Hinkle Chap. 35 Assessment of Immune Function
A nurse is explaining treatment options to a client diagnosed with an immune dysfunction. Which statement by the client accurately reflects the teaching about current stem cell research?
"Stem cell transplantation has been carried out in humans with certain types of immune dysfunction, and clinical trials using stem cells are underway in clients with a variety of disorders with an autoimmune component."
A client is informed that his white blood cell count is low and that he is at risk for the development of infections. The client asks, "Where do I make new white blood cells?" What is the best response by the nurse?
"White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow."
A client is given a dose of ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for complaints of abdominal pain. Ten minutes after receiving the medication, the client's eyes, lips, and face begin to swell, and the nurse hears stridor. What priority measure should the nurse prepare to do?
Administer Epinephrine
Large proteins, called immunoglobulins, that consist of two subunits, each containing a light and a heavy peptide chain held together by a chemical link composed of disulfide bonds
Antibodies
A client will be receiving a hepatitis B vaccination series prior to employment in a dialysis center. What type of immunity will this provide?
Artificially acquired active immunity
Humoral immune responses are carried out by?
B Cells
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Programs T lymphocytes to become regulator or effector T cells.
A client is diagnosed with multiple site cancers and has received whole-body irradiation. The nurse is concerned about a compromised immune system in this client for which reason?
Radiation destroys lymphocytes.
Cellular immune responses are carried out by?
T Cells
Which statement accurately reflects current stem cell research?
The stem cell is known as a precursor cell that continually replenishes the body's entire supply of both red and white cells.
A client arrives at the clinic and reports a very sore throat as well as a fever. A rapid strep test returns a positive result and the client is given a prescription for an antibiotic. How did the streptococcal organism gain access to the client to cause this infection?
Through the mucous membranes of the throat
Decades ago, before the role of the tonsils and adenoids was better understood, it was typical after repeated bouts with tonsillitis to have a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Today it is understood that the tonsils and adenoids are lymphoid tissues that:
filter bacteria from tissue fluid.
Proteins produced by the cells of the immune system that determine the actions of the immune system cells
Cytokines
This type of T lymphocyte is responsible for altering the cell membrane and initiating cellular lysis. Choose the T lymphocyte.
Cytotoxic T cell
The nurse is caring for an older client admitted to the health-care facility with a new onset of confusion and a low-grade fever. Which age-related changes might contribute to decreased functioning of the immune system?
Decreased kidney function
A client with chronic renal failure has begun treatment with a colony-stimulating factor. What medication does the nurse anticipate administering to the client that will promote the production of blood cells?
Epoetin alfa (Epogen)
An elderly client is diagnosed with cancer. While reviewing age-related changes in the immune system, what does the nurse identify as having contributed to this client's condition?
Failure of lymphocytes to recognize mutant cells
The ____________ response is characterized by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
Humoral
(15% of Total Immunoglobulin) Appears in body fluids (blood, saliva, tears, and breast milk, as well as pulmonary, gastrointestinal, prostatic, and vaginal secretions) Protects against respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary infections Prevents absorption of antigens from food Passes to neonate in breast milk for protection
IgA
(0.2% of Total Immunoglobulin) Appears in small amounts in serum Possibly influences B-lymphocyte differentiation, but role is unclear
IgD
(0.004% of Total Immunoglobulin) Appears in serum Takes part in allergic and some hypersensitivity reactions Combats parasitic infections
IgE
What type of immunoglobulin does the nurse recognize that promotes the release of vasoactive chemicals such as histamine when a client is having an allergic reaction?
IgE
(75% of Total Immunoglobulin) Appears in serum and tissues (interstitial fluid) Assumes a major role in bloodborne and tissue infections Activates the complement system Enhances phagocytosis Crosses the placenta
IgG
(10% of Total Immunoglobulin) Appears mostly in intravascular serum Appears as the first immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections Activates the complement system
IgM
Which type of immunity becomes active as a result of infection by a specific microorganism?
Naturally acquired active immunity
A nurse is taking the health history of a newly admitted client. Which of the following conditions would NOT place the client at risk for impaired immune function?
Surgical removal of the appendix
A client has been diagnosed with AIDS and tuberculosis (TB). A nursing student asks the nurse why the client's skin test for TB is negative if the client's physician has diagnosed TB. The nurse's correct reply is which of the following?
The client's immune system cannot mount a response to the skin test.
