His 102 TEST

Immanuel Kant, A German Philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as?

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was?

Antoine Watteau

in 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on?

Austria

a less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with?

Beccaria

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after?

Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry

the author of the progress of the human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was?

Condorcet

A favorite type of charity supported by the rich in 18th century Europe was?

Fondling homes for poor abandoned children

the scientist philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophers of the next was?

Fontenelle

the leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was?

Francois Quesnay

Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth century scientific research?

Galen

the first European to make systematic observations of the Heavens by telescope was?

Galileo

which of these ancient authorities were not relied on by medieval scholars?

Galileo

the Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in?

Great Britain

what group emerged as the most important radical element in French politics, at the beginning of the French Revolution?

Jacobins

a major inspiration for travel literature in the 18th century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of?

James Cook

Louis XV's most famous mistress was?

Madame de Pompadour

the English writer who argued in a Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was?

Mary Astell

the religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was?

Methodism

which 18th century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?

Mozart

the recognized capital of the Enlightenment was?

Paris

the head of the committee of public safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was?

Robespierre

which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from 18th century Atlantic trade?

Rome

by 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output except? `

Russia

which of the following men established the first textile factory using water powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790?

Samuel slater

The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognize the loss of?

Silesia, and gained a French alliance

The 2006 movie Marie Antionette was directed by?

Sofia Coppola

which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

The Seven Years War

Galileo wrote?

The Starry Messenger

The defeat of General Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 1781, leading to British abandonment of the Revolutionary War was achieved by?

a combined American and French army supported by a heavily supported French fleet

James watt was vital to the industrial revolution for his invention of?

a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton

in September of 1792, the National Convention?

abolished the monarchy and established a republic

the enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her instruction?

accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten

Edwin Chadwick

advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first public Health Act

the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century?

although has innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

In his work Pensees, Pascal?

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reasons and emotions.

all of the following were Persistent trends in the upper class 18th century European families except?

children often removed from fondling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops

Benedict de Spinoza

claimed that God was not just the creator the universe God was the universe

the first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its?

cotton textile industry

For Blaise Pascal, humans?

could not understand infinity, only God could

Europe's unequal social organization in the 18th century was?

determined by the division of society into traditional orders

women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution?

did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns

High culture in the 18th century Europe was characterized by the?

enormous impact of the publishing industry

the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed?

equality under the law for all French men

Adam Smith was a mercantilist disguised as a porto-capitalist

false

Because of the dedicated activities of such women as Olympe de Gouges, in the Declaration of independence of the rights of man and citizen, women received the same rights as man

false

Because of the scientific successes and accomplishments of such women as Margeret Cavendish, Maria Merian, and Maria Winkelman, most male scientists agreed, though reluctantly, that females had the same intellectual abilities as males.

false

In Britain, the Industrial Revolution was built upon the coal and iron of heavy industry, while industrialization on the continent was let by the cotton industry? `

false

In his search for a new rational mathematical system, Descartes began with doubt, doubting everything including his existence.

false

Isaac Newton devoted himself to the occult and to alchemy in particular.

false

Isaac Newton had little to do with the invention of calculus.

false

Prior to the revolution in France, the peasants owned only 10 percent of all land, through they constituted approximately 80 percent of the population

false

Tycho Brahe agreed with Copernicus that the earth does not indeed move

false

in her Vindication of the rights of women, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that since women had been unfairly subjected to males for so many millennia, women should temporarily be given special legal rights and privileges in excess of those of males in compensation of their long servitude

false

in the 18th century, india still struggled to find a viable industry for its labor force, given that cotton was not an option due to competition from England

false

the British government played a significant role in Britain's industrialization by providing subsidies for most industries and funding a transportation network of canals and railroads

false

the committee of public safety's campaign of terror was directed almost exclusively against the Catholic clergy and members of the aristocracy and wealthy bourgeoisie

false

the newly industrialized European nations actively encouraged industrialization in their colonies, such as the British did in india, believing that more production would reduce the cost of goods thus satisfying domestic consumers

false

the phrase "politically quiescent" captures the mood of the late 18th century.

false

a cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18th century England was?

gin

one of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that?

government played a larger role in Continental industrialization

the special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except:

guarantees against becoming poor

all of the following are true about napoleon and his career before 1799 except?

he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution

European diplomacy during the 18th century was predicted on the idea that?

in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another

copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because

it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate

science became an integral part of western culture in the eighteenth century because?

it offered new means to make profit and maintain social order

Salons were?

literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed

France in the 28th century

lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt

a primary reason for the use of children as a source of labor in the industrial revolution was?

low paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment

in the French constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote?

male citizens who met a tax qualification

Not among the factors of the defeat of napoleon was?

mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries

according to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

mathematics

the rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now?

no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage

as one measure of the French crowns terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to?

one-half of all government spending

in Regard to the Catholic Church, the national Assembly?

passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen

during the reign of terror, the majority of victims were?

peasants and laboring classes

Galileo's ideas on motion included the?

principle of inertia

Johann Sebastian Bach

produced religious music as a way to worship God

to keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to?

prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these Key Enlightenment themes:

proper child rearing and human education

Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by?

protecting infant industries with high tariffs

the American Revolution affected Europeans by?

proving that the ideas of the enlightenment could be realized politically

the new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution?

regulated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor

Organized religions in the seventeenth century?

rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of?

religious intolerance

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of?

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life

the philosophy of Rene Descartes

stressed a separation of mind and matter

by the 18th century the Dutch Republic?

suffered a decline in economic prosperity

The Kings fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was?

the Bastille

the controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General saw?

the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly"

Newton invented?

the calculus

a kew financial innovation of the 18th century was?

the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage

European society in the 18th century witnessed?

the continued dominance of the nuclear family

in 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered?

the first steam powered locomotive on an industrial rail line

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as?

the geocentric conception

a key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by?

the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of?

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood

at the beginning of the 18th century?

the old order still remained strong

which of the following allowed steam engines to be located away from rivers?

they ran on coal

a key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was?

travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures

18th century enlightened rulers were not always "enlightened" but they were also hindered in instituting necessary reforms because of power still held by the hereditary aristocracy

true

Louis XIV who died in 1715, left France with larger territories than when he ascended the throne, but also with an enormous national debt, an unhappy populace, and his five-year-old great grandson as his successor

true

because of France became "a nation of arms," the French revolutionary armies were significant in the development of modern nationalism

true

in convening the Estates General in 1789, the government actually doubled the representation of the third estate

true

in the war of the Austian Sucession, empress Maria Theresa managed to wrest Silesia away from Prussia

true

many of Britain's industrial entrepreneurs were Quakers and other religious minorities, in part because they were excluded from many public positions and lacked opportunities other than in the new industrial capitalism

true

the French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism

true

the Scientific Revolution was not a revolution that explosively changed and rapidly over threw traditional authority, but its results were truly revolutionary.

true

the country that was dismembered during the 18th century by Austria, Prussia, and Russia was Poland

true

the great scientist of the 17th century such as Galileo, Kepler, Newton, pursued their exploration of the science in a spirit of exalting God rather than in questioning and undermining religion.

true

unlike Francis Bacon, who argued that humanity's powers were to be used to "conquer nature," Benedict de Spinoza claimed that nature does not exist from human domination because nature and the universe and humanity itself are all part of God.

true

Montesquieu's Persian Letters

was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French Monarchy

Urbanization in the first half of the 19th century?

was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization

during the early stages of the 'Radical Revolution", the National Convention?

was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins

the European population explosion of the 19th century?

was largely attributed to the disappearance of famine from western empire.

by 1850 the European population?

was over 265 million

during the 18th century the idea of divine right?

was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments

Britain's cotton industry in the late 18th century?

was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories

During the 18th century Spain

was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V

just prior to the Revolution of France, the number of poor in France?

went up significantly

Benedict Spinoza believed that women?

were "naturally" inferior to men

the Jews of 18th century Europe

were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities

which of the following non native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

wheat

The Austrian empire under Joseph II?

witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms

the new social class of industrial workers in the early industrial revolution?

worked under dangerous conditions for long hours

Olympe de Gouges

wrote the Declaration of the Rights of the Women and the Citizen