HIS 315L FINAL EXAM

Harlem Renaissance

General cultural and artistic explosion throughout 1920's. Harlem emerged as black cultural hub. Black poets, playwrights, artists began expressing their own cultures through their works rather than imitate European styles

Zimmerman Telegram

German message intercepted and made public, calling for Mexico to join in coming war against US and promised to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War of 1846.

1919 Influenza Epidemic

flu epidemic killed between 20 & 40 mil people—turmoil in America

Homestead Strike of 1892

following dropping prices of steel nation-wide (and thus wages), steel plant workers at Carnegie's plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania erupted on strike. Carnegie allowed his manager to use violent strike-breaking tactics leaving several dead and many wounded

Ku Klux Klan

(1866): Overthrow of Reconstruction: organization that committed violence after the Civil War. Served as the military arm of Democratic Party in the South. Terrorist organization. Victims were white Republicans( wartime Unionist, local officeholders), African Americans got the worst (defied norms of white supremacy) Nordic Americans White Anglo-Saxon Protestant re-birth in 1920's- parental authority valued and other conservative notions

Knights of Labor

(1880s); Gilded Age: Labor organization led by Terence Powderly. First group to try to organize unskilled workers as well as skilled women and blacks as well as whites. Involved in strikes, boycotts etc. Raised the question of whether meaningful freedom could exist in a situation of economic inequality. one of the first "Industrial Unions"- focused on having industries run by workers? This gave Americans a chance to give a say on their wages, working hours, working conditions, etc. without having the major consequences of the employer firing them, blacklisting them or doing lockouts of the companies. And the fact that there were about 700,000 of them in 1886, it made it so popular and gave the Knights of Labor the power to influence such companies.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882): Halted chinese immigration (laborers at least) to the US. renewed in 1892 and made permanent in 1902

13th amendment

1865; abolished slavery

Allied Powers of WWII

Britain, US, USSR, France

Axis Powers of WWII

Germany, Japan, Italy

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

created to raise crop prices by limiting farmers' output declared unconstitutional in US v. Butler (1936) so it was repealed

Horizontal Integration

monopoly of one step in production process

Vertical Integration

owning all steps required in producing a product

Dawes Act

(1887): America's Gilded Age: Broke up the land of tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families. If Indians accepted the farms and conformed to "civilization" they would be American citizens. Policy led to the loss of tribal land and loss of Indian culture traditions. Crucial step in attacking "tribalism" 2 million acres in Oklahoma distributed to 50,000 white settlers in one day

Gospel of Wealth

(1889): Gilded Age: Andrew Carnegie's idea that those who had money had an obligation to use it to promote the advancement of society. helping those who could help themselves. Ladders for communities to reach up

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

(1890s): Women's Era: founded in 1874 largest female organization. Moved from demanding the prohibition of alcoholic beverages to a comprehensive program of economic and political reform, including the right to vote. Exerted an influence on public affairs. Abandon the idea that "weakness" and dependence were their nature.

Plessy v. Ferguson

(1896) Supreme Court approval to state laws requiring "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites. Realistically facilities for black;s were either nonexistent or inferior. Segregation led to disenfranchisement, unequal economic status, and inferior education 13th prevented the imposition of any burdens that constitute badges of slavery or servitude rose from Louisiana law imposing separate railroad cars

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

(1906): Progressive Era: description of unsanitary slaughterhouses and the sale of rotten meat stirred public outrage and led directly to the passage of the Meat Inspection and FDA acts. Influential novel/ muckraking.

John Ryan, A Living Wage

(1906): Progressive Era: maturation of the consumer economy gave rise to the phrase " A Living Wage". Ryan's book described a decent standard of living( enabled a person to participate in the consumer economy) as a natural and absolute right of citizenship.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

(1911): Fire broke out at Triangle Shirtwaist Company and women were locked inside when the blaze started (locked so that there were no unauthorized bathroom breaks and to discourage theft). One of the worst fires and made an impact on public consciousness. As a result efforts to organize the city's workers, state legislature passed new factory inspection laws and fire safety codes.

17th amendment

(1913): Progressive Era: Progressive reform that required the US senators to be elected directly by voters; before senators were chosen by state legislatures. Enhanced democracy.

Federal Trade Commission

(1914) congress established FTC to investigate and prohibit "unfair" business activities such as price-fixing and monopolistic practices.

Redeemers and Redemption

(mid 1870's): Overthrow of Reconstruction: Reconstruction was on defense and democrats had regained control of some states' pop (such as white voting majorities). Victorious conservative white Democrats called themselves the Redeemers bc they "redeemed" the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern black control.

Mendez v. Westminister, 1946

-League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) won a victory in Mendez v. Westminster—CA Supreme Court ordered the schools of Orange County desegregated state legislature repealed all school laws requiring racial segregation -challenge to Plessy v. Ferguson "Separate but equal"

National Organization for Women-1966

-President Betty Friedan -modeled on civil rights organizations—demanded equal opportunity in jobs, education, and political participation & attacked the "false image of women" -pushed for abortion rights, nondiscrimination in the workplace

Silent Spring

-Rachel Carson made known the effects of DDT—kills animals and causes sickness among humans -launched the modern environmental movement—Sierra Club membership tripled -environmental legislations increased: ex) Earth Day, Clean Air and Clean Water Acts

Sit-ins, 1960s

-college students stepped in as the leading force for social change for the first time -Greensboro sit-in: 4 college students sat down in an area reserved for whites at a local department store. after months of resisting, the department store agreed to serve black customers at its lunch counters -form of nonviolent resistance

"military-industrial complex"

-concept of "an immense military establishment" combined with a "permanent arms industry," which Eisenhower warned against in his 1961 Farewell Address—shouldn't let this combination "endanger liberties or democratic processes" -few saw the alliance of the Defense Dept and private industry as a threat to democracy as shown later in Vietnam war

Young Americans for Freedom

-conservative students emerged as a force in politics -parallels between the Sharon Statement and the Port Huron Statement of SDS of 1962 -Sharon Statement's conservative beliefs: free market underpinned "personal freedom," government must be strictly limited, "international communism" must be destroyed

United Nations

-developed at Dumbarton Oaks, 1944 -General Assembly—each member enjoyed an equal voice & Security Council responsible for maintaining world peace -Britain, China, France, Soviet Union, US made up the Security Co-part of Wilson's Fourteen Points (Wilson wanted collective security, UN was better than Wilson's League of Nations)

Freedman's Bureau

-estb education and healthcare in certain areas, ran hospitals and provid -(1865-1870): Organization made to aid liberated slaves after the Civil war (as well as some whites displaced by war). Lasted only a few years. Under direction of O.O Howard; supposed to estb. things such as schools, and secure equal treatment in court. Wasn't entirely successful ed medical care. -Andrew Johnson vetoed extension but Congress overrode him

Paris Peace Accords

-finally in 1973 Nixon made a negotiation with Vietnam -5 years of talks made possible the final withdrawal of American troops -left in place the government of South Vietnam, but also left N Viets and Viet Cong soldiers in control of parts of the South -US drafting done -in 1975 when N Vietnamese reunited w/ S, and the S government collapsed, the US didn't intervene

March on Washington, 1963

-high point of the nonviolent civil rights movement -goals: passage of a civil rights bill; public-works program to reduce unemployment; increase in minimum wage; law barring discrimination in employment -MLK "I have a dream" -blacks had more hope for justice from national power than from local governments or civic institutions

"Pentagon Papers" and Daniel Ellsberg

-informal name for the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam conflict; leaked to the press by former official Daniel Ellsberg and published in NY Times in 1971 -revealed how successive presidents had misled the American people about the wars -1973 Congress passed the War Powers Act, the most vigorous assertion of congressional control over foreign policy in the nation's history-required the president to seek congressional approval for the commitment of American troops overseas

United Farm Workers and Cesar Chavez

-union for the predominantly Mexican-American migrant laborers of the Southwest, organized by Cesar Chavez in 1962 -CC led a series of nonviolent protests to pressure grape growers to agree to labor contracts with the UFW -the boycott mobilized Latino communities and drew national attention to the low wages and oppressive working conditions of migrant laborers 1970 major growers agreed to contracts with the UFW

Eisenhower and "modern republicanism"

-wealthy businessmen dominated Eisenhower's cabinet -Eisenhower's domestic agenda—aimed to sever his party's identification in the minds of many Americans with the Great Depression; core New Deal programs expanded

Beatniks, Allen Ginsberg

-wrote Howl, a protest against materialism and conformism written while the author was under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs -Beats, small group of poets and writers, insisted that personal and political repression were the hallmarks of American society

14th amendment

1868; guaranteed citizenship rights to former slaves as well as natural citizens

15th amendment

1870; gave blacks right to vote

18th amendment

1919; prohibition of alcohol

19th amendment

1920; women's right to vote

The Bonus March, bonus marchers

1932- unemployed veterans marched to DC demanding the payment of bonuses promised to them at a later date (1945) congress didn't pass the Bonus Bill they wanted. Hoover orders the US army to break up their encampment. Tanks and Tear gas was used to destroy the camps.

Social Security Act, 1935

1935 providing old-age retirement insurance, a federal-state program of unemployment compensation, and federal grants for state welfare programs. Still in effect today

Dixiecrats

1948 led by Strom Thurmond a breakaway faction of the Democratic party Deep South delegates who walked out of the 1948 Democratic National Convention in protest of the party's support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States' Rights Democratic (Dixiecrat) Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president.

Stonewall Rebellion

1969 - Police raid on a popular homosexual bar in NYC. Gays fought back inspiring riots/demonstrations throughout the country. encouraged by the many social movements of the day, the Stonewall rebellion was spontaneous and violent demonstration by the members of the LGBT community that was influential in leading the gay liberation movement.

Reagan and Foreign Policy

1st term: Reagan Doctrine 2nd term: Softened anti-communist rhetoric and established good relations with Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev. Eliminated intermediate and short-range nuclear missiles in europe.

Bretton Woods Conference of 1944

45 allied nations meeting together during World War II to make financial arrangements for the postwar world after the expected defeat of Germany and Japan. set arrangements for more open trade

Stagflation

A combination of stagnation and inflation, a term used in economics to describe a situation where the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows down, and unemployment remains steadily high. It raises a dilemma for economic policy since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment, and vice versa. During the 1970s recession. Prices not falling with wages. Inflation still increasing, but economic growth decreasing.

Neutrality Acts

A series of acts designed to keep the US isolated from foreign affairs and avoid conflicts over freedom of seas after WWI legislation designed to keep the US out of war in the 1930s banned US travel on countries' ships with international conflicts banned sale of arms to countries at war contributing offenses to WWI Ultimately, failed to keep the US out of the war.

Defense of Marriage Act

Act that prevented gay couples from receiving spousal benefits provided by federal law.

Carter-Foreign policy

Afghanistan was invaded by USSR. Americans don't want to go to war with USSR because of Vietnam so they aided revolutionaries causing the rise of the Taliban. The US supplied Israel with arms when they were attacked by Egypt and Syria in the Yom Kippur War Iran cut off American oil and weapon supply (Our largest supplier) Carter travels to Iran to bargain but worsens the anti-American movement Carter allows the removed shah (emperor) of Iran to receive medical attention in the US worsens Iranian relations Coup of Iran (Reagan was able to get US diplomats released) Islamic radicals invade US embassy and capture 66 hostages

Korean War (1950-53)

After WWII, Korea was divided (Japan had conquered parts of Korea in WWII and there were USSR and US occupying other parts). North Korea decided that they wanted to "unite" Korea. (Kim il Sung) So of course they do an all out invasion with the support of USSR weapons.China entered the fray, because they had said "don't get too close to our borders," and MacArthur had gotten too close to their borders. So, China sent troops and pushed SK back. -Truce agreement - prisoner swaps & North Korea will stay north of the 38th parallel while South Korea will stay South of the 38th parallel. Demilitarized zone in between. This also justified NSC-68's increase in defense spending.

Desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957

After the landmark ruling from Brown vs Board of Education, Little Rock decided to gradually assimilate african americans into a previously all white school. They chose 9 kids (Seniors) based on grades and achievements to attend Little Rock Central High. Prior to the integration of the Little Rock Nine, Eisenhower had to call in the 101st Airborne Division of the Army to escort students to the school - He called in the 101st division after the governor blocked the student's entrance to the school

Reagan Revolution

America is a beacon of freedom and liberty Reaganomics Aggressive foreign policy; Reagan Doctrine

William Buckley

American conservative author and commentator. He founded the political magazine National Review in 1955, which had a major impact in stimulating the conservative movement. The founder and editor of National Review, host of Firing Line (TV show on public affairs), author of more than 50 books, and widely syndicated columnist, who devoted many of his speeches to the Cold War struggle between Soviet communism and the West. He kept a lot of people/the public informed. National Review was a source of Conservative opinion since 1955.

Manhattan Project

American program that tested the first atomic bomb. secret program created by FDR to create nuclear weaponry head physicist was J Robert Oppenheimer used Einstein's special theory of relativity

1921 and 1924 Immigration Laws

Anti-foreigner sentiment loomed after WWI, vowed to not get involved in foreign affairs Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act) limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.

Berlin Airlift

Berlin was divided between US, Britain, USSR, and France. US, Britain, France split W. Berlin, and USSR had E. Beriln. USSR wanted all of Berlin. USSR blocked off all roads and trade in west Germany to prevent the peeps in Berlin from getting aid or moving west. US saw this as communist aggression. US and UK decided to use their big planes to deliver tons of food and supplies to help. It was a big success, and pretty much humiliated the USSR. it lasted more than a year. This justified the "containment theory" that communism would eventually expand. Russia could not stop it w/o acts of aggression/ highly volatile time

"Backlash" to counter reforms

Black militancy and protest produced white backlash. Scalpings and violence against blacks who challenged segregation and inequality. Women who saw groups like the ERA as seeking to destroy traditional family values openly criticized women's rights movements. 1970's- Changed course of politics Divided America and widened generation gap Secularism drifted from traditionalism "Whites have Rights" - Whites felt like they had less rights after the civil rights reforms Hard Hat Revolt- workers revolt against ungrateful protesters of war (mainly students)

Martin Luther King Jr.

Black preacher devoted to the civil rights movement in the 1960's. He practiced non-violent protest to the segregation laws in America and hoped to one day see an America that was racially equal. He was assassinated in 1968 at a poverty march Famous speech is "I have a dream...." And "Letter from Birmingham Jail"

Lusitania

British ocean liner sunk by German submarine causing the death of 124 Americans. Outraged American public opinion and strengthened the idea that the US must prepare for entry into war.

Schenck v. US (1919)

Charles T. Schenck convicted for distributing anti-war leaflets. Court states first amendment did not prevent Congress from prohibiting speech that presented a clear and present danger of inspiring legal actions schenck was the general secretary of the Socialist Party of the United States. He and some other defendants mailed some leaflets out to draft-age young men, telling the men that the draft violated the Thirteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. *Given the Espionage Act, the government said that these leaflets encourage obstruction of the draft. *Also said the defendants unlawfully used the mail to disseminate its leaflets.

Reconstruction Act, 1867

Congress adopted over Johnson's veto. Temporarily divided South into 5 military districts in 10 confederate states (excluding Tennessee) and the creation of new state governments that gave black men the right to vote. Began the period of Radical Reconstruction. Required that the states ratify 14th amendment and allow the freedom to vote. led to white carpetbaggers coming to South to take advantage of political office positions

Containment

Containment was the U.S. policy to prevent the spread of communism after WWII. This was also to prevent communist countries from creating trade agreements with each other where they only trade with communist countries. I.e. no trade with America.

Iran-Contra Affair

Contra were rebel forces supplied by US, against leader who was unfriendly to US, Congress banned this and Reagan continued the supply Reagan's administration gave military supplies to Iran in order to release American hostages went on for years before Middle-Eastern newspaper leaked story

Hippies and Counterculture

Counterculture- New Left defined freedom based on participatory democracy (political) but many young people started to define it as cultural freedoms as well. Millions of young people openly rejected values/behaviors of their elders; Basis of movement was flamboyant rejection of respectable norms in clothing, language, sexual behavior, and drug use Represented fulfillment of the consumer marketplace - not rebellion Right to individual choice Self-indulgence and self-destructive behavior are part of counterculture Sex, drugs, and rock & roll.

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 bombing of US naval base in Hawaii the japanese hoped to deter the US from entering the war by showing them their power ← is this true? <- No, more to do with oil and scrap metal embargo + hirohito expansionist policy viewing U.S. and japan as mutually exclusive Almost the entire US Navy was at Pearl Harbor. Stupid move, and the Japanese found out about it.

Economic Diplomacy

Diplomacy: advocating for state policies and decision making that benefits a particular nation's economic interests; done through imports, exports, embargos, etc

The Great Migration

Early 20th century movement of black people from the South to the North in search of a better life.

Post WWII "Liberal Consensus"

Expansion of social programs under New Deal and the role of the American government to provide opportunity to all Americans.

Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906

First law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.

Marshall Plan

First proposed in 1947, then signed in 1948 economic support was offered to both the european nations as well as the soviets, but communist countries denied the aid so that the US would be unable to have any type of control over them named after the Secretary of State George Marshall/signed into effect by Truman This was done because US realized that there was a direct relationship between the economic status of Europe and our own. They saw Germany as a large economic center in Europe and found the need to help. Slightly selfish, but still. "I'm helping you out, because it helps me out" This was a huge success and the economy of Europe grew really fast. Reflected containment of communism. By helping out struggling countries, it would prevent them from eventually turning into communist nations. We were afraid of communism expanding because if it did, countries with communism would only trade with each other, leaving the United States out. $17 billion given to European countries.

Henry Ford and Fordism

Ford developed the techniques of production and marketing of automobiles that brought it within the reach of ordinary Americans. Ford's factory adopted the method of production known as the moving assembly line. Enabled Ford to expand output and reduce the time it took to make cars. People criticized that he was hurting profits but Ford argued workers must be able to afford the goods. Fordism: the economic system based on mass production and mass consumption

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

Formed by white college students (who were the majority of its members) and brought attention to the Civil Rights movement. Traveled to the lower South and encouraged African Americans to vote. Showed that the Civil Rights movement became an issue of all races.

William Graham Sumner

Gilded Age: Most influential social darwinist. Freedom required frank acceptance of inequality. Government existed only to protect the property of men and honor women not to upset social arrangements decreed by nature. labor is key to self-betterment inequality - liberty

Lochner v. New York, 1905

Gilded Age; Supreme court voided a state law establishing ten hours per day or 60 hrs a week as the max number of hrs of work for bakers. The court was invoking "liberty". led to maximum child labor laws being repealed

Trust-busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts enforced sherman's antitrust act, distinguished between good and bad trusts (Gilded age) Era of railroads, industrialization and frenzied finance, the real characteristic of this period was the unprecedented concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few capitalists and promoters

The Dust Bowl

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed. One cause was over production of farm land. Farmers didn't give the land time to rest, which caused the ground to become dry and depleted.

President Jimmy Carter- Human Rights

Human Rights - centerpiece for Carter's foreign policy Stopped aid to countries (including allies) that violated human rights ie.Argentina Still supported other countries' violations (like Iran) Criticized foreign American arm sales but couldn't prevent them because of the billions of corporate profits

Social Welfare Liberalism

Idea that government has some role in protecting the welfare of its citizens; main thought process behind many New Deal programs welfare of community needs to be balanced with individual liberty

Scopes Trial

John Scopes was a school teacher in Tennessee who went ahead and began teaching the theory of scientific evolution to his students despite a state law called the Butler Act forbidding that in public schools led to Supreme Court trial Scopes v. State of Tennessee in 1925 which Scopes lost

Civil Rights Act 1964

Landmark legislation passed under LBJ. Part of the Great Society. Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin strengthened the US government's power to end segregation in schools and other public places Established public accommodations. No discrimination based on race, sex, etc. when hiring/serving.

International Workers of the World

Led by William D. Haywood, established by members of Western Federation of Miners This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. Opposed to manifestation of capitalist domination Number of leaders arrested under Espionage Act

16th amendment

Legalized Federal Income Tax

Libertarian Conservatives and New Conservatives of the 1950s

Libertarian Conservatives—opposition to a strong national government; freedom meant individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism; appealed to conservative entrepreneurs in the South and West New Conservatives—Free World needed to arm itself morally and intellectually for the battle against communism; the West was suffering from moral decay; called for a return to civilization based on values grounded in the Christian tradition; freedom is a moral condition LC progress and personal autonomy vs. NC tradition, community, moral commitment

Economic Nationalism

Nationalism: body of policies that emphasize domestic control of goods, labor, and economy; imposition of tariffs, other restrictions on movement of goods.

Carter-Economic policy

No economic recovery under Carter Cut spending on domestic programs Deregulated trucking and airline industries Repealed usury laws - Laws on interest limits (interest rate = +20%) Promoted nuclear energy to reduce reliance on oil Explosion of Three Mile Island plant in PA raised fears of environmental damages

Black Power

Post-1966 rallying cry of a more militant civil rights movement Came to mean different things depending on which group was using it. Black Panthers

Abortion Controversy

Pro-abortion: "the right to choose", women's right to control her own body Anti-abortion: "right to life", represents the right of the unborn child; seen as murder of unborn child Pro-abortion won first victory in 1976, Pres Ford's veto ended federal funding of abortion for Medicaid program. Violent: Anti- abortionist placed bombs in medical clinics murdering doctors terminating pregnancies. End of the century, most women had legal right to abortion but procedure became more difficult to receive as doctors and hospitals stopped providing it.

Maternalist Reform

Progressive Era: Female reformers helped launch a mass movement for direct government action to improve the living standards of poor mothers and children. Ex. laws providing for mothers' pensions. The reform rested on the assumption that the government should encourage women's capacity for bearing and raising kids and be economically independent.

Birth Control Movement

Progressive Era: Growing presence of women made for more reinforcement demands for access to birth control. Sanger challenged the laws banning contraceptive information and devices and placed the issue of birth control at the heart of the new feminism. By 1914 Sanger talked about birth control openly in her own journal The Woman Rebel. 1916 Sanger opened a clinic in Brooklyn and began to distribute contraceptive devices and was sentenced to a month in prison.

Earth Day, 1970

Refer to Silent Spring by Rachel Carson DDT and insecticides on human health GM producing environmentally dangerous cars Environmental Legislation Clean Air, Clean Water Acts Endangered Species Act Consumer Protection Laws of 1970 Protection of private property

Theodore Roosevelt, "a square deal", Northern Securities Co. Case (1904)

Reformed conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection (3 C's)

Religious Revivals/Reformations in the 1960s

Religious conviction inspired civil rights Roman Catholic Reforms 2nd Vatican Council (1962-65) social justice movements and liberal/conservative split New Left inspired by Catholicism for brotherhood and social representation "Jesus Freaks" - Quest for personal authenticity Universal love - hippy lifestyle Attracted to Buddhism reject violence and materialism yoga+meditation promote spiritual+physical well-being/harmony

Ghost Dance

Religious revitalization campaign. Leaders foretold a day when Indians would be "free from misery, death, and disease." Large number of Indians would gather and the government feared an uprising so they sent in troops which led to the Wounded Knee Massacre (marked the end of 4 centuries of armed conflict between Natives and settlers).

National Labor Standards Act, 1938

Replaced the National Industrial Recovery Act after it was declared unconstitutional in 1935. Guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. Outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor.

National Recovery Administration

Required representatives of industries and union reps to meet and draft a "Code of Competition" by which all businesses in the industry followed. It included wages, hours, production. However, big businesses had more influence and people complained. created to work with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions

Bargain of 1877

Result of the disputed election in 1876 between Hayes (Republican/northern) and Tilden(Democrat/southern). After the electoral commission Hayes had an 8-7 majority. Hayes agreed to recognize Democratic control of South and Democrats promised not to dispute Hayes' right in office. Hayes became president and ordered federal troops (out of south) to stop guarding the state houses in LA and SC- allow Democratic claimants to be governors ("home rule") effectively ended reconstruction

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks

SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries (US and USSR). Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The United States eventually withdrew from SALT II in 1986.

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist candidate in 1912 presidential election along with Taft, Roosevelt and Wilson. Convicted for a speech condemning the war under the Espionage Act in 1919.

Jim Crow Laws

Southern laws created to prevent black people from voting and exercising constitutional liberties that the 13-15th amendments granted them. Sweatt v. Painter (1950) UT must admit black into law school Brown v. Board of Education (1954) separate facilities unconstitutional (overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (defined below)) Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Fair Housing Act of 1968 ended legal sanctions to Jim Crow

Freedom Rides 1960

Started in 1961. Busses full of non-violent black (and white) protesters would ride into areas that upheld Jim Crow laws to see if they would respect the Supreme court decision in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which desegregated the public transit systems. a series of bus trips in 1961 from the north to the south to test to see if integrate interstate transport facilities were following desegregation laws.

NSC-68

Suggested Increasing the defense budget from 5% to 20% of the national budget. NSC-68 concluded that the only plausible way to deter Soviet aggression was for Truman to support a massive build-up of both conventional and nuclear arms. More specifically, such a program should seek to protect the United States and its allies from Soviet land and air attacks, maintain lines of communications, and enhance the technical superiority of the United States through "an accelerated exploitation of [its] scientific potential." This started the "arms race".

Buck v. Bell

Supreme Court ruling that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the intellectually disabled, "for the protection and health of the state" did not violate the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This was also the test case for the forced sterilization and its constitutionality.

Roe v. Wade

Supreme court ruling that stated that a woman has the right to her body. Legalized abortion. landmark Supreme Court case regarding abortion, legalized abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. Norma McCorvey plotted to falsely claim rape as the cause for conception of her child, in order to obtain a legal abortion. Decided by Justice Harry Blackmun. 4th amendment-right to privacy

Carter-Energy policy

Tells Americans to use less oil. Some Americans favored this but the policy died quickly in Congress because it pissed them off that they weren't allowed to maintain their standard of living. Hurt his public interest.

Atomic Bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The US used the atomic bomb on both of these Japanese cities in 1945. The cities were completely annihilated and millions dies afterwards due to radiation poisoning. Japan surrendered shortly after the bombings. Generally thought to be the final push for Japan to surrender (that and Russia doing something if I remember. We read an article stating that Russia was the real reason that Japan surrendered. It was an opinion piece. Make of it what you will) U.S. was in a sort of race with Germany. Highly controversial due to the extremely high number of civilian casualties. August 6 and 9, 1945

D-Day, Invasion of Normandy

The largest invasion force in history led by Eisenhower. On June 6, 1944 over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. US, Britain, and Canada.

Watergate

The scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration, articles of impeachment, and the resignation of Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974—the only resignation of a U.S. President to date. Increased credibility gap and made people skeptical of liberalism. Govt. actions were different from their values.

Nixon and Detente

The term is often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War. Nixon Goes to China, Feb., 1972. Nixon Goes to USSR, May, 1972.

Regulatory Liberalism

This was the Progressive form of liberalism. Companies still had freedom to run their companies the way they wanted too, but the government regulated certain aspects. Like, labor laws, and the Pure Food and Drug Act.

George Wallace

Three time governor of Alabama. Ran for presidency 4 times, but lost every time. He was known mostly as an independent 3rd party candidate for the American Independence party. He was one of the main political supporters of segregation as well as states' rights. Essentially believed that having the government force integration will have negative effects on local government. His supporters were mostly middle class white men. Once integration seemed inevitable and the public were becoming more open to it, he decides to change his mind on segregation and ask for forgiveness. A southern "Dixiecrat."

WEB Du Bois

U.S. writer, sociologist, and political activist; important figure in the movement for equality for black Americans; scholar and activist. Progressive who believed that investigation, exposure, and education, would lead to solutions for social problems. Understood necessity of political action. Led Niagara Movement which sought to reinvigorate the abolitionist tradition. Helped found NAACP.

1968-A Year of Turmoil

US See Tet Offensive (televised) Robert Kennedy Assassinated MLK Assassinated Organized Poor People's March in DC demanded to increase anti-poverty efforts Assassinated by white man "The greatest outbreak of urban violence in the nation's history followed in black neighborhoods" (Liberty) American Indian Movement Founded Nixon elected 1968 opened the door for conservative reaction made commitment to "law and order" Global Massive anti-war campaigns in London, Rome, Paris, Munich, and Tokyo that was micked/inspired US reforms/demands marked the beginning of the Troubles, a period of both peaceful protest and violent conflict

Philippine-American War

US acquired Philippines from Spain after Spanish-American War ended in 1898, continuation for Philippine Revolution started in 1896 under Emilio Aguinaldo (first president of Philippines) Spain exiled Aguinaldo under peace treaty but US prompted his return to help fight the Spanish (and later fought him) guerilla warfare caused massive casualties some people, like Senator Albert Beveridge, believed that the US had a God-given right to exploit to the Philippines and manage "lesser" peoples

Vietnam War

US involvement began with support of corrupt, pro-American South Vietnamese government under Ngo Dinh Diem. The war was meant to push back communistic influence from North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union. It dragged on for nearly two decades with the US ultimately withdrawing from the country. Greatly diminished public opinion's about the US's role as a superpower - first war lost.

Huey Long

US senator from Louisiana, A Democrat, he was an outspoken populist who denounced the rich and the banks and called for "Share the Wealth." planned to take 10 mil from the wealthy and distribute 5,000 to every American citizen and a guaranteed job and annual income

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

Unanimous decision that the black and white schools were not equal based on facilities and faculty, but besides that... having separate educational facilities was just inherently unequal. Also, it was proven that segregation imprints a badge of inferiority on the children -- this violates the equal protection that is supposed to be provided for all Americans. (this was tested through a series of questions asked about a white doll and black doll to the a group of kids and asking which doll the kids preferred/which doll was more likely to succeed.) Did not comply with the 14th amendment.

Booker T. Washington and the Atlanta Speech

Washington asked whites to trust blacks and give them the chance to work for their labor widely accepted by many whites and blacks from both north and south believed that blacks should acquiesce to social seg, striving instead to advance economically through hard work and practical learning WEB. Du Bois was a famous critic of the speech calling Washington too easy on whites, claimed that gradualism of Negro races implies their inferiority

American Disabilities Act (1990)

What: Act prohibiting discrimination in hiring and promotion against the disabled, and required buildings redesigned to ensure access for the disabled. So What: Showing continued power of civil rights revolution.

Economic Boom of 1990s

What: Economic growth due to all types of investors poured funds into stocks, online firms gave discounts and lowered fees than traditional brokers. Benefited all Americans by increasing real wages and family incomes, and unemployment declined Why: Rise of "dot com"companies that did business via internet. How: Indication of "new economy"- computers and Internet produce new efficiencies. Example: NASDAQ stock exchange company ruled by new technological companies. Bust happend in 2000 So What: Fueled by Fraud: Enron-energy company bought and sold electricity instead of producing it.

Repeal of Glass-Steagall Act

What: Repeal of Act that separated commercial banks from investment banks. Led to "superbanks" Why: Phil Gramm, Texas congressman believed that freedom is the answer to economic prosperity rather than the government regulation. So What: Creation of superbanks that combined two functions. Caused banks to make risky investments that threatened to bring down the financial system. Bush and Obama administration gave hundreds of billions of dollars to save banks.

Religious Right-1970s

What: Rise of religious fundamentalism during to 1970's Why: Response to secular and material concerns of American society Who: Denominations that tried to bring religion into harmony of interests; traditional religious values How: The election of Carter as first "born again" Christian to become president highlighted growing influence of evangelical religion. So What: Demonstrates Christians taking responsibility for social reform and using political means to combat individual or collective sins. Examples: Demanding reversal of Supreme Court banning prayer from public schools, 1979 Jerry Falwell- electing pro-life, family, and america candidates to office, and 1977 Dade County, Florida passed anti-gay ordinance under the "Save Our Children" banner.

Reagan Doctrine

What: Ronald Reagan's foreign Policy strategy to overwhelm Soviet Union global influence during final years of Cold War. AKA Third World Rollback How: U.S. provided military covert and overt aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements Why: In order to "roll back" Soviet Communist governments in Africa, Asian, and Latin America and opening the door for capitalism.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

What:Supreme Court case deciding on whether to hand recount Florida ballots during Bush v. Gore presidential election. How: Florida Supreme Court ordered recount, but went to Supreme court. Results, 5-4 vote, court ordered a halt to recounting and Bush became president Why: Election was close and electoral college vote based on which candidate carried Florida. Gore had won popular vote by ½ percent margin, so democrats demanded hand recount of Florida ballot. So What: Oddest in Supreme Court history. Supreme Court overturned Florida Supreme Court. Case wasn't expected to be taken since it didn't raise federal constitutional question. Justification, "equal protection (14th), all ballots within state be counted by single standard. However, it only applied to this single case.

Domino Theory-Eisenhower

When communist country occupies one country, it will move on to the next country - idea that if one country fell to communism (specifically South Vietnam) that one nation after another would too.

Wilson's "Fourteen Points," 1918

Wilson's attempt at assuring citizens that the war was being fought for a just cause. List of American war aims. Among key principles: self-determination for all nations, freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, readjustment of colonial claims with colonized people given "equal weight" in deciding their futures, creation of "general association of nations" to preserve the peace (establishment of a league of nations)

People's Party, Populist Party

Yes, they formed to inspire change in the state and national political spheres in regards to agriculture 1892, advocated for a variety of reform issues such as free coinage of silver, postal savings, regulations on railroads, income tax, and direct election of US Senators appealed to producers in economy, wanted max labor laws, gov. ownership a lot of farmers for wheat and cotton as well as miners supported government control of transport and communication; the creation of government-sponsored "sub treasuries", warehouse and credit arrangements; and the direct election of US senators.

Taft-Hartley Act

`It gave the President power to have people investigate labor strikes if he felt like it was danger to health and safety of the nation. It prohibited secondary boycotts (cases where a union pushes employees to strike against employer for being in business cahoots with the real company that the union has issues with) EX. Sally works at Cinnabon. Union has it out for Taco Bell for doing bad stuff, like only having 60% real meat in their beef. Taco Bell uses Cinnabon sugar and dough in their delicious cinnabon delights. Union tells Sally to strike against Cinnabon to stop Cinnabon from doing the dirty with Taco Bell) - I don't know if you guys have read this or not, but I figured I'd bring this to everyone's attention (this example is literally perfect, good work) Reserves the right to put a stop to unions and strikes if they believe they are USSR/Commie sympathizers Made Closed Shops illegal (Closed shops are agreement things where companies will only hire union members). A main root for 1980s conservatism.; Weakened the National Relations Act

Equal Rights Amendment

a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman. In 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress and went to the state legislatures for ratification. At the 1980 Republican National Convention, the Republican Party platform was amended to end its support for the ERA. The most prominent opponent of the ERA was Phyllis Schlafly. STILL CURRENTLY NOT RATIFIED

Court-Packing Plan

after FDR's victory of 1936, the Court suddenly revealed a willingness to support economic regulation by both the federal government and the states (FDR's failed attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court justices from 9 to 15 (to increase Democrats on S.C.) to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Japanese Internment

after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in WWII, there was an explosion of distrust among americans of people who were Japanese or Japanese American living within US borders - everyone was extremely suspicious of Japanese spies 1942 President FDR and the US gov issued Executive Order 9066 which allowed the deportation of Japanese-Americans (among other immigrants) into internment camps as a matter of public safety and security Even people who were Japanese-American and born in the US were sent. in Korematsu v. US the Supreme Court upheld the exec order - Fred Korematsu was an American citizen. Revealed how easily war can undermine basic freedoms.

Students for a Democratic Society and the Port Huron Statement

again goal was to address domestic problems, not foreign affairs; organization of the new left advocated democracy, voting equality

George Kennan and the "long telegram"-1946

aka Mr. X, known as the father of the containment policy the author of the Long Telegram - essentially a paper explaining the status of soviet russia detailed that it was impossible to maintain a peaceful coexistence b/w them and the US the expansionist ideals of soviets "The main element of US policy toward the USSR must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies"t the USSR would expand with aggression and required force to stop it.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

an economic policy that advocates a market free of government regulation federal government's "hands-off" approach to "managing" economic forces

House Un-American Activities Committee

as a result of the government probe of alleged communist influence on the film industry, the Hollywood Ten (notable members of the hollywood film industry) refused to answer HUAC's questions to gauge if they were communists and were sent to prison for contempt, and blacklisted in the industry for years Formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975 Created to sniff out people with Nazi and communist ties. The Hollywood 10 were 10 actors who refused to state their beliefs.

Holocaust, "the final solution"

basically the extermination of the entire Jewish population in order to cleanse Germany. This also included gays and gypsies. Apx. 11 million Jews, gays, and gypsies were killed. took many eugenics policies from the US led by der Fuhrer, Adolf Hitler

Indian New Deal

both the depression and the new deal had an impact on racial minorities, John Collier launched an indian new deal where he ended forced assimilation. how did he do this?- Wheeler- Howard Act/Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 replaced boarding schools that eradicated their heritage to schools on the reservations increased spending on Indian health federal authorities recognized Indians' right to govern their own affairs

Social Gospel

called on Christians to correct injustices in modern social and economic institutions Gilded Age: Originated as an effort to reform Protestant churches by expanding their appeal in poor urban neighborhoods. Estb missions and relief programs in urban areas. Freedom and spiritual self- development required an equalization of wealth and power and unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood.

Sunbelt, rise of Sunbelt

center for industry in the 1970's.. Deindustrialization happened because the demand for guns went down due to detente. Businesses moved down for lower taxes and better regulations and it gave credibility to conservative southern state values. The rise of the Sun Belt is connected to the rise of Conservatism and the fall of Liberalism. More production means greater political influence.

Martin Luther King Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail"

civil disobedience, people have the moral responsibility to break unjust laws The letter was a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen who disagreed with King's form of protest. They pretty much said that the black community should wait for change. King's reply was this letter, which stated that the black community had waited long ass time for nothing, and criticized the clergymen for being jerks.

Cuban Missile Crisis

closest time to an atomic war during the Cold War. Its also important to note that the US had missile silos in Turkey, very close to USSR. Explains why US gave aid to Turkey so early under the Truman Doctrine and why Russia wanted missiles in Cuba so badly. Also important to mention Turkish missiles were removed as part of compromise, not 1-sided victory Turns out Cuba just wanted nukes to keep us from invading them again The remove of the missiles from Turkey was kept on the down low.

Moral Majority

conservatives went from being silent to "moral majority," who felt that the American character was lost in the 60s, in that the whole hippie movement lost what America was about

Civilian Conservation Corps

created by the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933. It provided employment in government camps for 3 million uniformed single, young men during the Great Depression. The work they were involved in included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage; "military-like"

Works Progress Administration

created this in 1935 as an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridges, roads, and buildings. They spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million people jobs. It was one of the New Deal Agencies. one of the more ambitious undertakings

Truman Doctrine

early 1947 proclaimed that the US was the leader of the free world announced that the US would aid nations suffering under communist oppression, would assume responsibility for Greece's security and defense March 1947 President Truman officially embraces the cold war as the foundation of American Policy and describe it as a worldwide struggle over the future of freedom. This was $400 million for Greece and $100 million Turkey. (with money and military)

Sharecropping and the crop lien system

farm tenancy for former slaves, land in exchange for farm supplies and share of the crop pledged a part of crop as collateral to obtain supplies from merchants did not improve blacks' positions

New Left

focus on the issues of home, civil right movement etc. Domestic policy is more important than foreign policy, whereas Old Left wanted a focus on foreign policy. against conformity Made up of white, native-born college students who were democrats.

Truman's Loyalty Review System

government employees were required to demonstrate their patriotism without being allowed to confront accusers or knowing the charges against them deemed susceptible to blackmail by Soviet agents gays under pressure b/c they could be easily blackmailed if they were in the closet failed to uncover any cases of espionage, but the government dismissed several hundred people from their jobs/ many quit as well

Energy Crisis and Recession of the 1970s

issues w/ middle east (who embargoed) resulted in shortage of petroleum, supported the negative view of the gov. by taxpayers. 1973, extremely high gas prices. 1974, limit to 10 gallons, speed limits reduced (carter), no gas, no vinyl records. Indicator of the inflation problem. Prices at pump increased 55%. Contributed to Carter's poor public image during his presidency. Also paved the way for Conservative to come into power.

The Meat Inspection Act, 1906

law set strict standards of cleanliness in the meatpacking industry. Passed as a reaction to The Jungle.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

led by John Lewis, originally began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As their popularity grew they became known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", their efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal

Sedition Act 1918

made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast "contempt, scorn, or disrepute" on the "form of government" or that advocated interference with the war effort

Women's Rights/Liberation Movement

main goal was to dismantle workplace inequality and discrimination

Sexual Revolution of the 1960s

marketing of birth control made possible what "free lovers" had long demanded- the separation of sex from procreation; central to the "second wave" of feminism Became Political Questions- sexual relations, obligations of marriage, standards of beauty 1969 - repealed law banning abortions

Marcus Garvey, Garveyism

movement for African American independence and black self-reliance launched by Marcus Garvey

American Civil Liberties Union

nonpartisan organization devoted to the preservation and extension of the basic rights set forth in the U.S. Constitution. directed toward three major areas of civil liberties: inquiry and expression, including freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion; equality before the law for everyone, regardless of race, nationality, sex, political opinion, or religious belief; and due process of law for all

Anti-War Movement

o During the Vietnam War; American casualties were very high- college students were exempted from the draft so burden of fighting fell on working class and poor; people mad that American involvement had come through secret commitments and decisions made by political elites with no real public debate; first televised war Backlash: Group of anti-war college students were attacked by construction workers who were angry that the college students were not supporting the soldiers who were dying in Vietnam.

Selma to Montgomery March

o MLK launched a voting rights campaign in Selma, Alabama and in March, defying a ban by Governor Wallace, he attempted to lead a march from Selma to the state capital, Montgomery o State police stopped them at a bridge leading out of the city and attacked them; led to the Voting Rights act of 1965 as people saw violence against non-violent demonstrators in media This was the event where the black children were attacked with a firehose, wasn't it?

My Lai Massacre

occurred in 1968 attack on a village thought to be housing the Viet Cong as part of the search and destroy mission men went during the day hoping to kill less women and children who would be at the market it was filmed and televised which caused Americans to turn against the war

Anti-Imperialist League

organization founded in response to annexation of philippines, The US was supposed to provide "Liberty for all"...forcing others to submit to American power was a rejection of this founding principle opposed U.S. imperialism- aggression toward and conquest over foreign territory Andrew Carnegie and William James notable members

Voting Rights Act 1965

outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several southern states - part of the civil rights movement. Required previously racially discriminatory states to be approved and examined by national government to make sure that they were using valid practice. Raised black voter participation. passed under LBJ Death to Jim Crow, Huzzah!

"liberty of contract" and Lochner Era

overturned state laws regulating corporation's behavior; competition is a law of nature. Used broad interpretation of due process that protected economic rights that would strike down on working conditions and wages/hours

Red Scare 1919-1920

period of political intolerance inspired by the postwar strike wave and the social tensions and fears generated by the Russian Revolution Mitchell Palmer, convinced that strikes were part of the communist conspiracy, dispatched federal agents to raid offices of radical and labor organizations—abuse of civil liberties very severe—Palmer Raids Fear of the spread of communism, especially in America.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

political and social protest against the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. Lasted 381 days. Classic civil rights movement event. Rosa Parks (African American) refused to give up her spot on the bus to a white man, and Rosa was arrested. Rosa Parks was not the first black woman to do this. She became the face of the movement because she was a civil rights activist. Outrage and boycotts spawned from this incident that put a lot of pressure on the country. While Rosa's frontin got her ass in jail (lol) (omg. dying rn), in the end her actions led to the court case, Browder Vs Gayle, which ruled that the segregation on the bus was obviously unconstitutional. An example of "direct action" - The act of people protesting an unjust law. One of the two practices African Americans used to obtain rights through the Civil Rights movement. The other act was litigation. People boycotted the bus system by walking and carpooling to work. Employers and sympathetic whites were willing to help get people to work. Black people received a huge amount of backlash from white people for the boycott.

Allied bombing campaign in Europe

precisely, theirs had to fly lower and not as accurate, we flew during the day because could avoid anti-air stuff and they flew at night to bomb 24/7 o We did daylight bombing but targeted military targets because didn't want to hit civilians o Royal Air Force did area bombing at night that included civilians o Last year of war the Allied Air Command decides to area bomb

Espionage Act of 1917

prohibited spying and interfering with the draft as well as "false statements" that might impede military success. Eugene V. Debs convicted, sentenced to prison after giving antiwar speech (1919)

Strategic Defensive Initiative

proposal for anti-ballistic missile system in space; but never developed; proposed under Ronald Reagan. Very important as it removed the threat of nuclear deterrence. No country could nuke us; we could shoot it down. End of the Cold War. intimidated Russia, after they saw we were building something like this they realized they wouldn't win the war. but it was never built

Great Society programs and the War on Poverty

proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, not poop (what?), immigration, racial injustice and the environment Head Start, VISTA, and the Jobs Corps were created, and programs were created for students, farmers, and businesses in efforts to eliminate poverty Great Society programs included: WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) that decreased infant mortality; Head Start which was designed to help disadvantaged elementary and preschool children by providing education, health, nutrition, and parent-involvement services to them and their families; Medicare & Medicaid (healthcare for old and poor); other programs that provided free school lunches and breakfast nutrition

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. Hoover realized voluntary action failed to bring the US of depression

GI Bill of Rights

provided relief and aid to the veterans of WW2 low-cost mortgages/interest/cash payments for tuition/unemployment compensation feared sinking into another post-war depression Also caused a social revolution (25 years): historically, only upper-middle/upper-class people could afford to send their children to college. Now, a lot of the servicemen who would go into college would come from families who could not afford it. This massively expanded the middle class, allowing for 25 years of uncontested economic success. Often denied to Black servicemen.

Reaganomics

reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation. over 100 social welfare programs dissolved. Tax Cuts and Deregulation! tax cuts encouraged consumer activity, deregulation encouraged supplier activity did not work b/c wealthy did not use money to invest in economy...saved and bought luxuries

Black Codes

regulations and legislation designed to control African Americans in the South immediately following the Civil War (1865-1866): Making of Radical Reconstruction: laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of former slaves. Violated free labor principles. Aroused the most opposition to Johnson's Reconstruction Policy. EX: denied right to own property, denied rights to vote, or serve on juries. served to keep a solid and cheap labor force (vagrancy laws allowed convicts to be forced to work)

2nd Ku Klux Klan

revival of klan around 1915 white protestant supremacists targeted everyone who wasn't like them i.e. roman catholics, jews, african americans, other foreigners their movie Birth of a Nation expressed hatred and portrayed black men as beasts trying to rape white women greatly influenced by The Clansmen

Glass-Steagall Act

separated investment and commercial banking activities. Enacted after the great stock market crash caused hundreds of banks to close due to lack of funds. Many people lost their life savings overnight.

Fair Labor Standards Act

sets out various labor regulations regarding interstate commerce employment, including minimum wages, requirements for overtime pay and limitations on child labor. In general, the FLSA is intended to protect workers against certain unfair pay practices or work regulations. The Fair Labor Standards Act is one of the most important laws for employers to understand since it sets out a wide array of regulations for dealing with employees.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

several European countries as well as US and CAN. pledged mutual defense against future soviet attacks. West Germany became a crucial part of NATO. keep Russians out, US in, and Germans down

"Great Upheaval" of 1886

spontaneous eruption of strikes and labor protests by Knights of Labor against pay cuts. Strike shut down half of US rail systems. Federal troops were sent to intervene. started with railroad strike in West Virginia President Hayes has to send in troops to move trains

FDIC

stands for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Insured people's deposits in commercial banks for up to $100k. Started as a temporary thing, now it's permanent Enacted after the great stock market crash caused hundreds of banks to close due to lack of funds. Many people lost their life savings overnight.

Joseph McCarthy and "McCarthyism"; McCarthy hearings in 1950

term coined to criticize the anti-communist pursuits of Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy, who led a campaign for spreading a fear of communism ( claimed knowledge of 205 communists) → Second Red Scare (during the Cold War) McCarthy gained national attention by claiming that Soviet spies/ communists were hired in US state dept. Thousands became the subject of aggressive investigations

Social Darwinism

the theory that wealthy people had thrived because of natural selection, while poor people were obviously unfit to handle industrial capitalism Gilded Age: Came as a result from the idea of natural superiority of some groups to others but defined in terms of modern science to explain people's success/ failure. Borrowed from Darwin in a simplified manner- evolution was a natural process in human society as in nature and government shouldn't interfere. Widespread view that the poor were responsible for their own failures. Used to justify class distinctions/poverty

Spanish-American War

triggered by the explosion that blew up the USS Maine - a battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor (Cuba) on February 15, 1898, resulting in 266 deaths; the American public, assuming that the Spanish had mined the ship, clamored for war, and the Spanish-American War was declared two months later. Cuba were struggling for independence from Spain and many Americans held sympathies for the Cubans the USS Maine had been sent to protect US citizens in Cuba after an anti-Spain riot erupted in Havana Ended Spanish colonial rule in Americas, led to acquisition of Guam and Puerto Rico by United States Proved United States as emerging power in world affairs (later important in Europe I.E. WWI!!!!)

Malcolm X

was an African-American Muslim minister and a human rights activist advocated the segregation of blacks and whites focused on black supremacy violent

Tet Offensive 1968

wave of north vietnamese surprise attacks led by Viet Cong. Showed that the US wasn't winning the war, and that North Vietnam was determined to.

Deindustrialization

what eventually gave rise to the sunbelt in the 60s-70s. The growing service sector as opposed to the manufacturing sector and the newfound "efficient" policies of outsourcing called for a lot of job loss. People moved to the South where laws were more friendly for business

Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique

widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States The "feminine mystique" is a concept used when referencing the identity of women. The concept that a woman is identified in society not by her intellectual qualities or abilities but rather takes the role of being a wife, a mother, the home keeper, etc. In 1957, Friedan was asked to conduct a survey of her former Smith College classmates for their 15th anniversary reunion; the results, in which she found that many of them were unhappy with their lives as housewives, prompted her to begin research for The Feminine Mystique, conducting interviews with other suburban housewives, as well as researching psychology, media, and advertising.