HIM 3200 Final Study, HIM 3200 Epidemiology & Biostatistics Midterm, HIM 3200 Epidemiology & Biostatistics Final, HIM 3200 Epidemiology & Biostatistics Midterm, HIM 3200- Midterm, Quiz Questions, HIM 3200 Final Study
Over the past year a group of family practice physicians have seen 3,500 boys, 4,200 girls, 7,700 pediatric patients total. The physicians want to select pediatric patients for a study using a simple random sample. What is the probability that they will select a girl from their population of pediatric patients?
54.5000
Some examples of surveillance systems include those for:
All of these are correct.
True or False? The medical examiner or coroner completes and signs the death certificate if the cause of death was an accident, suicide, or homicide or if the attending physician is unavailable.
True
True or False? The more spread out the points on a scatter plot are, with respect to the straight line of best fit through them, the stronger the association between the variables.
True
True or False? The natural history of disease refers to the time course of disease from its beginning to its final clinical endpoints.
True
True or False? The r 2 value and a least squares regression line can be an excellent way to demonstrate the degree of correlation between two variables, and the type of association between the two variables.
True
True or False? The wash-out period is included in a crossover trial so that any therapeutic effects of the first treatment are removed, prior to the administration of the second treatment.
True
True or False? Those who occupy the lowest SES positions have excesses of morbidity and mortality from various causes.
True
A researcher has collected the blood samples of 29 individuals and found that the mean hemoglobin concentration for the sample of individuals is 13.9 grams per deciliter and the standard deviation is 1.43 grams per deciliter. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the mean hemoglobin concentration for the population.
(13.36, 14.44)
On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. Which of the following expressions represents the point prevalence (percentage) of asthma?
(A/B) x 100
On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. Which of the following expressions represents the point prevalence (percentage) of asthma?
(A/B) × 100
According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000) would be expressed as:
(C/B) × 100,000
On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. Which of the following expressions represents the incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000)?
(C/B) × 100,000
Calculate the point estimate for a phase three clinical trial for a medication used to treat psoriasis, if 1790 patients show improvement of their psoriasis symptoms and 448 individuals did not show improvement of their psoriasis symptoms.
.7998
Assume a researcher wanted to know the probability that an individual's systolic blood pressure would fall below 157 and the researcher found that the z-score corresponding to the 157 systolic blood pressure is 1.62. What is the probability that a random individual's systolic blood pressure would fall below 157?
.9474
According to the NCHS per capita spending on healthcare is rising dramatically. In 2013 the per capita spending was $7,826. You are interested to know if the trend continues. You take a sample of 100 people and find that they spent an average of $6,502 with a standard deviation of $540. To find the significance of this difference you need to conduct a z-test. What is the z-score or z-statistic?
-24.519 (with margin: 0.5) or 24.519 (with margin: 0.5)
There is a new medication for diabetes, fifteen participants take the medication for fifteen days. The average blood glucose before taking the medication was 155 (population mean). The average blood glucose after taking the medication is 110. The standard deviation for the average glucose after taking the medication is 4.6. You want to evaluate if there is statistical evidence that there is a reduction in the mean glucose after taking the medication for 15 days. You must conduct a t-test. What is the t-statistic? (Remember this is not the p-value but the value of t.)
-37.89
There is a new medication for diabetes, fifteen participants take the medication for fifteen days. The average blood glucose before taking the medication was 155 (population mean). The average blood glucose after taking the medication is 110. The standard deviation for the average glucose after taking the medication is 4.6. You want to evaluate if there is statistical evidence that there is a reduction in the mean glucose after taking the medication for 15 days. You must conduct a t-test. What is the t-statistic? (Remember this is not the p-value but the value of t.)
-37.89 (with margin: 0.2); 37.89 (with margin: 0.2)
An investigator is testing a new weight-loss intervention. The following table contains matched before and after weights for 15 study participants. Calculate the confidence interval for the mean difference in the before and after weights. What is the lower limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (lower limit, upper limit), you just need to report the lower limit. Patient Sample 1 Sample 2 1 198 180 2 210 215 3 268 232 4 250 220 5 300 238 6 295 240 7 240 206 8 235 185 9 232 197 10 248 228 11 268 245 12 272 202 13 286 223 14 291 240 15 273 275
-48.61 (with margin: 0.05) Formula: -36 ± 2.145* 22.769/√15
An investigator is testing a new weight-loss intervention. The following table contains matched before and after weights for 15 study participants. Calculate the confidence interval for the mean difference in the before and after weights. What is the lower limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (lower limit, upper limit), you just need to report the lower limit. Patient Sample 1 Sample 2 1 198 180 2 210 215 3 268 232 4 250 220 5 300 238 6 295 240 7 240 206 8 235 185 9 232 197 10 248 228 11 268 245 12 272 202 13 286 223 14 291 240 15 273 275
-48.61 (with margin: 0.05); Formula: -36 ± 2.145* 22.769/√15
Assuming you obtained a random sample of blood glucose levels from 32 individuals from a population and the mean of the population is 120 and the standard deviation of the sample is 15, calculate the probability that the mean blood glucose levels for the sample population will be above 127.
.0041
Assume a cardiovascular surgeon has implanted 13 pacemakers in his patients from a new batch of pacemakers that have been found to have a defect that causes them to stop working. If each pacemaker has a 23.47% chance that it will stop working, what is the probability that all the patients' pacemakers will work the way they are supposed to?
.0527
A population health survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of select chronic conditions. Diabetes was one of these conditions. There were 4,000 respondents to the survey and 1,532 of them reported having diabetes. What is the Lower limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (upper bound, lower bound) you just need to submit the lower bound limit. Hint: you must calculate the rate before you can calculate the confidence interval.
0.368 (with margin: 0.02) Formula: 0.383-1.96√((0.383(1-0.383))/4000)
A population health survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of select chronic conditions. Diabetes was one of these conditions. There were 4,000 respondents to the survey and 1,532 of them reported having diabetes. What is the Lower limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (upper bound, lower bound) you just need to submit the lower bound limit. Hint: you must calculate the rate before you can calculate the confidence interval.
0.368 (with margin: 0.02); Formula: 0.383-1.96√((0.383(1-0.383))/4000)
Data in the following table represent diabetes among smokers and non-smokers. No Diabetes Diabetes Nonsmoker 3700 1300 5000 Smoker 2400 2000 4400 6100 3300 9400 What is the point prevalence of diabetes among smokers? Note: This data is fictitious.
0.45 or 45
A population health survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of select chronic conditions. Obesity was one of these conditions. There were 4,000 respondents to the survey and 1,778 of them reported being obese. What is the Upper limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (upper bound, lower bound) you just need to submit the upper bound limit. Hint: you must calculate the rate before you can calculate the confidence interval.
0.46 (with margin: 0.01)
A population health survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of select chronic conditions. Obesity was one of these conditions. There were 4,000 respondents to the survey and 1,778 of them reported being obese. What is the Upper limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (upper bound, lower bound) you just need to submit the upper bound limit. Hint: you must calculate the rate before you can calculate the confidence interval.
0.46 (with margin: 0.01); 46.0 (with margin: 1.0); 0.445+1.96√(0.445(1-0.445)/4000)
This is a two part question. Please provide a detailed answer. Answers that are too short or that do not demonstrate your knowledge of concepts will not receive full credit. 1) Describe the components that make up the epidemiologic triangle. 2) Indicate how these components could be implicated in an outbreak of food-borne illness (e.g., an illness outbreak caused by Salmonella contaminated tomatoes).
1) The epidemiologic triangle is made up of 3 factors - agent (a factor whose presence or absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease), host (any living animal that provides the proper living requirements to the infectious agent), and environment (the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, survive, or originate. 2) Salmonella, in an outbreak of food-borne illnesses, is the biological agent in the epidemiologic triangle. The environment that supports it can be the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, etc. It is an enteric pathogen that is transmitted through ingestion of humans who then become the host.
This is a two part question. Please provide a detailed answer. Answers that are too short or that do not demonstrate your knowledge of concepts will not receive full credit. *1)* Describe the components that make up the epidemiologic triangle. *2)* Indicate how these components could be implicated in an outbreak of food-borne illness (e.g., an illness outbreak caused by Salmonella contaminated tomatoes).
1) The epidemiologic triangle is made up of 3 factors - agent (a factor whose presence or absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease), host (any living thing that provides the proper living requirements to the infectious agent), and environment (the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, survive, or originate). 2) Salmonella,in an outbreak of food-borne illnesses, is the biological agent in the epidemiologic triangle. The environment that supports it can be the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, etc. It is an enteric pathogen (bacteria) that is transmitted through ingestion of humans who then become the host.
This is a two part question. Please provide a detailed answer. Answers that are too short or that do not demonstrate your knowledge of concepts will not receive full credit. 1) Describe the components that make up the epidemiologic triangle. 2) Indicate how these components could be implicated in an outbreak of food-borne illness (e.g., an illness outbreak caused by Salmonella contaminated tomatoes).
1) The epidemiological triangle is used to describe the cause of infectious diseases & is made up of three parts - agent, host, and environment. Agent - A factor whose presence is essential for the occurrence of the disease. Without the agent, no infectious disease could be created because all three parts are needed to do so. Host - A host is a person or other living animal. Hosts are susceptible to contracting infectious disease under natural conditions - An agent will "enter" the host where more often than not, it's environment is suitable for it's growth and sustainability to continue infecting. Environment - The environment is the place in which the infectious disease chooses to exist, survive, and could have originated. i.e. an open wound. 2) Using the example above and how I choose to explain it ... The illness (agent) all begins with livestock (host/environment). Livestock are kept on farms and secrete waste just like the rest of us. These livestock, especially when kept in large groups, are susceptible to carrying this bug without showing any signs or symptoms. Often times, their waste is used to fertilize other farmer's crops. So the livestock that could have been contaminated from a water or food source, or even their living conditions, now have their infected waste being spread on Tom's tomato farm. Because the disease was undetectable, Tom has grown beautiful tomatoes to sell at his town's Farmers Market on Saturday. Tom's tomatoes are a hit and they sell out within just a couple of hours. Each of the people that bought and consumed Tom's tomatoes are now at risk for contracting the bug from the infected waste produced by the livestock.
We have a headache medication that is known to be effective in 70% of patients who take it. If we give the medication to 10 patients, what is the probability that exactly 5 of them will report relief?
10.29 (with margin: 0.5) or 0.1029 (with margin: 0.005)
What is the median blood glucose level of the following data set collected from 8 individuals: 89, 95, 99, 102, 107, 108, 111, and 119?
104.50
What is the mean of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
105.8 (with margin: 0.5)
What is the mean of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
105.8000
A large population health study which included 4,000 participants found a mean blood glucose of 110.2 with a standard deviation of 29.5. What is the upper confidence interval for the mean blood glucose?
111.1142
A large population health study which included 4,000 participants found a mean blood glucose of 110.2 with a standard deviation of 29.5. What is the upper confidence interval for the mean blood glucose?
111.1142 (with margin: 0.05)
A large population health study which included 4,000 participants found a mean blood glucose of 110.2 with a standard deviation of 29.5. What is the upper confidence interval for the mean blood glucose?
111.1142 (with margin: 0.05); 110.2+1.96 (29.5/√4000) = 111.1142
The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the standard deviation of the values?
12.65 (with margin: 0.5)
According to the NCHS per capita spending on healthcare is rising dramatically. In 2015 the per capita spending was $7,800. You are interested to know if the trend continues. You take a sample of 100 people and find that they spent an average of $8,500 with a standard deviation of $540. To find the significance of this difference you need to conduct a z-test. What is the z-score or z-statistic?
12.96 (with margin: 0.5); -12.96 (with margin: 0.5)
According to the NCHS per capita spending on healthcare is rising dramatically. In 2015 the per capita spending was $7,800. You are interested to know if the trend continues. You take a sample of 100 people and find that they spent an average of $8,500 with a standard deviation of $540. To find the significance of this difference you need to conduct a z-test. What is the z-score or z-statistic?
12.9630
As a researcher you interested if there is a significant difference in immunizations in those in low socioeconomic status and those in high socioeconomic status. To evaluate this you use the data below to calculate a Chi-Square (χ2). Socioeconomic Status High Low Total Immunized 200 350 550 Not Immunized 100 750 850 Total 300 1100 1400
120.013 (with margin: 0.5)
You are the manager for a family medicine clinic that has 3 physicians. The staff have come to you with an informal observation that there are differences in the number of patients that each physician is seeing each day. As manager, it is your job to make management decisions based on unbiased data. In order to evaluate the situation you collect the number of patients seen by each physician for a 5 day work week. Your observations are provided in the table below. In order to see if there is a significant difference you need to conduct an ANOVA test. ANOVA_Table_Quiz4.jpg
13.3026
You are the manager for a family medicine clinic that has 3 physicians. The staff have come to you with an informal observation that there are differences in the number of patients that each physician is seeing each day. As manager, it is your job to make management decisions based on unbiased data. In order to evaluate the situation you collect the number of patients seen by each physician for a 5 day work week. Your observations are provided in the table below. In order to see if there is a significant difference you need to conduct an ANOVA test.
13.3; 13.3026 (with margin: 0.1)
The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the IQR (Inter quartile range) of the values?
14 (with margin: 1.5)
In 2013, the largest number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents occurred among persons age:
15 to 24 years
In 2005, the largest number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents occurred among persons aged:
15-24 years
You are the administrator of a Department of Veterans Affairs clinic. With the resent attention given to the number of Veterans waiting to be seen by physicians, you track each of the three physicians assigned to your clinic. You track the number of patients that they saw over a week (5 day) period. To begin your analysis and process improvement, you want to evaluate if there is a significant different between the physicians. Use the data below to calculate a One-Way ANVOA. Report your calculated value for F. N=15 --- X = 15.8 DR_ID Pts Seen 1 16 1 12 1 14 1 13 1 11 2 20 2 19 2 22 2 18 2 20 3 14 3 18 3 15 3 13 3 12 Overall Mean 15.8
16.5536 (with margin: 0.5)
A simple random sample of 25,000 individuals are surveyed in order to determine the prevalence of individuals that contracted the flu in the past year. Assuming 4,250 individuals indicated they had been diagnosed with the flu at some point in the past year, what is the prevalence of flu for the past year, as indicated from the survey participants?
17.0%
You are designing a study to look at birth outcomes of teenage pregnancies. The first variable you want to evaluate is birth weight. You want to know how many teenage mothers you need to sample in order to accurately measure the mean birth weight of babies born to mothers age 15 and under. Your confidence interval is 95% and your margin of error cannot exceed 100 g. You have an estimated mean birth weight of 3300 g with a standard deviation of 250 g based on information you have obtained from the State Office of Vital Records. Conduct a sample size calculation. What is the smallest number of teenage mothers you will need to make an accurate estimate?
24.01
You are designing a study to look at birth outcomes of teenage pregnancies. The first variable you want to evaluate is birth weight. You want to know how many teenage mothers you need to sample in order to accurately measure the mean birth weight of babies born to mothers age 15 and under. Your confidence interval is 95% and your margin of error cannot exceed 100 g. You have an estimated mean birth weight of 3300 g with a standard deviation of 250 g based on information you have obtained from the State Office of Vital Records. Conduct a sample size calculation. What is the smallest number of teenage mothers you will need to make an accurate estimate?
24.01 (with margin: 1)
You are designing a study to look at birth outcomes of teenage pregnancies. The first variable you want to evaluate is birth weight. You want to know how many teenage mothers you need to sample in order to accurately measure the mean birth weight of babies born to mothers age 15 and under. Your confidence interval is 95% and your margin of error cannot exceed 100 g. You have an estimated mean birth weight of 3300 g with a standard deviation of 250 g based on information you have obtained from the State Office of Vital Records. Conduct a sample size calculation. What is the smallest number of teenage mothers you will need to make an accurate estimate?
24.01 (with margin: 1.0)
We have a headache medication that is known to be effective in 70% of patients who take it. If we give the medication to 10 patients, what is the probability that exactly 7 of them will report relief?
26.68
We have a headache medication that is known to be effective in 70% of patients who take it. If we give the medication to 10 patients, what is the probability that exactly 7 of them will report relief?
26.68 (with margin: 0.05)
We have a headache medication that is known to be effective in 70% of patients who take it. If we give the medication to 10 patients, what is the probability that exactly 7 of them will report relief?
26.68 (with margin: 0.05) or 0.2668 (with margin: 0.0005)
There was a large population based study that collected BMI as one of the study variables. There were 4,000 observations of BMI with a mean of 29.25 and a standard deviation of 4.65. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for this mean. What is the Lower bound value for the confidence interval? (i.e. confidence intervals are reported: (lower bound, upper bound) you just need to enter the lower bound value).
29.11 (with margin: 0.05)
What is the standard deviation of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
34.1095
The blood glucose of 15 diabetic patients was measured and recorded. The values are as follows: 93, 88, 101, 97, 43, 123, 46, 49, 84, 91, 169, 80, 159, 108, 111 What is the standard deviation of the values?
36.29 (with margin: 0.2)
A research study is being conducted to see if a new diabetes medication will be successful. The trial includes 10 participants. Each participant had a pre-test blood glucose measurement taken, then after being on the medication for a set period of time the same participants had a post-test blood glucose measurement taken. The results of these test are included in the table below. Conduct a t-test to evaluate if the medication made a significant difference in the blood glucose of the participants. Participant Blood Glucose ID Pre-Test Post-Test 1 95 102 2 80 86 3 91 110 4 101 100 5 97 101 6 81 89 7 79 85 8 86 98 9 84 87 10 99 105
4.103
A research study is being conducted to see if a new diabetes medication will be successful. The trial includes 10 participants. Each participant had a pre-test blood glucose measurement taken, then after being on the medication for a set period of time the same participants had a post-test blood glucose measurement taken. The results of these test are included in the table below. Conduct a t-test to evaluate if the medication made a significant difference in the blood glucose of the participants.
4.103 (with margin: 0.2); -4.103 (with margin: 0.2)
A research study is being conducted to see if a new diabetes medication will be successful. The trial includes 10 participants. Each participant had a pre-test blood glucose measurement taken, then after being on the medication for a set period of time the same participants had a post-test blood glucose measurement taken. The results of these test are included in the table below. Conduct a t-test to evaluate if the medication made a significant difference in the blood glucose of the participants. (SEE PIC ON PHONE)
4.103 (with margin: 0.2); -4.103 (with margin: 0.2)
The table below represents data from pregnant women who were heavy drinkers and non-heavy drinkers and the outcome of their pregnancy. Calculate the odds ratio for miscarriage in women who have heavy alcohol use. Miscarriage Delivered Full Term Total Heavy Alcohol Use 35 10 45 No Heavy Alcohol Use 55 75 130 Total 90 85 175
4.77 (with margin: 0.5)
The blood glucose of 15 diabetic patients was measured and recorded. The values are as follows: 78, 184, 158, 183, 94, 69, 105, 155, 84, 115, 112, 56, 136, 90, 59 What is the standard deviation of the values?
42.5657 (with margin: 0.2)
The table below shows counts for cases of influenza in the state of Utah. In 2016 the Utah population was 3,054,806. Assuming that the influenza data below is from 2016, what is the cumulative incidence of influenza per 100,000?
44.1926
Over the past year a group of family practice physicians have seen 3,500 boys, 4,200 girls, 7,700 pediatric patients total. The physicians want to select pediatric patients for a study using a simple random sample. What is the probability that they will select a boy from their population of pediatric patients?
45.45 (with margin: 0.5)
Over the past year a group of family practice physicians have seen 3,500 boys, 4,200 girls, 7,700 pediatric patients total. The physicians want to select pediatric patients for a study using a simple random sample. What is the probability that they will select a boy from their population of pediatric patients?
45.45 (with margin: 0.5) or 0.4545 (with margin: 0.005)
Over the past year a group of family practice physicians have seen 3,500 boys, 4,200 girls, 7,700 pediatric patients total. The physicians want to select pediatric patients for a study using a simple random sample. What is the probability that they will select a boy from their population of pediatric patients?
45.5000
The following is a table from the Utah Department of Health Weekly Influenza Report from 5/2/2015. According to the U.S. Census Bureau the most recent estimates put total Utah population at 2,942,902. Using this data, what is the state wide cumulative incidence of influenza hospitalizations per 100,000 for the season to date?
45.87
A population health survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of select chronic conditions. Obesity was one of these conditions. There were 4,000 respondents to the survey and 1,778 of them reported being obese. What is the Upper limit of the confidence interval? Remember: confidence intervals are reported (upper bound, lower bound) you just need to submit the upper bound limit. Hint: you must calculate the rate before you can calculate the confidence interval.
46.0000
Over the past year a group of family practice physicians have seen 3,500 boys, 4,200 girls, 7,700 pediatric patients total. The physicians want to select pediatric patients for a study using a simple random sample. What is the probability that they will select a girl from their population of pediatric patients?
54.55 (with margin: 0.5)
Over the past year a group of family practice physicians have seen 3,500 boys, 4,200 girls, 7,700 pediatric patients total. The physicians want to select pediatric patients for a study using a simple random sample. What is the probability that they will select a girl from their population of pediatric patients?
54.55 (with margin: 0.5); 0.5455 (with margin: 0.005); P(girl)=4,200/7,700 = 0.5455 x 100 = 54.55%
What is the interquartile range (IQR) of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
60.0 (with margin: 1.0); IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 145-85 = 60
What is the interquartile range (IQR) of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
60.0000
The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the mean of the values?
80.33 (with margin: 0.5)
The diastolic blood pressure was collected for 15 study participants. The values are as follows: 80, 85, 82, 81, 99, 102, 70, 86, 75, 60, 55, 72, 84, 86, 88 What is the median?
82 (with margin: 0)
What is the first quartile (Q1) of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
85.0
Assuming 320,000 individuals develop Lyme disease each year, what is the attributable risk for the cumulative incidence of Lyme disease that comes from tick bites, if 300,000 of the new cases reported each year come from tick bites?
93.75%
What is the median of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
94.0
What is the median of the following group of numbers: 85, 90, 150, 170, 94, 63, 92, 156, 87, 102, 116, 65, 145, 100, 72
94.0
A number of patients have been admitted to a particular hospital with similar symptoms and the cause of the illness is unknown. Which type of study design would be most helpful in determining the cause of the illness?
A case series
Misclassification bias is most likely to be observed in which study type?
A case-control study
Whether a contaminated food such as tomatoes caused an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease is a simple example of:
A casual association
A researcher is interested in determining the current prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States. Which type of study would be most useful in estimating the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States?
A cross-sectional survey
Which graph would be most useful in determining the change in two variables over time?
A line chart
The measure of uncertainty in a biostatistician's calculation of a particular outcome that may result from using a subset of the population to estimate the actual likelihood of the event occurring in the population as a whole is referred to by what statistical term?
A margin of error
The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as:
A public health surveillance
A subset of the population of interest is often referred to by what statistical term?
A sample of individuals
The term unintentional injury is preferred to the term:
Accident
The likely transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during a 2003 flight to Beijing is thought to have been a(n):
Airborne infection
The appropriate method to determine whether a variable is a confounder or not is:
All of the above are appropriate methods and can be used either alone or in combination when the circumstances and data are appropriate.
Epidemiologic measures provide the following type of information:
All of these are correct. Frequency of disease or condition Association between exposure and disease Strength of relationship between exposure and disease
Which of the following methods is applied to forensic epidemiology?
All the above: Detection of unusual occurrence of disease, Use of ongoing surveillance systems, Case identification and confirmation
Multimodal distributions can reflect age-related:
All the above: changes in immune status, changes in lifestyle, operation of latency effects
Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to:
All the above: climate, access to health care, cultural factors
Which of the following is an adverse health outcome associated with cigarette smoking?
All the above: coronary heart disease, stroke, lung disease
Pharmacoepidemiology involves the study of the:
All the above: distribution of drug-related events in populations, determinants of drug-related events in populations, efficacious treatment of drug-related events in populations.
Which of the following is considered a key characteristic of epidemiology?
All the above: distribution, population focus, quantification
Epidemiologic measures provide the following type of information:
All the above: frequency of disease or condition, association between exposure and disease, strength of relationship between exposure and disease
Epidemiologic methods can be applied to which of the following public health-related fields?
All the above: health education, healthcare administration, environmental health
Examples of information collected by fetal death certificates include:
All the above: name, disposition, congenital anomalies
Which of the following is a mode of transmission for human immunodeficiency virus?
All the above: unprotected sexual intercourse, contact with infected blood, transmission from an infected mother to her child
A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society is known as:
An interest group
According to the Generic Contingency table, the letter of the cell that shows that the exposure is present and disease is absent is:
B
According to the Generic Contingency table, the letter of the cell that shows that the exposure is present and disease is absent is: *Generic Contingency* *Disease Status* *Exposure Status* Yes No Total Yes A(Dis&Exp) B(Exp) A + B(Exp YES total) No C(Dis) D(none) C + D(Exp NO total) Total A + C(Dis YES total) B + D(Dis NO total) A + B + C + D(total total)
B
According to the Generic Contingency table, the letter of the cell that shows that the exposure is present and disease is absent is:
B.
The study of the roles of consumption of high-fat foods and sedentary lifestyle in health is the domain of:
Behavioral epidemiology
Which factors are related to physical dating violence?
Being sexually active Episodic heavy drinking Having attempted suicide All of these are correct.
The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the:
Perinatal mortality rate
Which cell in the table represents false positives? Fourfold Table for Classification of Screening Test Results Condition According to Gold Standard Present Absent Total Positive: - (a) - (b) - (a + b) - Predictive value (+) a/(a + b) Negative: - (c) - (d) - (c + d) - Predictive value (−) d/(c + d) Total: - (a + c) - (b + d) - Grand total = a + b + c+ d (Present) Sensitivity a/(a + c) - (Absent) Specificity d/(b = d)
C
Which graphic display can be key in communicating complex study protocols?
CONSORT Charts
A study is designed to evaluate the effect of marriage status on blood pressure. Marital status is recorded as Divorced, Married, Separated, Single, or Widowed. Blood pressure is taken for each participant and recorded as Low, Normal, or High. What type of variable is Marital status?
Categorical
Marital status is best defined as which of the following types of variables?
Categorical variable
Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to:
Climate Access to health care Cultural factors
Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to:
Climate, access to healthcare, cultural factors
Some examples of surveillance systems include those for:
Communicable and infections diseases Noninfectious diseases Risk factors for chronic diseases
A range of values that with a certain degree of probability contain the population parameter is known as a:
Confidence interval estimate
A novice researcher noted that during summertime there is a positive association between the increase in ice cream sales and the increase in the number of drownings; however, there is no logical explanation for why ice cream sales would be responsible for the increased incidence of drowning. What phenomenon likely explains this type of observation?
Confounding
Continuous outcome, two matched samples: n = (Zod/E)2 Continuous outcome, two independent samples: n = 2(Zo/E)2 Dichotomous outcome, one sample: n = p(1-p)(Z/E)2 Continuous outcome, one sample: n = (Zo/E)2
Continuous outcome, two matched samples: n = (Zod/E)2 Continuous outcome, two independent samples: n = 2(Zo/E)2 Dichotomous outcome, one sample: n = p(1-p)(Z/E)2 Continuous outcome, one sample: n = (Zo/E)2
True or False? Regression analysis is a technique to assess the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. It can be used to prove cause and effect.
False
The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 is known as:
General fertility rate
Which type of statistical information or graph would be most helpful in determining whether the baseline characteristics of a study group are well balanced?
Descriptive statistics
Variation in the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes in populations relates most closely to:
Distribution
Mood disorders include which of the following:
Dysthymia, Any bipolar disorder, Major depressive episode
A specific medication used to prevent strokes, heart attacks, and blood clots requires a different dosage of medication for members of the African American population than the Caucasian population because a specific gene affects the way the drug is metabolized within the body. This is an example of which of the following?
Effect modification
A host factor that enhances some step in the progression between exposure and disease such that the downstream step is more likely to occur is known as a:
Genetic marker of susceptibility
Research has found that circumcision has a protective effect and helps prevent HIV in men who have sex with women, but circumcision does not seem to have the same protective effect helping to prevent HIV in men who have sex with men. This is an example of which of the following?
Effect modification
The events that occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania (1948) and London, England (1952) were related to:
Extreme air pollution episodes
Regression analysis is a technique to assess the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable. It can be used to prove cause and effect.
F
The ANOVA test is intended to be used with only one group.
F
True or False? In the U.S. (2006), 98.5% of the category of nonfatal occupational injury and illness consisted of injuries.
F
True or False? Reliability is synonymous with precision, whereas validity is synonymous with sensitivity.
F
True or False? Smoking around children does not increases the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
F
A linear regression equation and multiple linear regression equations can be used to calculate y if one is given the x values. However, a logistic regression equation cannot be used to calculate y when one is given x value.
False
Bubonic plague is a viral disease caused by Yersinia pestis.
False
Categorical data is best displayed in a box-whisker plot.
False
H 0 for the sign test always states that the mean difference between the matched or paired samples is zero.
False
Odds ratio = Ciexposed/(1/ciexposed)/Ciunexposed/(1/ciunexposed)
False
Prevalence = Ciexposed/(1/ciexposed)/Ciunexposed/(1/ciunexposed)
False
Social and behavioral dimensions that impact human health DO NOT include social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices.
False
Study design and sample size do not affect the validity of the study.
False
True or False? A linear regression equation and multiple linear regression equations can be used to calculate y if one is given the x values. However, a logistic regression equation cannot be used to calculate y when one is given x value.
False
True or False? A measure that is invalid can be reliable, and a measure that is unreliable can be valid.
False
True or False? A noncausal association is one that is not due to chance or random factors.
False
True or False? A sufficient cause is not sufficient by itself to produce the effect.
False
True or False? Assignment of some individuals to a particular racial classification on the basis of observed characteristics is easy.
False
True or False? Bubonic plague is a viral disease caused by Yersinia pestis.
False
True or False? Categorical data is best displayed in a box-whisker plot.
False
True or False? Confidence intervals for relative risks and odds ratios do not require the usage of the natural log in their formula.
False
True or False? H 0 for the sign test always states that the mean difference between the matched or paired samples is zero.
False
True or False? In the U.S. (2006), 98.5% of the category of nonfatal occupational injury and illness consisted of injuries.
False
True or False? Intention-to-treat analysis for a study is only conducted among individuals who fully complied with a study's protocols.
False
True or False? Odds ratio = Ciexposed/(1/ciexposed)/Ciunexposed/(1/ciunexposed)
False
True or False? Passive immunity is not acquired from antibodies produced by another person or animal.
False
True or False? Prevalence = Ciexposed/(1/ciexposed)/Ciunexposed/(1/ciunexposed)
False
True or False? Relative risk is an ideal form of measurement for a retrospective study design because it allows researchers to recruit both individuals with the outcome of interest and individuals without the outcome of interest, then match individuals from each of the respective groups to individuals of the other group in order to determine if a specific exposure caused the outcome of interest.
False
True or False? Reliability is synonymous with precision, whereas validity is synonymous with sensitivity.
False
True or False? Secondary prevention is directed toward the later stages of pathogenesis and involves programs for restoring the patient's optimal functioning.
False
True or False? Smoking around children does not increases the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
False
True or False? Social and behavioral dimensions that impact human health DO NOT include social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices.
False
True or False? Study design and sample size do not affect the validity of the study.
False
True or False? The ANOVA test is intended to be used with only one group.
False
True or False? The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an example of an ongoing case-control study.
False
True or False? The data collected in a biostatistics study can be applied to any population regardless of race, class, and socioeconomic status.
False
True or False? The general fertility rate refers to the number of still births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women age 15 to 44 years in the area.
False
True or False? The more spread out the points on a scatter plot are, with respect to the straight line of best fit through them, the stronger the association between the variables.
False
True or False? The probability of an individual developing prostate cancer is independent of the sex of the individual.
False
True or False? The standard deviation of any data set is the equivalent of the sample variance of the data set squared.
False
True or False? Those who occupy the lowest socioeconomic positions have less morbidity and mortality from various causes.
False
True or False? When calculating a confidence interval for one sample with a continuous outcome and the sample contains 30 or fewer individuals, then a t-score should be used in place of a z-score.
False
The death of a fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered is known as:
Fetal mortality
A researcher decides to take a random sample of individuals from the population and then track their sugar intake. Assuming the data collected on each individual will be classified into different levels of intake including little to no sugar intake, moderate sugar intake, and high sugar intake, which type of graph would allow the researcher to best represent the data they have collected?
Histogram
Which graphic representation could a researcher use to help determine if a continuous variable followed a normal distribution?
Histogram
Which statistical property make odds ratios the ideal measurement for case-control studies?
Its insensitivity to variance
Severe tooth decay and loss of teeth occur most commonly among:
Methamphetamine users
The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is:
Multifactorial
Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those spread by:
Person to person contact, crowding
Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those associated with:
Person-to-person contact
Individuals who are involved in policy formulation, including members of the legislature, citizens, lobbyists and advocacy-group representatives are known as:
Policy actors
True or False? The first phase of the policy cycle is regarded as the most crucial phase of the policy development process.
True
Examples of information collected by fetal death certificates include:
Name Disposition Congenital Anomalies
Examples of information collected by fetal death certificates include:
Name, Congenital anomalies, disposition
Calculate the mean and standard deviation and interpret your findings for the following set of data showing the diastolic blood pressure measurements for a sample of 9 individuals: 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 77, 80, 81, and 95.
On average, the average distance of an individual data point is approximately 10.93 diastolic pressure points from the mean diastolic pressure of 73.44.
--- X ± z*s/√n
One sample, continuous
X ± z*s/√n
One sample, continuous
The process of defining measurement procedures for the variables used in a study is:
Operationalization
A study is designed to evaluate the effect of marriage status on blood pressure. Marital status is recorded as Divorced, Married, Separated, Single, or Widowed. Blood pressure is taken for each participant and recorded as Low, Normal, or High. What type of variable is Blood pressure in this study?
Ordinal
A study is being conducted to determine the prevalence of lung cancer in a population and the researchers want to note the frequency of each particular stage of cancer among the members of the population who have lung cancer; in this case the stage of cancer is best defined as which of the following types of variables?
Ordinal variable
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Prevalence refers to the extent of a disease at a point in time, whereas incidence refers to the development of disease over a specified time.
Alcohol consumption by underage persons is associated with which of the following consequences?
Problems at school
Alcohol consumption by underaged persons is associated with which of the following consequences:
Problems at school
The minimization of bias and confounding in clinical trials is obtained through the use of which of the following?
Randomization of study participants to make groups comparable in all respects
Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods
Secular trends
Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods are known as:
Secular trends
The ability of a screening test to identify correctly all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to:
Sensitivity
The probability that a diseased person will screen positive is captured through which measure:
Sensitivity
The term that indicates cases of disease that occur in a specific geographic region is:
Spatial clustering
The probability that a disease-free person will screen negative is captured by which measure?
Specificity
A new and relatively expensive medication is released into the population to treat type II diabetes. A doctor notices that poor patients are less likely to see effects from the medication than more wealthy patients, but after conducting a survey the doctor finds the poor patients are less likely to fully comply with their medication regimen because they cannot afford to take the medication on a regular basis. This is an example of which of the following?
Statistical interaction
Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response is known as:
Syndromic surveillance
A hypothesis reflects the investigators belief about the parameter.
T
Estimation is the process of determining a likely value for a population parameter based on a random sample.
T
The margin of error or E is used in calculating sample size.
T
True or False? Laws and regulations are developed as methods of policy implementation.
T
True or False? Molecular epidemiology uses molecular markers in addition to genes to establish exposure-disease relationships.
T
True or False? Social and behavioral dimensions that impact human health include social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices.
T
True or False? The first phase of the policy cycle is regarded as the most crucial phase of the policy development process.
T
When calculating a confidence interval, the confidence level (e.g. 90% or 95%) is chosen by the investigator.
T
Health events that are related in time reflect:
Temporal clustering
For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before the effect?
Temporality
Which of the following most appropriately describes how the data from a cross-sectional study can be applied to a population?
The data generated from a cross-sectional study is only applicable to the original population of interest during the time that the study was conducted.
Which is the most important factor in determining which populations a well-designed study's results can be applied to?
The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study
Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as:
The population at risk
Assume a researcher wants to compare the mean Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) levels in two populations, individuals who drink alcohol and individuals who do not drink alcohol. The mean ALT levels for the individuals who do not drink alcohol is 32 with a standard deviation of 14, and 37 individuals were in the sample. The mean ALT levels for individuals who drink alcohol is 69 with a standard deviation of 19, and 38 individuals were in the sample. Construct and interpret a 95% confidence interval demonstrating the difference in means for those individuals who drink alcohol when compared to those who do not drink alcohol.
The researchers are 95% confident that the true mean difference in ALT values between the population of drinkers and population of non-drinkers is between 24.41 and 39.59.
True or False? The infant mortality rate is defined as the number of infant deaths among infants age 0 to 1 year divided by the number of live births during the same year.
True
True or False? The major deficiency of reportable and notifiable data for epidemiologic research purposes is the possible incompleteness of population coverage.
True
Assume researchers are trying to find out the mean concentration levels of a specific drug in a population of individuals' blood during a clinical trail. The researchers find that the sample population (n=100) has a mean concentration of 6.7 mcg/mL with a standard deviation of 1.3 mcg/mL. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the mean concentration level of the medication for the population's blood and interpret it.
The researchers are 95.0% confident the true mean concentration of medication in the population's blood is between 6.445 mcg/mL and 6.955 mcg/mL.
You have a group of physicians performing a new surgery. You are interested to know if there is a difference in the amount of time each of the physicians patients are spending in the hospital. You use SPSS to run an ANOVA test on the average length of stay for each of the physicians. Given the SPSS output below select the appropriate conclusion. Your alpha is 0.05 and the critical value of F is 3.74.
There is a significant difference in the average length of stay because the value of F is greater than the critical value.
Researchers have conducted a study and determined that the relative risk for developing a cold for individuals taking vitamin C is 0.47 when compared to the number of participants in the study who developed a cold while not taking vitamin C. This is an indication of which of the following?
This indicates that the individuals taking vitamin C were 53% less likely to catch a cold and that taking vitamin C has a protective effect, making them less likely to catch a cold.
The cycle of epidemiologic research includes which of the following categories:
Thoery, Hypothesis, Operationalization
Which of the following is not considered a use of epidemiology?
To provide health care services to specific individuals
Which of the following is NOT considered a use of epidemiology:
To provide healthcare services to specific individuals
Which of the following is not considered a use of epidemiology?
To provide healthcare services to specific individuals
A Kurskal-Wallis test is used to compare a continuous outcome in more than two independent samples.
True
A histogram is an appropriate graphical display for ordinal variables.
True
A probability is a number that reflects the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
True
A researcher wants to be sure the mean difference in the change in blood pressure has a margin of error no more than 5 points and the difference in the standard deviation between the mean blood pressure points from the first medication used to treat high blood pressure and the second medication used to treat high blood pressure is 14 points. The desired sample size required to ensure a 95% confidence interval for the proposed study used to compare the efficacy of two medications used to treat high blood pressure during a cross-over is n = 31.
True
Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial properties of Penicillium notatum.
True
Assume a researcher recruits 150 African American and Caucasian individuals taking warfarin to determine if there is a difference in the mean dosage of the medication needed to cause a decrease in their INR blood test. If the mean dosage for 75 Caucasian individuals required to get their INR blood test in range is 6.1 mg with a standard deviation of 1.7 mg and the mean dosage for 75 African American individuals required to get their INR blood test in range is 4.3 mg with a standard deviation of 0.9 mg, the S p value obtained while calculating the test statistic is approximately 1.14 mg.
True
Box-whisker plots are useful tools in comparing the mean and the distribution of two or more variables broken down into different categories.
True
Case-control studies are useful when the outcome of interest is rare.
True
Epidemiology is an observational science that capitalizes on naturally occurring situations.
True
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an example of an emerging infection.
True
H 0 for a Mann-Whitney U test is always that the two populations are equal.
True
H 0 for an ANOVA test often states that all the mean values from the different independent samples are equal.
True
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States.
True
Multiple logistic regression analysis applies when there is a single dichotomous outcome and more than one independent variable.
True
Multivariable methods include a number of specific procedures to simultaneously assess the relationships between several exposure or risk factor variables and a single outcome.
True
Randomization of participants into one of several treatment groups is a key characteristic of a randomized control trail study design.
True
The effect size is the difference in the parameter of interest that represents a clinically meaningful difference.
True
The history of epidemiology originated as early as classical antiquity.
True
The r 2 value and a least squares regression line can be an excellent way to demonstrate the degree of correlation between two variables, and the type of association between the two variables.
True
To calculate the finalized n for a study, one should take the total number of participants needed to ensure the desired confidence interval and divide it by the proportion of individuals expected to be retained throughout the course of the study.
True
True or False? A Kurskal-Wallis test is used to compare a continuous outcome in more than two independent samples.
True
True or False? A clinical trial studying the effects of new antibiotic, which is suspected to be a curative treatment for drug-resistant syphilis, is likely to demonstrate a binomial distribution.
True
True or False? A histogram is an appropriate graphical display for ordinal variables.
True
True or False? A hypothesis reflects the investigators belief about the parameter.
True
True or False? A necessary cause is sufficient by itself to produce the effect.
True
True or False? A probability is a number that reflects the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
True
True or False? A relative risk of 5.67 indicates that the group of individuals in a study exposed to the particular variable of interest are 5.67 times more likely to experience the observed outcome being studied.
True
True or False? A researcher compares the BMI of two populations of individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds and finds that the proportion of individuals considered obese and from a poor background is .37 ( n = 112), and the proportion of individuals considered obese and from an affluent background is .27 ( n = 87); a 95% confidence interval for the risk difference for obesity among members of the poor population compared to the affluent population is (-0.03, 0.23).
True
True or False? A researcher wants to be sure the mean difference in the change in blood pressure has a margin of error no more than 5 points and the difference in the standard deviation between the mean blood pressure points from the first medication used to treat high blood pressure and the second medication used to treat high blood pressure is 14 points. The desired sample size required to ensure a 95% confidence interval for the proposed study used to compare the efficacy of two medications used to treat high blood pressure during a cross-over is n = 31.
True
True or False? A reservoir can be human beings, animals, insects, soils, and/or plants.
True
True or False? A test used to measure the concentration of inflammatory markers in an individual's blood is being researched. Assuming the test quantifies the concentration of the inflammatory markers in the blood and there are an infinite number of outcome possibilities, a study would likely demonstrate that the inflammatory markers for the population follow a normal, or non-normal, distribution pattern, depending on the results obtained from the study.
True
True or False? AIDS is an example of a nationally notifiable disease.
True
True or False? An active-control trial is the best option for researchers hoping to test a newly devised therapy for a life-threatening illness among individuals with the illness, when a previously devised treatment is available for the illness.
True
True or False? The margin of error or E is used in calculating sample size.
True
True or False? The maternal mortality rate encompasses maternal deaths that result from causes associated with pregnancy.
True
True or False? Assume a researcher recruits 150 African American and Caucasian individuals taking warfarin to determine if there is a difference in the mean dosage of the medication needed to cause a decrease in their INR blood test. If the mean dosage for 75 Caucasian individuals required to get their INR blood test in range is 6.1 mg with a standard deviation of 1.7 mg and the mean dosage for 75 African American individuals required to get their INR blood test in range is 4.3 mg with a standard deviation of 0.9 mg, the z value obtained while calculating the test statistic is approximately 9.60.
True
True or False? Bar charts are best used to display the information on data collected from non-measurable qualitative variables.
True
True or False? Before conducting a confidence interval for the mean difference between two independent samples, a researcher should check to make sure the ratio between both sample's variance is between 0.5 and 2.0.
True
True or False? Box plots are the best way to graphically represent the data obtained from research studies that focus on measuring the outcomes for variables considered to exist on a quantitative continuum.
True
True or False? Case-control studies are useful when the outcome of interest is rare.
True
True or False? Contingency tables tabulate data according to multiple dimensions.
True
True or False? Cross-sectional studies measure relationships between diseases and other variables at a particular time.
True
True or False? Descriptive epidemiology characterizes health according to person, place, and time.
True
True or False? E. coli O157:H7 is an example of an emerging infection.
True
True or False? Epidemiology is an observational science that capitalizes on naturally occurring situations.
True
True or False? Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an example of an emerging infection.
True
True or False? Estimation is the process of determining a likely value for a population parameter based on a random sample.
True
True or False? Extremely rare side effects of medications studied in clinical trials are more likely to be observed in cohort studies conducted during post marketing-surveillance because of the limited number of participants in clinical trials
True
True or False? Extremely rare side effects of medications studied in clinical trials are more likely to be observed in cohort studies conducted during post marketing-surveillance because of the limited number of participants in clinical trials.
True
True or False? For a two-tailed test using z values at the .05% significance level we reject H 0 if z
True
True or False? Good tables have clear and concise titles.
True
True or False? H 0 for a Mann-Whitney U test is always that the two populations are equal.
True
True or False? H 0 for an ANOVA test often states that all the mean values from the different independent samples are equal.
True
True or False? If a study utilizes a simple random sampling method, that means each member of the population of interest was equally likely to be selected as a study participant.
True
True or False? In developed countries, chronic health problems have replaced infectious diseases as the leading killers during the past century.
True
True or False? Laws and regulations are developed as methods of policy implementation.
True
True or False? Lifetime prevalence refers to all cases of a disease diagnosed at any time during a person's lifetime.
True
True or False? Loss of study participants in longitudinal studies can make estimating the cumulative incidence of a disease more difficult.
True
True or False? Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States.
True
True or False? Molecular epidemiology uses molecular markers in addition to genes to establish exposure-disease relationships.
True
True or False? Multiple logistic regression analysis applies when there is a single dichotomous outcome and more than one independent variable.
True
True or False? Multivariable methods include a number of specific procedures to simultaneously assess the relationships between several exposure or risk factor variables and a single outcome.
True
True or False? Oftentimes it is more difficult to establish a relationship between a particular disease outcome and a risk factor among older adults because they also have other risk factors for disease.
True
True or False? Public health surveillance programs are used for infectious diseases, noninfectious diseases, and risk factors for chronic diseases.
True
True or False? Randomization of participants into one of several treatment groups is a key characteristic of a randomized control trail study design.
True
True or False? Rates can be expressed in terms of any unit size of population that is convenient.
True
True or False? Reliability is synonymous with precision, whereas validity is synonymous with accuracy.
True
True or False? Screening for disease provides only preliminary information that needs to be followed by diagnostic information.
True
True or False? Social and behavioral dimensions that impact human health include social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices.
True
True or False? The effect size is the difference in the parameter of interest that represents a clinically meaningful difference.
True
True or False? To calculate the finalized n for a study, one should take the total number of participants needed to ensure the desired confidence interval and divide it by the proportion of individuals expected to be retained throughout the course of the study.
True
True or False? Using a 95% confidence interval to describe an odds ratio allows other researchers to determine if the results were statistically significant because a statistically significant odds ratio confidence interval will not include the number 1.
True
True or False? Variable names and units of measurement should be specified clearly and accurately.
True
True or False? When calculating a confidence interval, the confidence level (e.g. 90% or 95%) is chosen by the investigator.
True
Using a 95% confidence interval to describe an odds ratio allows other researchers to determine if the results were statistically significant because a statistically significant odds ratio confidence interval will not include the number 1.
True
True or False? Examples of continuous variables are height and weight.
Ture
True or False? Life expectancy refers to the number of years that a person is expected to live, at any particular year.
Ture
Longitudinal cohort studies that produce data measured in person-time are particularly subject to which of the following forms of statistical anomaly?
Type 1 censoring
Longitudinal cohort studies that produce data measured in person-time are particularly subject to which of the following forms of statistical anomaly?
Type one censoring
Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its:
Validity
Examples of infections caused by indirect transmission of disease agents include:
Vehicle-borne infections, Airborne infections, Vector-borne infections
Which of the following health problems is associated with binge drinking among college students?
Violence Sexually transmitted diseases Unintentional injuries All of these are correct.
The severity of a disease produced by an infectious agent is referred to as:
Virulence
Foodborne illnesses can be prevented by:
Washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared
A researcher suspects that the actual prevalence of generalized anxiety among children and adolescents is higher than the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents. The previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents is 3.9%, and the researcher conducts a study to test the accuracy of the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder by recruiting 98 children and adolescents from various pediatricians' offices and tests them for generalized anxiety disorder using the DSM-5. The researcher determines that the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among the participants of the study is 6.1%. What should the researcher's conclusion be for a 5% significance level?
We fail to reject H 0 at the 5% because -1.12 is greater than -1.645. We do not have statistically significant evidence to show the actual prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents is above the previously reported prevalence of 3.9%.
A new drug to treat psoriasis has been developed and is in clinical testing. Assume that those individuals given the drug are examined before receiving the treatment and then again after receiving the treatment to determine if there was a change in their symptom status. If the initial results showed that 2.0% of individuals entered the study in remission, 77.0% of individuals entered the study with mild symptoms, 16.0% of individuals entered the study with moderate symptoms, and 5.0% entered the study with severe symptoms. This information was used to calculate and a chi-squared test to determine if the drug was effective treating psoriasis given the information below from the final examination. Use your book to identify the critical value of Chi-Square and interpret the results of the test.
We reject H 0 because 6628.08 is greater than 7.81. We have statistically significant evidence at the alpha equals .05 level to show that the distribution of the severity of psoriasis cases at the end of the clinical trial for the sample is different from the distribution of the severity of psoriasis cases prior to the administration of the drug, suggesting the drug is effective.
If we set the alpha at a=0.05 and our p value is p=0.001, what should our conclusion be?
We reject the null hypothesis
Assuming the below results were obtained in a study used to test the accuracy of the rapid diagnostic test for influenza, calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the rapid diagnostic influenza test.
When the rapid diagnostic influenza test is used, 52.22% of individuals who have the flu test positive for the flu.
The Mannn-Whitney U, (Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test) is used to test:
Whether two samples are likely to derive from the same population
Whether a contaminated food such as tomatoes caused an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease is a simple example of:
a causal association.
Highly toxic chemicals that persist in the environment have been associated with disruption of the:
immune system. reproductive system. nervous system. All of these are correct.
What factors may be considered when measuring socioeconomic status?
income level, occupation typer, education level
A pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work is known as:
alcohol abuse
The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals is known as:
an infection
Epidemiologists can plot data and present it graphically through:
bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts
Which cell in the table represents false positives?
c
Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease within a year or over a period of several years are known as:
cyclic trends
Pharmacoepidemiology involves the study of the:
distribution of drug-related events in populations. determinants of drug-related events in populations. efficacious treatment of drug-related events in populations. All of these are correct.
An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents is a:
fomite
The process of passing from observations and axioms to generalizations is known as:
inference
Which of the following statements regarding hazardous exposures in the job environment is true?
job-related exposures are often higher than those outside of work
Which of the following categories of unintentional injuries has shown a declining trend in death rates in the United States between the mid-1960s and 2014?
motor vehicle traffic deaths
The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is:
multifactorial.
A researcher wants to calculate the prevalence of Alzheimer's among members of a specific community who are 65 years of age and older. The researcher needs to know how many individuals who are 65 years of age or older need to be recruited for the study to ensure the estimated prevalence will be within 1.0% of the true proportion. Calculate the sample size needed by the researcher if a national study has shown 11.11% of individuals 65 years of age have Alzheimer's.
n = 6,549
A researcher is conducting a study to determine the mean trough dosage of medication for a population. Assume a previous study was conducted for the same medication and the mean trough dose was found to be 490 mg with a standard deviation of 40 mg. If the researcher wants to be 95% confident the true mean trough dosage of the medication is within 10 mg of the true mean trough dosage, what sample size is needed if the study is predicted to have an 88% retention rate?
n = 71
Which measure will answer the question: "What is the probability that I do not have the disease if my test comes back negative?"
negative predictive value
The process of defining measurement procedures for the variables used in a study is:
operationalization
The process of defining measurement procedures for the variables used in a study is:
operationalization.
A confidence interval (CI) is a range of values that are likely to cover the true population _____________.
parameter
The involuntary breathing of cigarette smoke by nonsmokers in an environment where there are cigarette smokers present is known as:
passive smoking. secondhand exposure to cigarette smoke. sidestream exposure to cigarette smoke. All these are correct.
Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those associated with:
person-to-person contact.
Identify the following formula: # of persons with disease / # of persons examined at baseline
point prevalence
Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study?
prospective cohort study
The systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena is known as:
public health surveillance.
Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods are known as:
secular trends
Specializations that contribute to epidemiology include:
sociology, history, law
Epidemiology is:
study of health and illness in human populations, patters of health or disease, and the factors that influence them.
Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response is known as:
syndromic surveillance.
Biostatistics is:
the application of statistical principles in medicine, public health, or biology.
Study design is:
the methodology used to collect the information to address the research question.
All of the following are considered ratios except:
time
Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its:
validity.
Foodborne illnesses can be prevented by:
washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared.
A researcher suspects that the actual prevalence of generalized anxiety among children and adolescents is higher than the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents. The previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents is 3.9%, and the researcher conducts a study to test the accuracy of the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder by recruiting 98 children and adolescents from various pediatricians' offices and tests them for generalized anxiety disorder using the DSM-5. The researcher determines that the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among the participants of the study is 6.1%. Calculate the z value for the test statistic.
z = - 1.12
A researcher suspects that the actual prevalence of generalized anxiety among children and adolescents is higher than the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents. The previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents is 3.9%, and the researcher conducts a study to test the accuracy of the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder by recruiting 98 children and adolescents from various pediatricians' offices and tests them for generalized anxiety disorder using the DSM-5. The researcher determines that the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among the participants of the study is 6.1%. Calculate the z value for the test statistic.
z = -1.12
