greater negative affect, anxiety, worry, negative outlook - however direction of relationship not clear
adverse effects of depression on immune system
-delayed wound healing -disturbance in sleep
consequences of congenital insens to pain
-die at young age bc damage and don't know it
smoking health conseq
-cancer: lung cancer 25x higher -CVD: 2nd biggest, double risk -COPD: Smokers are 12-13 times more likely to die from COPD than nonsmokers; 80% COPD deaths are due to smoking -Secondhand: cancer, mental deficits and SIDS in kids, resp issues -other: Disease of various body parts: mouth, kidney, bladder, Erectile dysfunction and decreased fertility, Injuries, such as in motor vehicle crashes
Steps involved in stimulus control technique used to treat poor eating behaviors
-clients are taught to develop new discriminative stimuli that will be associated with eating -clients are trained to purchase low calorie foods and avoid high calorie
tobacco and economy
-companies spend billions each year in ads -293 billion cigs sold in 2011, not incl other tobacco products -most tobacco grown in Kentucky and NC -money lost in medical care and lost productivity
Detoxification treatment for alcoholics
-conducted in a carefully supervised and monitored medical setting -begins with short-term intensive inpatient treatment followed by a period of outpatient treatment
Stimulus control techniques to modify food consumption
-confine eating to one place at a particular time -modify environmental stimuli that elicit overeating
reasons for high childhood obesity rates
-genetically based tendencies to store energy as fat rather than lean muscle -maintaining a sedentary lifestyle of TV and video games
stomach cancer risk factors
-genetics -diet heavy in smoked, pickled or salted foods -decr with refrigeration -some link w/blood glucose A
effects of secondhand smoke on children
-high carbon monoxide in blood -reduction in blood oxygen capacity
Risk factors for CVD in 2/3 of overweight children in US
-hyperinsulemia -elevated blood pressure
how compensation provides incentive for being in pain
-increase degree to which pain interferes with life -increases perceived pain severity -increases amount of disability experienced
fat deposits
-numerous and exceptionally large in obese -number of fat cells determined in first few years of life
factors that increase likelihood of problem drinking
-less social support -negative life events
work-related factors associated with heavy drinking
-low job autonomy -alienation from work
what is included in most educational interventions for AIDS
-modes of transmission of HIV -info about HIV infex
Symptoms of smoking withdrawal
-nausea and headaches -hallucinations
pharm interventions to quit smoking
-nicotine reolacement Drugs such as Chantix (varenicline) and bupropion Works by reducing withdrawal symptoms and making smoking less reinforcing if one does smoke Effective for many but not for teenagers
people who show high hostility
-people of low SES -non-whites
factors responsible for anorexia nervosa
-personality characteristics -family interaction patterns
why is cancer hard to study
-precipitating or co-occurring risk factors are difficult to study -causes, symptoms, and treatments for each cancer vary
Smoking Demographics
-rate of smoking in grad degree holders <6% -in GED or less ~50% More men smoke than women Native Americans have highest rates of smoking; Asian Americans lowest rates Older adults have low smoking rates (because they're already dead) Low income people have high smoking rates
goals for individual pain management programs
-reduce intensity of pain -incr physical activity and improve psychosocial funx -reduce dependence on meds and perception of disability
history of tobacco
-started in pre-Columbia (w/ Maya and Aztecs) -part of Columbian exchange -with coloniz, smoking among Europeans flourishes Ready-made cigarettes were mass-produced starting in the 1880s Cigarette use was not popular until the 20th century Smoking increased during WWI and the 1920s -rates incr (esp among men) until 1960s- the peak -over half of American adult men smoked (even knowing it was bad)
misinterpreted as a heart attack
-stress -gastric distress
CBT methods used for problem drinking
-stress management techniques -family therapy and group counseling
goals of CBT to treat alcoholism
-teach new behaviors inconsistent w alcohol abuse -decrease reinforcing properties of alcohol
identify true statements about smokers in comparison to nonsmokers
-they are more impulsive -they have more accidents and injuries at work
factors that undermine the weight loss efforts undertaken during screening program interventions to combat maladaptive eating behavior
-unsuccessful dieting attempts -weight loss and regained
functions affected by stressful caregiving
-wound repair -natural killer cell func
Factors that increase the likelihood of relapse among smokers
-young age -dependence on nicotine
High risk of developing anorexia
-young women -gay men
CBT weight loss programs produce moderate success of losing __ pounds per week for 20 weeks
2
smokers live ____ years less than nonsmokers
10+
Once people have smoked ___ cigarettes they seem to be addicted
100
More than 50% of treated alcoholics relapse within the first
3 months
More than _____ of people in the US experience chronic or intermittent persistent pain syndrome
30%
Quitting smoking before the age of ___ reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related disease by about
40, 90%
quit smoking without therapy
44% of smokers try to quit each year, and 64% of those try so without treatment Success rate is 60%; abstinence length around 7 years
Smokeless tobacco causes...
Adolescents who use smokeless tobacco are more likely to then start smoking cigarettes Linked to cancer (oral, esophageal, pancreatic), heart disease, gum disease, and oral lesions.
Nicotine
Affects both the CNS and PNS Can be found in the brain 7 seconds after smoking Half-life is 30-40 min Increases metabolic level and decreases appetite
What ethnicity of women are more likely to be obese
African American
cultural diff in pain
African Americans and Hispanic Americans show higher sensitivity to pain than European Americans - may be based on expectations held about pain and the type of situations - As well as biological differences in pain modulation or coping strategies
smoking and ads
Anti-smoking ads are not a very effective way to prevent smoking Research demonstrates: Adolescents are exposed to advertisements They find ads appealing Ads make smoking more appealing Increase desire to smoke
comorbidity
Antisocial personality disorder, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia all increase the risk of developing alcohol use disorders
smoking neg reinf (decr neg effects)
Avoiding withdrawal symptoms To cope with stress and boredom
A hunger-stimulating hormone that is secreted by specialized cells in the stomach
Ghrelin
headache pain
Most common of all types of pain; 90% of people will experience headaches Three primary types of headaches: Migraine headaches Tension headaches Cluster headaches
cancer pain
Pain is present in 44% of all cancer cases Almost half of all cancer patients' pain is left untreated
gate control theory of pain
Pain perception is subjected to a number of modulations that influence the experience of pain Structures in the spinal cord function as a gate for the sensory input that the brain interprets as pain ___gate control______theory also suggests that pain has motivational and emotional components Gate control trigger nerve impulses that descend from the brain and influence the gate mechanism For example, distraction or relaxation could cause the gate to close, causing a decrease in pain This theory, although based in physiology, helps explain the subjective experience of pain and how psychological factors may affect pain perception Helps to explain the cognitive aspects of pain and allows for learning and experience to affect the experience of pain Anxiety, worry, depression and rumination on injury can increase pain by affecting the central control trigger Distraction relaxation and positive emotions - may help close the gate
pain and spinal cord
Pathway for ascending sensory information and descending motor information to and from the brain
smoking positive reinf (incr positive effects)
Pleasure from smell of smoke Feeling of relaxation Enjoy the aroma of smoke Find manipulation of hands gratifying
smoking relapse
Relapse is common and 22% of people who relapse actually smoke at a higher rate after relapse Self-quitters have high relapse rate Behavioral relapse prevention techniques are most important 1-3 months after quitting when vulnerability to start smoking again is high
relaxation therapy for pain
Relaxation Therapy - systematic _tensing____ and __relaxing_____ of muscles used successfully to treat tension and migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain
genetic risks for smoking
Teens at a high genetic risk transitioned quickly from trying cigarettes to becoming regular, heavy smokers Genetic variations increase people's vulnerability to become (and remain) smokers The neurotransmitter dopamine may be implicated Genetics may also interact with smoking to predict disease
Thalamus
Thalamus Relay station for 4/5 senses Somatosensory cortex Part of the brain that receives sensory information that allows the entire surface of the skin to be mapped The Thalumas first receives information from the spinal cord, the brain receives information from afferent neurons Thalamus then sends sugnal to rest of the body
phantom limb pain
The experience of chronic pain in a part of the body that is missing Reports vary but it may be that 90% of amputees experience phantom limb pain Pain is more likely to occur when a person experienced much pain before the amputation
who fail to quit smoking
Young smokers, women smokers, and lower educated more difficult to quit
constraint induced movement therapy
a motor rehabilitation technique in which unaffected limbs are restrained to increase usage of dysfunctional limbs, target upper extremities of limbs
patients who have right-brain damage from stroke
are unable to process some visual feedback
set point theory of weight
argues that efforts to lose weight may be compensated for by adjustments in energy expenditure
cancer and enviro
asbestos, pesticides, radiation, exhaust
drug commonly prescribed to ppl recovering from heart attack
aspirin
direct alc hazard
blurred vision, nlackouts
most common female cancer
breast cancer
disorders that have some of the highest disability and mortality rates of all behavior disorders
eating disorders
consequences of hypertension
eye damage, artery damage, heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke
T/F: cancer is more closely tied to genetics than lifestyle
false
What tissue produces proinflammatory cytokines which may exacerbate diseases related to inflammatory responses
fat tissue
Ex-smokers are more likely to be successful over the short term if they
have a supportive friend
Stroke risk factors overlap with those for
heart disease
goal of family therapy for not being annoyed with pain complaints
help family members develop positive perceptions of each other
People who disclose their HIV+ status have higher levels of
helper T cells
alcoholics who are ____, do well in treatment programs
high in SES
People who are _____ are more likely to be obese
high in neuroticism
hypertension
higher than normal blood pressure
Identifying oneself as a smoker
impedes the ability to quit smoking.
Can be a symptomless disease
hypertension
According to MMPI, what makeup the neurotic triad
hypochondriasis, hysteria and depression
sympathetic NS response
immediate effects of increasing immune activity, especially natural killer cell activity
controlled breathing
in relaxation, breathing shifts from short shallow breaths to deep long breaths
Factors that protect against stress
optimism and active coping
chronic benign pain
pain that typically persists for 6 months or longer and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.
Participants in weight-loss programs are urged to identify maladaptive thoughts regarding weight loss and substitute it with
positive self-instruction
relapse prevention techniques begin by
preparing people for withdrawal
The health risks and difficulties in treating anorexics has led research to move toward
prevention
during advanced stages of AIDS, pateints expericence
profound dementia and coma
most common male cancer
prostate
•People who keep a normal weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active have:
•30% lower risk for cancer-related deaths • •48% lower risk for CVD • •42% lower risk for all-cause mortality
heart disease worldwide
•30% of deaths worldwide are due to CVD • •Heart disease rates have increased in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union • •Heart disease is also a leading cause of death in developing and underdeveloped countries