HECO 1322 - Unit 3, Chapter 3-Digestion, Absorption, and Transport-Understanding Nutrition, Nutrition
STOMACH
A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.
PHARYNX
A passageway leading from behind the nasal cavity to the trachea. The pharynx is divided into three regions, named for their location. The nasopharynx is behind the nasal cavity, the oropharynx is behind the oral cavity, and the laryngopharynx is behind the larynx. The nasopharynx is a passageway for air only, but the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are passageways for both air and food; consequently they are lined with a much thicker layer of cells to resis damage due to abrasion.
APPENDIX
A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.
PANCREAS
A triangular gland, which has both exocrine and endocrine cells, located behind the stomach
The Nerves of the GI tract are....?
A) Collectively known as the enteric nervous system
Heartburn is caused by pooling of....? A) Gastric juice in the Esophagus B) Gastric juice in the cardiac muscle C) Bile in the stomach D)Salivary amylase in the stomach
A) Gastric juice in the esophagus
Aspartame should not be consumed by people who have... A) Phenylketonuria B) Type 1 Diabetes C) Lactose intolerance D) Diverticulosis
A) Phenylketonuria
Glucose, Fructose, and galactose are...? A) Monosaccharides B) Disaccharides C) Polysaccharides D) Complex Carbohydrates
A) monosaccharides
The key substance needed in order for the TCA cycle to be activated. A 2 carbon compound to which a molecule of CoA is attached
Acetylcoa
Glucose not immediately needed by the body... A) is converted to cholesterol and stored in abdominal fat. B) is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. C) passes into the large intestine and is fermented by bacteria. D) All of the bout are possible fate of excess glucose.
B) Is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
The condition in which body water output exceeds water input. Symptoms include thirst, dry skin, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure and weakness.
Dehydration
The breakdown of food into its component parts
Digestion
Difficulty in swallowing.
Disphagia
The first segment of the small intestines
Duodenum
ILEUM
END PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
The last phase of metabolism
Electrontransportchain
The conduit from the mouth to the stomach
Esophagus
An emulsifier is a substance that prevents fats and water from mixing.
False
Cholecystokinin speeds up the process of digestion.
False
In a healthy adult, the small intestine is about three feet long.
False
The gastrointestinal tract does not depend on blood for any of its functions.
False
The gastrointestinal tract includes only the digestive system that runs from the mouth to the end of the stomach.
False
The ileocecal valve allows partially digested food to move from the stomach to the small intestine.
False
Villi are structures in the esophagus that help move food into the stomach.
False
VILLI
Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption
EPIGLOTTIS
Flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT
GI routes include oral, nasogastric or gastrostomy tube and rectal.
The second phase of digestive secretions
Gastric
The maintenance of constant internal condition.
Homeostasis
The last section of the large intestine.
Rectus
A secretion of the salivary glands in which its principal enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion
Saliva
GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY
Spontaneous motion in the digestive tract accomplished by involuntary muscular contractions
A temporary storage site. Contains diagonal muscles, in addition to the circular and longitudinal muscles, used for churning food.
Stomach
RECTUM
The *end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid* form before being eliminated.
LARGE INTESTINE
The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
SMALL INTESTINE
The part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine that absorbs nutrients from digested food.
DIGESTION
The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules
HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
-Lipoprotein that carries excess cholesterol from arteries to liver
At what pH level do the gastrin-producing cells stop secreting gastrin into the stomach?
1.5
ESOPHAGUS
A *muscular tube* that connects the *mouth to the stomach*.
LYMPH
A usually clear fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing white blood cells and especially lymphocytes but normally few red blood cells and no platelets.
The large intestine.
Colon
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.
TRIGLYCERIDES
Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol
A process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the goal of equalizing the concentration of material inside and outside the cell
Diffusion
The system beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus. The principle organs are the stomach and the intestines.
GI tract
This can interfere with the digestive process and either slow down or speed up motility through the GI tract
Mood
BOLUS
Mushy food that you swallow.
Wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.
Peristalsis
Involves a large area of the cell membrane which actively engulfs liquids and swallows them into the cell. An occasional whole protein can get into the body this way
Pinocytosis
The system that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to capillaries in the liver.
Portal
ANUS
The external opening of the rectum. (PE Abdomen/GI)
DUODENUM
The first 12 inches (30 cm) of the human small intestine
Cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it when a person swallows
epiglottis
The cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid of food from entering it when a person swallows is known as the ________ .
epiglottis
What part of the intestinal tract prevents backflow of food from the stomach into the esophagus?
esophageal sphincter
Which nutrients take longer for your body to digest than others?
fats and proteins
A by-product of the break down of fiber in the colon, typically due to bacterial action.
gas
Which gastrointestinal hormone stimulates secretion of the components of hydrochloric acid?
gastrin
The inner surface of the small intestine ________ .
is covered with intestinal projections called villi
CHYLOMICRONS
lipoproteins formed when lipids from a meal are combined with carrier proteins in cells of intestinal lining; transport food fats through the watery body fluids to liver and other tissues
What organ is the first to receive nutrients that have been absorbed from the digestive tract?
liver
The movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated.
osmosis
What transport process accounts for the absorption of water?
simple diffusion
EMULSIFIER
substance that mixes with both fat and water and permanently disperses the fat in water, forming an emulsion
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
the circular muscle that controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine
HEPATIC VEIN
the vein that collects blood from the liver capillaries and returns it to the heart.
An essential nutrient the human body cannot live without. The end by product of metabolism
water
CAPILLARIES
The smallest blood vessels, with walls so thin that substances can pass between the blood they carry and the surrounding cells and tissues; the site where oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred between skeletal muscle cells and the bloodstream.
MICROVILLI
Tiny hair-like projections of the cytoplasmic membrane located only in the small intestine to facilitate absorption by increasing surface area.
VERY-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
Transport triglycerides from liver to body cells
Digestion is the process by which the food we eat is broken down into absorbable units.
True
Goblet cells are cells in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs that secrete mucus.
True
In a healthy adult, the gastrointestinal tract can have an estimated 100 trillion microbes.
True
In the small intestine, glucose is absorbed by active transport.
True
Large fats and fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system before making their way into the bloodstream.
True
One function of the liver is to detoxify potentially harmful substances before they reach other body tissues.
True
The hepatic portal vein moves blood from the digestive system to the liver.
True
The small intestine has three segments: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
True
LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
-Lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from liver and small intestine to cells and tissues
ARTERY
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
VEIN
A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
The glycemic index rates... A) The acceptable amount of sweeteners to consume in one day. B) The potential of foods to raise blood glucose and insulin levels. C) The risk of a given food for causing diabetes. D) The ratio of soluble to insoluble fiber in a complex carbohydrate
B) The potential of foods to raise blood glucose and insulin levels.
The cell membrane is composed of...
B) Two flexible layers of phospholipid molecules.
INTESTINAL FLORA
Bacteria within the large intestine which help break down digested food material
Which process best describes the action of the pancreas with respect to digestive secretions?
Bicarbonate is released to neutralize gastric acidity.
Needed in the small intestine to break down fat. It is produced by the liver and secreted by the gallbladder
Bile
The gallbladder stores and concentrates ________ .
Bile
A ball of chewed food mixed with saliva. A portion of food swallowed at one time
Bolus
Which of the following represents the levels of organization in the human bod from smallest to largest? A) Cells, molecules, atoms, tissues, organs, systems B) Atoms, molecules, cells, organs, tissue, system C) Atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, system D) Molecules, atoms, cells, tissues, organs, systems
C) Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, system
The region of brain tissue that is responsible for prompting to seek food is the... A) Pituitary Gland B) Cephalic Phase C) Hypothalamus D) Autonomic Nervous System
C) Hypothalamus
Most digestion of the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins takes place in the...?
C) Small intestine
The Jejunum is....?
C) The middle segment of the small intestine
The institute of medicine recommends that adults consume... A) up to 14 grams of fiber a day. B) at least 25% of our daily energy intake as added sugar. C) up to 65% of our daily energy intake as carbohydrate. D) At least half of all grains as whole grains.
C) Up to 65% of our daily energy intake as carbohydrate
Which of the following is a reliable source of fiber- rich carbohydrate? A) Wheat Bread B) Unbleached Flour C) Whole- oat cereal D) enriched grains
C) Whole-oat cereal
Responsible for keeping acidic contents in the stomach and not reluxing into the esophagus. Also known as the LES
Cardiacsphincter
Reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
Catabolism
ENZYMES
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
The first phase of digestive secretions.
Cephalic
The path from the muscle lactic acid to glucose
Coricycle
Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is true..? A) Carbohydrates are our main energy source during light activity and while we are rest. B) Simple Carbohydrates are higher in energy (Kcals per gram) than complex carbohydrates. C) Excessive intake of carbohydrates can lead to ketoacidosis D) Consuming a diet high in fiber- rich carbohydrates may reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood
D) Consuming a diet high in fiber- rich carbohydrates may reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood.
The most common source of added sugar in the American diet is... A) table sugar B) white flour C) alcohol D) sweetened soft drink
D) Sweetened soft drink
The third phase of digestive secretions
Intestinal
Fluid inside the cell
Intracellular
PERISTALSIS
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
Lower Sphincter is sometimes called cardiac sphincter *Allows passage from mount the esophagus and from esophagus to stomach; prevent backflow from stomach to esophagus and from esophagus to mouth
The system that carries products of fat digestion into the bloodstream
Lymphatic
The act of chewing
Mastication
The sum total of all chemical reactions that take place in the living cells.
Metabolism
Tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells. Helps to increase the absorptive area of the small intestine.
Microvilli
JEJUNUM
Middle portion of the small intestine
The powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
MOUTH
Oral
GALLBLADDER
Organ that stores bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine
CHYME
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
An enzyme that breaks down protein molecules
Pepsin
ILEOCECAL VALVE
Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
Vein that conveys blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach and pancreas to capillaries in the liver
SEGMENTATION
acts to continually mix the foods and to increase the absorption rate by moving
Without oxygen
anaerobic
Gastrointestinal bacteria in the body ________ .
assist in the production of vitamins
Which energy nutrients benefit most by thorough chewing before swallowing?
carbohydrates
As a(n) ________ , an enzyme does not change its chemical structure while promoting other chemical reactions.
catalyst
Partially digested food mixed with digestive juices. It is very acidic
chyme
SPHINCTER
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
LIPOPROTEINS
clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood
DIGESTION SYSTEM
collection of organs that breaks down food into energy that can be used in cells
What kind of nutrients does the lymphatic system carry to the bloodstream?
fats and fat - soluble vitamins
What term applies to the wavelike muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract?
peristalsis