HIS midterm

Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?

the true strength of the French nation

The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex proccess of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indegenous peoples

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

wood was the primary source of heat in all homes in industries

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to fell threatened by its message.

How did Louis XV damage the sense of his sacred authority?

Louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremoundous influence, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included all of the following except

his government prevented the formation of labor unions or laws permitting labor strikes

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain

Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by

issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service

In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

The Factory Act of 1833

limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories

Which of the following best characterizes British economy between 1780 and 1851

much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth

the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the

necessary precondition of economic independence

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that

population always grew faster than the food supply

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except

soldiers and camp followers passed contagious diseases throughout the country side

The Englishman Jethro Tull

sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research

In Germany, Fritz Harkort

sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

the Atlantic economy

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority

Why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain

the conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages

the pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence level

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?

the townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits

The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except

the workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses

In the wake of the Great Fear, how did the National Assembly restore order?

they abolished all of the old noble and church privileges

How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?

they copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people

All of the following were true of the french clergy on the eve of the French Revolution except

they were under complete control of the papacy

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?

The nationalists leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia

The National Assembly instituted all of the following reforms except

recognizing women as holding full civil rights

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were condtioned mostly by

High infant mortality rates

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

More wars and likely fewer people

The Dreyfus affair

Revived republican distrust of Catholicism

Bismarck's social reforms were motivated primarily by

his fear and distrust of socialism

What led Rene Descartes to his discovery of analytical geometry?

An intellectual vision one night while serving as a soldier

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?

Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belong to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

The Mexican War of 1848

Exacerbated tensions between the North and South, as debate interrupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.

What was the economic effect of Napleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.

Which of the following correctly characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

In England, the mercantalist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the industrial revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes

Which of the following best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will

In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?

The opression of women in a Persian harem

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading to maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?

They banned all women's political clubs and societies

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of workig-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery?

They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island

Which of the following best characterizes the political goal of the creation of free, compulsory elementary education in France?

To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?

To regulate personal behavior and mantain community standards

The move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except

a single, distinct industrial use

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?

Workers worked many more days per year

the Zollverein was

a customs union between seperate German states

In the eighteenth century, sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes for all of the following reasons except

an effort to support colonial expansion by the consumption of colonial products

The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the

combination Acts of 1799

The event that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs, was the

defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856

Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for

discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against small pox

Railroad construction on the continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except

following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, foundling homes

had horribly highh death rates