HIS midterm
Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?
the true strength of the French nation
The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes's theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex proccess of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indegenous peoples
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
wood was the primary source of heat in all homes in industries
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to fell threatened by its message.
How did Louis XV damage the sense of his sacred authority?
Louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremoundous influence, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets
Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included all of the following except
his government prevented the formation of labor unions or laws permitting labor strikes
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain
Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by
issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service
In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
The Factory Act of 1833
limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories
Which of the following best characterizes British economy between 1780 and 1851
much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth
the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the
necessary precondition of economic independence
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that
population always grew faster than the food supply
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.
Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except
soldiers and camp followers passed contagious diseases throughout the country side
The Englishman Jethro Tull
sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research
In Germany, Fritz Harkort
sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
the Atlantic economy
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority
Why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain
the conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs
Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages
the pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence level
How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?
the townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits
The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except
the workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses
In the wake of the Great Fear, how did the National Assembly restore order?
they abolished all of the old noble and church privileges
How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?
they copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people
All of the following were true of the french clergy on the eve of the French Revolution except
they were under complete control of the papacy
How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?
The nationalists leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia
The National Assembly instituted all of the following reforms except
recognizing women as holding full civil rights
Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were condtioned mostly by
High infant mortality rates
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
More wars and likely fewer people
The Dreyfus affair
Revived republican distrust of Catholicism
Bismarck's social reforms were motivated primarily by
his fear and distrust of socialism
What led Rene Descartes to his discovery of analytical geometry?
An intellectual vision one night while serving as a soldier
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?
Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belong to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
The Mexican War of 1848
Exacerbated tensions between the North and South, as debate interrupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.
What was the economic effect of Napleon's Continental System?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.
Which of the following correctly characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
In England, the mercantalist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the industrial revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth
How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?
Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
Which of the following best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will
In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?
The opression of women in a Persian harem
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading to maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
They banned all women's political clubs and societies
How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of workig-class youths?
They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment
Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery?
They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island
Which of the following best characterizes the political goal of the creation of free, compulsory elementary education in France?
To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values
What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?
To regulate personal behavior and mantain community standards
The move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except
a single, distinct industrial use
How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?
Workers worked many more days per year
the Zollverein was
a customs union between seperate German states
In the eighteenth century, sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes for all of the following reasons except
an effort to support colonial expansion by the consumption of colonial products
The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the
combination Acts of 1799
The event that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs, was the
defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against small pox
Railroad construction on the continent
featured varying degrees of government involvement
All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except
following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, foundling homes
had horribly highh death rates
