His 102 chapter 17 for midterm

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

greater prosperity and a growing population. more wars and likely fewer people. more consumer goods and greater prosperity. larger empires and more wars. larger empires and far fewer people.

Among the laboring classes, guild masters

permitted easy access to guild masterships in order to maintain a strong labor force. were equally available to men and women in all crafts. were a small minority of the population who jealously guarded their membership. removed themselves from religious functions in order to avoid religious conflicts among the masters. were forbidden from training their sons or wives in their crafts.

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

remained almost exclusively connected to European colonists, for few native people adopted the religion. took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples. sought to reestablish medieval traditions and practices in a romantic notion of the faithful Middle Ages. remained a foundation of European culture and tradition on which European settlers could depend to defend traditional European practices. so fully embraced native customs and traditions that European Christians came to consider the Christianity practiced in the Americas to be heretical.

The spinning of thread for the loom

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers. was established as a unique craft in which communities and even regions specialized, especially those regions that practiced the herding of large flocks of sheep. was quickly turned into a mechanized process, which freed more women to take up operation of the loom. required a difficult set of skills that men came to monopolize and used to earn higher salaries than women, who were left the simple task of spooling the thread. marked a new type of industry in which the merchants created unambiguous standards for spun thread that reduced conflicts between merchants and spinners.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

restricted English banks from making foreign loans. initiated English involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. created an alliance with the Dutch against the French. prevented the American colonists from building ships.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except

soldiers and camp followers passed contagious diseases throughout the countryside. a large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield. armies requisitioned scarce food supplies. armies disrupted the agricultural cycle. battles destroyed precious crops and farmland.

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

the African trade the Atlantic economy. the colonial economy. the East Indian trade. the Pacific economy.

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because

the French military leadership was ineffective. their Prussian ally won the European component. the French did not have an adequate navy. they diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater. they won the support of Native American tribes.

With the development of Spanish colonial society, by the eighteenth century

the colonial elite created an exaggerated sense of their "Spanish-ness" in order to distinguish themselves from the local peoples. the colonial elite largely abandoned European cultural forms and practices in order to create a new Latin American culture. the colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain. the colonial elite were openly discussing breaking ties with Spain in a colonial independence movement. the colonial elite had so thoroughly merged with local populations as to be indistinguishable from them.

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to

the exceptional fertility of their lands. the necessity to provide for a densely populated country. the leadership of the Dutch scientific community. their strong nobility. their Calvinism.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

the high cost of production in the rural countryside. their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers. the constant claims by guilds to authority over rural production. government efforts to protect spinners and weavers from labor abuses. the failure of wholesale merchants to purchase their cloth for international trade markets.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of the citizens. capitalism could only flourish if workers' wages were kept low. government was incapable of providing services as efficiently as the free marketplace. guilds provided a structural stability to the economy that permitted the free market to function effectively. the government had a responsibility to protect consumers and the general public from price gouging and fraud.

The idea of the industrious revolution is bestunderstood as a result of

the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset. efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors. merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled. poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods. the nobility expanding its land holdings by draining swamps and fens, which required workers to provide labor for their noble lords.

In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

the rights of the nobility over land needed to be reinforced, since until that time only nobles could bring about innovations. government officials should seize land in order to demonstrate the value of agricultural innovation so that local farmers would adopt such practices. landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently. the key to agricultural innovation was to provide support for the peasants against the lords, since the lords resisted innovation that they feared would diminish their authority. farming should be strictly separated from herding for sheep and cattle, since herds diminished the lands' productivity by trodding on and flattening loose soil.

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

was in the process of collapse as new technologies made guild regulations obsolete. inhibited the development of the economy through its rigid rules and their strict application. provided the foundation for Great Britain's economic growth, since the guilds were strongly supported under British law. undermined the creation of banking systems, since guild masters were forbidden from borrowing money for business expansion. remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.

Within the family, the operation of the loom

was somewhat dangerous, and children were forbidden from helping with it. generally only occupied one person, leaving other family members to farm or seek outside employment. was considered a man's job, reserved for the male head of household. required extensive training and kept the loom operator away from home for two to three years. was considered a woman's job, as were most of the sewing crafts.

Which of the following best characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America. Brazil received about one-half of the slaves carried across the Atlantic, while the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent. The Spanish colonies of South America received about 35 percent of slaves from Africa, while Brazil received about 15 percent and the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent. The Caribbean received about 50 percent of the slaves, while North American and Spanish South America received about 25 percent each. The North American colonies received about 40 percent of slaves from Africa, while Brazil and South America received about 25 percent each and Spanish South America received about 10 percent.

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners Indentured servants Slaves Aboriginal people Volunteer settlers

Which of the following correctly characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

England's exports to its colonies relied heavily on cultural objects such as books and furniture, since the colonies produced all of their own basic needs. Colonial trade became insignificant to the French after the loss of their colonies in New France (Canada). The Spanish empire collapsed, for Spain lacked the resources to sustain its military presence in the colonies. Spanish landowners in the colonies instituted slavery among all the Indian populations in order to force them to work on the haciendas. In England, the mercantalist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially.

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

France. the British colonial empire. Africa and the Middle East. the European continent. China

Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

Guilds dropped all restrictions that forbade women from serving as maters or laborers. Work in guilds became more accessible to women, by both legally and illegal means. Guilds permitted women to serve as workers but forbade any women from becoming masters. Guilds promoted middle-class ideals about the harm to women of working outside of the home. Guilds reinforced the regulations forbidding all work by and mastership for women.

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

Jews were considered heretical people subject to enslavement and lacking all rights. Desperate for European settlers, Jews were welcomed in the colonies in which they were recognized as full citizens equal with Christian settlers from Europe. Jews were permitted to settle in the colonies as laborers but were forbidden from owning land or slaves. Jews settled in the colonies but were forbidden from practicing the Jewish faith. Jews faced numerous political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

Land was owned largely by middle-sized farmers who hired the poor as occasional farmers. Forced to sell their land following enclosures, most of the nobility left the countryside and moved to the cities. The large pools of urban laborers were forced to work in the countryside, for the growing agricultural innovations required more workers for the land. The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners. While enclosure affected some land usage, most land remained deeply tied to traditional feudal structures.

Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Peasants were bound to a lord's feudal manor and worked the lord's land as part of a long series of feudal obligations. Peasants were technically free but suffered under a system of debt obligation to feudal lords that prevented the peasant from owning his own land. Peasants were free to own small plots of land but never enough to fully support themselves, requiring them to continue to work the land of the local lord, who owned a vast majority of it. A peasant was free to own land, but that land reverted to the noble lord upon the peasant's death. Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe. The Dutch government found that sustaining the colonies in Asia cost more than the profits that could be made and withdrew military protection. The Dutch Reformed Church took a position condemning colonialism as sinful, undercutting popular support for the Asian colonies. The Dutch economy was devastated by wars with Great Britain and France and lacked capital for continued colonization. The Dutch missionaries forcefully pressed Christianity onto local leaders, leading to successful rebellions against the colonies.

How did the problem of food shortages change in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

The considerable road and canal building of the eighteenth century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine. The decline in warfare meant that armies no longer drained regions of their food supplies as they passed through, and no longer destroyed many crops. The advances in agricultural methods produced abundant food that overcame the possibility of famine. The free grain markets introduced throughout the eighteenth century evened out food distribution to prevent food shortages without government involvement. The European colonies became an alternate source for food that could be used to overcome poor harvests

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages?

The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges. The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side-by-side. The land was divided into small, rectangular plots bounded by small walls or fences to keep out animals. The land was divided into large, square plots that permitted individual families to retain control over their own crops. The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations.

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion The ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries The pre-eminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations The control over slave trade routes to support colonial development in the Caribbean The establishment of either absolutism or constitutional monarchy as the principle political model in Europe

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

The shore method secured for Europeans the supply of slaves by establishing fortifications on the coast, thus preventing wasted days at sea looking for slaves to purchase. The shore method gave Europeans more control over the slave trade by sending ashore slave-hunting teams to seize slaves and force them aboard. The shore method relieved Europeans of the moral difficulty of separating families by having all slaves separated into unrelated groups of fifteen before the ships captains purchased them. The shore method permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas. The shore method passed most of the cost of slave trading to the African merchants who obtained the slaves.

The War of the Austrian Succession could best be described as

a strong Prussian victory and undermine the role of Austria in German affairs. a distinct French victory that forced Britain to abandon its last remaining land claims on the continent. a clear British victory that forced the French to retreat from North America. an Austrian victory that forced Prussia to abandon much to its territory. an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare.

The primary cause for the substantial population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century was

an increase in birth rates. improved medical care. improved food supplies. a decline in mortality. the end of major warfare.