Hist 102 Midterm

Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people? Pacific peoples Amerindians East Asians Africans

Africans

Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of attempts to convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Africans and Amerindians cynically used conversion as a ploy to increase their attractiveness as trade partners. Africans and Amerindians became ultra-orthodox, criticizing the behavior of their European missionary teachers. Africans and Amerindians completely gave up their previous gods and belief systems. Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

Which of the following accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic? The Dutch persuaded the French and other European governments to prohibit the slave trade. The United States was the first North Atlantic power to prohibit the slave trade, and others followed its lead. Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator. European and American revolutionaries all agreed that free wage labor was inherently more productive than forced labor.

Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator.

Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France? A respect for the authority of other European leaders An increase in popular democracy A centralized, efficient administration A separate legal code for the French colonies and future conquests

A centralized, efficient administration

Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence? Liberty, equality, and fraternity Laissez faire A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled Universal suffrage

A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled

What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in "legitimate" trade? Africans should stop using mercantilist forms of protectionism, and engage in free trade. Africans should only sell slaves to European traders who had been licensed by their home governments. Africans should begin to produce goods on an industrial scale for sale in the world market. Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.

Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.

Which of the following was called for in the People's Charter? Creating land charters to protect the property rights of small farmers Creating charters outlining the rights of workers in mines and mills The eight-hour day, weekends off, and safer working conditions in factories Annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot

Annual parliamentary elections, universal male suffrage, and the secret ballot

Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism? Because their arguments were based in statistical analysis Because their inspiration came from Newton's grand synthesis of knowledge, the Principia Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history Because all of their statements had been verified through experimentation

Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history

Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle? Tribute from the conquered peoples in central Asia provided the funds for extravagant buildings such as the Taj Mahal. Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper. Confiscatory taxation on farmers funded the Mughal military-based nobility. Mughal nobles were entitled to collect a tithe from all non-Muslims.

Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper.

By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony? France Portugal England Spain

France

Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states? Ruling elites Fulani tribes people Igbo merchants Hausa women

Fulani tribes people

On what idea could disparate groups of radicals agree? Popular sovereignty Return to the status quo Constitutional monarchy Abolishing private property

Popular sovereignty

Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China? Almanacs and books of astronomical observations Medical encyclopedias Travel guides Study guides for civil service examinations

Study guides for civil service examinations

Wahhabi Islam was a direct threat to the political power of which of the following? The Napoleonic Empire The Ottoman Empire The House of Saud The British Empire

The Ottoman Empire

From which groups did European nationalist movements draw their greatest number of supporters? The middle class and the landless peasants The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class The landed aristocracy and financiers The clergy and rural workers

The liberal aristocracy and the commercial middle class

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common? They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. They wanted to encourage European monarchs to rule as enlightened despots. They wanted to improve European technical expertise and encourage overseas expansion. They wanted to encourage people to become more religious so that they could achieve enlightenment.

They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean? Six months Three years Ten years Fifteen years

Three years

What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems? To continue the orientalists' respect for India's classical languages, philosophies, and cultures To increase education in science and engineering To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture To end the exploitation of India's rural people

To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture

In general, the slave trade helped to shift wealth toward which African social group? Village elders Warrior elites Religious leaders Subsistence farmers

Warrior elites

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century? Rice Corn Spices Sugar

sugar

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church? Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation. Luther wanted German cathedrals to rival those of Rome in their grandeur. Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. Luther was shocked by what he experienced as an itinerant monk.

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy? The Constitution The Bill of Rights The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

The Constitution

To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty: constructed the Forbidden City. overthrew the Yuan dynasty. began building the Great Wall. began building the Grand Canal

constructed the Forbidden City.

During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following? Great pandemics Widespread famine A decline in centralized state control The loss of political independence

A decline in centralized state control

What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? A victory by the bourgeoisie that would reduce the proletariat to slavery A victory by the bourgeoisie that would result in the reinforcement of capitalism and private property, and things would stay as they were A victory by the proletariat that would lead to the return of an idealized form of feudalism A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

A victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

What was a consequence of Europeans' introducing firearms into North America? Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons. Amerindian groups used the weapons to unite against the European invaders. Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges. Native peoples traded guns for alcohol, which they then bartered for trade goods.

Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.

In which of the following ways did the Zuku leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders? Both used cavalry and archers as the core of their military forces. Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state. Both were known for their ability to tolerate challenges from within their state. Both came from peasant roots, rising to positions of authority based on their prowess as warriors.

Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state.

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions? Both introduced republican forms of government. Both granted political equality to all people. Both avoided written documents, preferring informal agreements on fundamental rights. Both emancipated slaves in their territories as part of the revolution.

Both introduced republican forms of government.

Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common? Both of them sailed to obtain scientific knowledge as well as empire. Both of them were killed by people they met in their travels. Both of them returned home with news of gold that could be exploited. Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.

Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.

In what way did the Mayans who followed José María Barrera resemble the Chinese who followed Hong in the Taiping Rebellion? Both the Mayans and the Chinese were driven by hunger to surrender to work on plantations. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were led by ruling elites who sympathized with the plight of the peasants. Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends. Both the Mayans and the Chinese were able to create enduring semiautonomous states within the larger nation.

Both the Mayans and the Chinese followed visionaries who formed alternative religions that combined Christian beliefs, symbols, and rituals with traditional beliefs and legends.

Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade? Chinese and Muslim rulers financed pure scientific research. Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art. Chinese and Muslim rulers lowered taxes on their peasant populations. Chinese and Muslim rulers established new universities to teach western knowledge.

Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art.

Which of the following was the most important device used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor? Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations. The imposition of the new caste of "Indians" meant Mayans had few political rights and could be forced into plantation servitude. Mexicans lured Mayans with promises of teaching them new agricultural techniques that would enrich Mayan villages. Mayans were forced to work on plantations to free their wives and children who had been taken hostage by the plantation owners.

Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations.

The leaders of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice? Abolishing slavery in all Muslim lands Making alliances between Islam and other religious traditions Increasing the Islamic presence in world markets Establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control

Establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control

Which of the following was a way in which the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750? Ottoman and Qing rulers used architecture to communicate their wish for a more open relationship with their subjects. Intellectuals in Benin used poetry to express their longing for a bygone golden age. European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings. Mughal painters used styles imported from Europe to communicate their wish for greater cultural blending.

European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings.

Which of the following nineteenth-century principles derived from the revolutions of the late eighteenth century? Mercantilism Government by and for property holding citizens The emergence of international law Monarchical absolutism

Government by and for property holding citizens

What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War? France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas. Russia completed its annexation of Siberia and controlled lands from the Baltic to the Pacific. Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another. Indigenous people who sided with the winners, the Dutch and the British, were able to gain favorable concessions including release of people held as forced laborers on plantations and in mines.

Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.

Why did Charles Fourier consign nasty jobs such as cleaning latrines to adolescents? He believed that in the interest of harmony, everyone had to work. He believed that all work was ennobling, and the young should be taught this at an early age. He believed that adolescents would move on to better jobs after they had proved themselves. He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth.

He believed that adolescents liked to muck about in filth.

Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation? Free competition encouraged improvements in industrial production. He believed that the laws of God did not permit the guilds' imposition of controls on labor. He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth. Mercantilists advocated rational self-interest, which could not advance the common good

He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia? Islamic traditions dominated artistic and poetic expression. Hindu traditions in jurisprudence formed the basis of Mughal law. Hindus and Muslims joined to suppress the culture of other ethnic groups in South Asia. Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change? India turned inward and abandoned the Indian Ocean trade in favor of internal trade. The East India Company retreated from Bengal, ending years of lucrative tax collection. The East India Company sponsored scholarship to encourage Indians to adopt laissez faire philosophy. India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.

India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.

How did the British change their approach to ruling India after 1857? The British began to use railroads, roads, and telegraph lines to link the region together. India came under the British crown's direct control. The British stopped allowing Indians to serve in the British army. The British restored control of cotton manufacturing to India.

India came under the British crown's direct control.

In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document? It argued for the rise of a meritocracy based on talent, not rank. It proposed that democracy was the best form of government. It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights. It avowed that only a government based on Christian ideals could provide a just society.

It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights.

Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America? It was largely a revolt by Amerindians against poor treatment by the Spanish. It depended on support from the United States for its success. It was crushed by the colonial elite, who used their Spanish identity to justify their control. It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society? It led to the argument that everyone should pay the same amount in taxes. It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank. It undermined the belief in the importance of private property. It led slave owners to use less force in controlling their slaves, eventually even freeing them.

It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank.

What was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion? It failed to attract strong support from the peasants. It received from Western powers, which alienated the majority of the Chinese people. It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups. Its followers were mainly Manchus, alienating the Han Chinese majority.

It failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups.

How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order? The most popular plays were those that made fun of the shogun. It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy. It argued that people should be able to rise in the social hierarchy through attention to propriety and virtuous behavior. It offered women opportunities for independence and autonomy.

It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

Hong Xiuquan believed that he was: an administrative prodigy who could reform Qing governance. the heir to the tradition of Muhammad. a representative leader of the Chinese peasantry. Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil.

Jesus's younger brother sent to rid the world of evil.

Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence? Britain's North American colonies were impoverished and would not be able to prosper as long as Britain retained control. Many Amerindians turned to the American revolutionaries to help them resist the aggressive advances of the land-hungry British. King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire. North American colonists did not have local assemblies, which they required to be democratic.

King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire.

Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century? Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside. Serfdom was imposed on the remaining English peasants. Agricultural productivity dropped drastically, leading to famines. Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century? Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources. Larger states were more efficient at gathering goods for trade with Europeans, and benefited from European technologies. Larger states were better at utilizing agricultural land, allowing them to relieve population pressure more effectively than smaller settlements. Larger states were able to experiment with new leadership styles, ending their dependence on traditional forms of political order.

Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources.

What factor contributed most to Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821? Calls for redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the poor Cooperation between creoles and peninsulares Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively Cooperation between Mexican and South American elites

Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively

What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted? Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. Riots occurred in university towns against the imposition of secular knowledge in the schools. Artisans guilds passed rules against applying Newtonian physics to their crafts. Women wrote in their journals that they refused to conduct experiments because they feared a loss of femininity.

Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers.

The Taiping Rebellion was a nineteenth-century example of what Chinese tradition? Confucian codes of administration Rejection of outside influences as inferior to Chinese ideas Millenarian peasant revolts Violent uprisings by members of ethnic minority groups

Millenarian peasant revolts

Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions? Millenarian revolts were often led by scholars. Millenarian movements were inspired by Confucian, not Daoist, ideals. Millenarian movements were supported by militias raised by the gentry. Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles.

Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles.

Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people? Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade network European Russia and Siberia Northwestern Europe and British North America Southern Europe and the Mediterranean

Northwestern Europe and British North America

Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century? The global trade of luxury goods, such as silk and porcelain, profoundly changed the societies that produced them. People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops. Most goods were carried overland by railroad instead of by sea on sailing ships. The people in the agricultural hinterlands were largely unaffected by changing global markets.

People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops.

Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the tabula rasa? All people have an inerasable drive to truck, barter, and exchange. There are tables cataloguing innate cultural differences between different ethnic groups. The only way to create moral people is through stern rules and harsh punishments. People should be free to rise in society according to their talents.

People should be free to rise in society according to their talents.

Which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam? People who believed their current version of Islam was too restrictive and needed to compromise with local cultural traditions People who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change People who belonged to Sufi sects and devoted themselves to Muslim saints People who supported the power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula

People who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change

What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories? Artistic ability and linguistic sophistication Form of governance and linguistic sophistication Physical appearance and form of governance Linguistic sophistication and physical appearance

Physical appearance and form of governance

In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change? Merchants refused to lend money to the Sultan to finance his reforms. Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers. The clergy promoted change, but the military resisted it. Land owners could not hire enough labor to grow crops for export.

Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Silver was believed to be the most beautiful metal. Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets. Silver was used in decorating porcelains for export. Silver was thought to have medical value.

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa? People no longer needed states to protect them from slave raiders. Former victims of the slave trade began to gain strength and attack their neighbors. Expertise in slave trading did not prepare states for success in plantation agriculture. Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.

Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.

What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin? Detailed paintings of plant life Intricate silver jewelry Sophisticated bronzes Enormous marble palaces and temples

Sophisticated bronzes

In Restoration-period Europe, which of the following was a goal of liberal thinkers? Returning to prerevolutionary patterns of political and economic authority Supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose Exporting European innovations to other parts of the world Continuing to pursue political reforms without attempting economic reforms

Supporting individuals' right to speak, think, and act as they chose

Which of the following was required of Shawnee culture if they were to be able to cooperate with U.S. government officials? That men rather than women take over farming That they commit to communal life, similar to Fourier's phalanxes That men move to urban areas and take jobs for cash payments That they abandon their native language

That men rather than women take over farming

For what reason did the Chinese take little interest in the maps brought by Matteo Ricci? Chinese maps exhibited a higher degree of geometric and mathematical precision. The Chinese knew that the earth was round, and ridiculed the flat earth shown in Ricci's maps. The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world. Chinese maps reflected more knowledge of other parts of the world.

The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world.

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices? Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila. The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade. The Dutch introduced the opium trade to Southeast Asia. Dutch merchants used paper money and letters of credit to pay for spices.

The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.

Which of the following explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution? The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors. The Qing put too much emphasis on overseas trade, draining capital needed to industrialize. The Qing believed that science was against the principles of Confucianism. The Qing passed protective tariffs to protect local merchants, which stifled trade and innovation.

The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors.

Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions? The palace at Isfahan The empire's legal system The Taj Mahal The peacock throne

The Taj Mahal

What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making? The cotton gin The water frame The printing press The steam engine

The steam engine

Which group closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika? The devshirme The janissaries The Sufis The ulama

The ulama

Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control? A rejection of traditional cultural and political resources Nonviolent resistance against colonial power The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership Reliance on Christian traditions taught by missionaries

The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership

Viewed collectively, the actions of rebels and dissidents in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reflected which of the following? Their dislike of capitalism and colonialism Their embrace of Enlightenment ideals and European technology The level of bureaucratic organization within their own societies The support they received from outside sources such as foreign missionaries

Their dislike of capitalism and colonialism

Which of the following is a similarity between the goals of Hong, the leaders of the Islamic revitalization movements, and Shaka? They all proposed a return to the ways of traditional Islam. They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust. They all rejected foreign religious ideas. They all believed that lack of harmony was caused by foreign rule.

They all sought to restore lost harmony and perceived the present world as unjust.

Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science? They wanted to decipher the mysteries of the universe and gain greater control over nature. They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work. They needed a clear understanding of the constellations and other celestial features in order to navigate the world's oceans. They believed that astronomy was the key to a universal and objective understanding of the natural world.

They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work.

Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence? They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. They feared that cooperation among the various colonies of the Spanish empire would undermine their positions of wealth and power. They feared that without a strong monarchy, the Catholic Church would gain too much influence. They feared that independence would lead peninsulares to return to Europe.

They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians.

How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas? They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features. They were ordered to create a free and open market economy in Australia. They were instructed to respect the heritage and cultural autonomy of Australia's Aborigines. They were organized by a group of intellectual women who wanted to promote scientific knowledge.

They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features.

What did the groups that led the 1848 revolutions in Europe have in common? They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites. They shared a belief in the triumph of the proletariat. The groups were all middle class, such as doctors, university professors and students, and lawyers. The groups were all working class, such as artisans, printers, and peasants.

They shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement? They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions. Hundreds of violent slave revolts broke out across the Caribbean. Slaves tried to increase their productivity so that their masters would free them as a reward. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies? To encourage international cooperation through free trade To enrich the states that had founded them To allow merchants to profit by diversifying their economic investments To act as laboratories in which new methods of state administration could be tested

To enrich the states that had founded them

Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788? To improve the status of the French peasantry To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit To discuss new ways in which France could work against British interests To create a more egalitarian legal system in France

To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit

How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world? Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, brought artists from all over the world to glorify their regimes. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, eagerly supported Christian missionaries. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were eager for trade contact with Europeans.

Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans.

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states? Weak rulers and internal divisions Loss of trade revenue and land to the Mughals Invasion by the Portuguese and Dutch The influence of Europeans and Indians at the Safavid court

Weak rulers and internal divisions

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? Africans were used as labor in the silver mines. Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. Africans were used as domestic servants. Africans were used as skilled craftsmen in urban areas.

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals, while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus. The Mughals ruled over a Muslim state with few non-Muslim citizens, while European rulers ruled over states with many religious groups. Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. The Mughals relied on trade to generate wealth, while Europeans relied on agriculture.

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

How would life in Fourier's phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe's economic order? All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time. All members would receive the same pay for their work. All members would learn how to do all of the necessary tasks to keep the phalanx running. All members would do what they could, and take what they needed from the community.

All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time.

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following? Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. Scientific knowledge should be based on the work of traditional authorities, such as Aristotle. Only members of the clergy could safely conduct scientific experiments without imperiling their souls. The best way to learn was to inquire into the ways that other cultures did scientific research.

Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.

Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors? Additional taxes on foreign merchants Tribute from overseas conquests Savings from decreasing the cost of government Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another? Capitalism Absolutism Monetarism Mercantilism

Mercantilism

What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture? Europeans had much less wealth than the Ottomans. Nowhere else could the famous tulips of the Tulip Period be grown. Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture. Ottoman science was more advanced than European science.

Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture.

During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa? Outbreaks of epidemic disease that depleted the population The introduction of opium by the British Overpopulation that strained the region's resource base Islamic reform movements challenging existing rulers

Overpopulation that strained the region's resource base

The impetus of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to which of the following? The presence of multiple Islamic empires such as the Mughals and the Ottomans The tendency of some Muslims to experiment with European ideas and technologies Polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims Debates among representatives of different religions at the Mughal court

Polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some Muslims

Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint Domingue? It discouraged the revolutionaries in Latin America. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States. Napoleon, having restored slavery in France, waged a successful war that restored French control and slavery on Saint Domingue. After defeating the French in Saint Domingue, the revolutionaries offered their assistance to those who wished to rebel in Brazil.

President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.

In what way might the transporting of British prisoners to Australia be considered an Enlightenment concept? Once their terms of incarceration were completed, all residents in Australia were to have equal rights to life, liberty, and property. The costs of incarceration in Britain would go down according to free market principles. Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform. Transportation was a more enlightened form of punishment than hanging.

Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform.

Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe? All Chinese people shared one religion, so there was nothing to cause conflict. Chinese government was so centralized that regional leaders lacked the ability to fight in defense of their religious beliefs. European visitors told Chinese leaders about religious warfare in their homeland, and the Chinese vowed to avoid making the same mistake. The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.

The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao? The Portuguese were the largest group of traders at Macao. The Portuguese took over much of the silver trade between China and Korea. The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China. The Portuguese established a permanent colony in China.

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids? The art of the period reflected the majesty and aloofness of the Safavid shahs. The Safavids created a blending of Sunni and Shia poetry. The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture. The Safavid capital, Isfahan, was modeled after the Topkapi palace in Istanbul.

The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture.

What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment? Increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities The expansion of educational opportunities for rural women Increased respect for traditional elites and clerics The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking

The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking

Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy. The territorial expansion of Russia took provinces from both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. Religious strife within Islam sapped the government and social systems of both the Ottomans and Mughals.

The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

In early-nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly? Cities offered more comfortable and modern housing. There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities. Peasants wanted to avoid the rigid work discipline of the rural farms. Cities provided free public education to their residents.

There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.

Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects: entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders. placed all authority in the hands of imperial bureaucrats. emphasized social equality in order to earn loyalty from the marginalized members of society. encouraged his prime minister to focus on provincial rule.

entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders.

The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by: decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization. failure to maintain a bureaucracy. failure to respond effectively to natural disasters. decreased support for foreign trade.

failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.

The main goal of Zheng He's voyages was to: earn more about the cultures beyond China's borders. generate scientific knowledge. reestablish trade and collect tribute. search for new lands in which to export the surplus population.

reestablish trade and collect tribute.

What event sparked the Great Rebellion of 1857? British reprisals against peasants who refused to pay their taxes The British East India Company issuing IOUs to soldiers in lieu of their salaries A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles A rumor that the food provided by the British East India Company violated soldiers' religious beliefs

A rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartridges used in soldiers' rifles

What was a consequence of the "native learning" movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals? Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. Shinto beliefs were incorporated into "Dutch learning." Zen monasteries spread across the country. Shamanism was suppressed, especially among women.

Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture.

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines. They found a passage through the Americas to Asia and got rich through trade with China. They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. They received opportunities to trade in the Americas and Asia from the Catholic Church as part of an attempt to achieve rapprochement.

They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory? They demanded strict conformity to the Shiite branch of Islam. They were flexible and tolerant. Their policies forced the Turkish language upon Arabs and Europeans. They abandoned control of rural areas to local authorities and focused their attention exclusively on controlling urban areas.

They were flexible and tolerant.

Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by: rejecting the Catholic Church and trying to align themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians. working toward closer ties to the other states on the Iberian peninsula. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors. adopting a pacifist ideology and built a lasting state around it.

devoting themselves to fighting the Moors.

In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by: the growth of Latin as an international language. the Catholic Church, which realized that a powerful king could secure the church's authority. feudalism, which revived in the late fourteenth century. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century: the persecution of Renaissance humanists in Spain, causing them to move to Northern Europe. economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders. the drastic increase in literacy as a result of the use of the printing press. an influx of Muslim intellectuals after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War? Protestant states triumphed in Central and Eastern Europe, replacing the Austrian Habsburgs. Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century. The German economy prospered as it was a center for manufacturing new weapons such as cannons. Russia emerged as a great European power in the power vacuum that followed the Treaty of Westphalia.

Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

Which of the following accurately describes the role of silver in early seventeenth-century China? The primacy of silver made peasants' lives easier. China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation. The quantity of Japanese silver specie shipped to China rose steadily throughout the period. The Dutch, English, and Spanish cooperated with one another to ensure China received a steady supply of New World silver.

China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation.

Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires? China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. China alone relied on its own traditions for cultural inspiration. China had long been a center of learning, but the Islamic Empires relied on outside sources of learning. China, unlike the Mughals and Ottomans, ruled over a homogeneous population.

China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires.

In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which of the following products? Tea, rum, and beef Coffee, chocolate, and vodka Coffee, tea, and sugar Tea, sugar, and turnips

Coffee, tea, and sugar

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)? Foreign powers forced Japan to modernize by adopting "modern" science and culture. Before the seventeenth century, Japan had not come into contact with foreign ideas or culture. Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country. Members of middle class idealized foreign culture, leading the shoguns to fear that learning about Enlightenment ideals might lead the merchants to overthrow the emperor.

Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country.

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa? Europeans relied on the Muslim slave trade in North and East Africa to bring slaves from the interior. Europeans introduced the idea of slavery to Africa for the first time, ending centuries of peaceful agriculture and hunting. Europeans sent armies armed with firearms to invade the African interior, seizing prisoners as slaves. Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans? Europeans' light skin and eye color Europeans' hairiness and bad manners Europeans' unwillingness to trade Europeans' lack of female companions

Europeans' hairiness and bad manners

Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves? Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade. Polyandry became common in the Americas, monogamy in Africa. The population loss in Africa was accentuated by the lack of males. Slave-catchers for all African markets targeted men more than they did women.

Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century? Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas, so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere. The Portuguese were denied access to the Mediterranean trade in gold by their rivals, the Dutch. The Holy Roman Empire refused to allow the Portuguese merchants a share of trade in gold mined in the Carpathian Mountains.

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death? He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin. He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession. He arranged marriages among the children of local authorities to solidify political bonds. He kept the population in check to avoid famine and peasant revolts.

He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.

Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean? He used diplomacy, not the army, as the model for modern state-building. He sought the advice of the English to reform his government. He reduced spending on education so that more time would be spent on agriculture. He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.

He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.

Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia? He claimed that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government. He attempted to gain the loyalty of the people by abolishing serfdom. He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship. He bought the loyalty of the Decembrists with gifts of lands and titles.

He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship.

Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy? He did not want Brazil to fall under Napoleon's control. He feared an uprising among the local elites. Only a monarchy could organize a strong army to protect Brazil from invasion by Simón Bolívar. There was a rebellion among Amerindians in the Amazon region, but Portugal refused to send troops.

He feared an uprising among the local elites.

Which of the following factors helped create the "industrious" revolution? Households were moved by revivalist preachers to work harder to avoid time for sinning. Because of changing climates, households had to work much longer hours to grow enough food. Because of competition with slave and other forms of forced labor, most households had to include their children in laboring to provide enough income to survive. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.

What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies? The crown hoped to gain the support of the women who hosted the salons. If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown. If the crown supported the academies, the new ideas and technology that were discovered would belong to the crown. The crown hoped to gain votes from the growing middle class, who were fascinated by new scientific discoveries.

If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown.

In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by: using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state. opening new trade routes in the Mediterranean. financing exploration along the western coast of Africa. establishing a society where Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived in relative harmony.

using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.

How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"? In terms of shared economic interests In terms of adherence to the same religion In terms of a common language, culture, and history In terms of shared family relationships

In terms of a common language, culture, and history

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century? The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control. Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades. Members of the Kongo royal family united to oppose the Europeans. The Kongo kingdom conquered the Asante and traded captured prisoners as slaves.

Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate? It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region. It changed from an urban religion to the religion of rural pastoralists. It changed from a polytheistic religion to a monotheistic religion. It changed from a warlike religion to a peaceful religion.

It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region.

In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade? It allowed no official trade between Chinese and European merchants. It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees. It required European merchants to check in at Canton before proceeding into China's interior to trade. It only allowed Dutch merchants to trade with China.

It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies? The English had a strong tradition of agriculture and few commercial connections. Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies. The Dutch did not have the right technology to transport heavy cargos across the open ocean, so they turned to farming. Other European countries saw the negative

Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.

Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas? Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners Simon Bolivar, who went on to found the federation of "Gran Columbia" Andean tribes, who were now free from the domination of the peninsulares Mestizos, who were able to take control of the new republics from the creole elites

Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia? Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. Many wanted to improve their economic status by acquiring free land from the government. Some believed they were taking part in a glorious crusade against polytheistic native Siberians. Some wanted to work in the lucrative salt mines.

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? Brazil and the Andes Mesoamerica and the Andes Mesoamerica and Brazil The Andes and the Caribbean

Mesoamerica and the Andes

How did the European missionary presence differ in the Americas from that in East Asia before 1800? Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. Missionaries to East Asia were more willing to accept the blending of multiple religious traditions. Missionaries to the Americas were more successful at impressing their audiences with examples of European cartography. Missionaries to the East Asia failed to learn anything about the people they sought to convert.

Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power.

Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire? Speaking Arabic allowed the Ottomans to communicate with neighboring tribes The Ottomans had an intensive agricultural base which led to a large population Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region The Red Turban revolt

Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region

Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas? Nationalism and democracy Absolutism and capitalism Nationalism and mercantilism Absolutism and socialism

Nationalism and democracy

Why did American officials fear Tecumseh's message even more than his brother's? Officials feared that Tecumseh's support of the ghost dance would draw away workers for American farms. Officials feared that Tecumseh's large army would be able to attack Washington, DC and other eastern cities. Officials feared that Christians would begin to convert to the visionary future preached by Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa. Officials feared that Tecumseh's attempt to create a confederation of Native American tribes could lead to a nation comparable to that of the Aztecs.

Officials feared that Tecumseh's attempt to create a confederation of Native American tribes could lead to a nation comparable to that of the Aztecs.

In what way did the peasants show their divergence from the Indian elite in the Great Rebellion of 1857? Peasants attacked Hindu princes who were seen as capitulating to Mughal rulers. Peasants followed traditional leaders only, not those who had training under the British. Peasants attempted to overthrow the Mughal dynasty because it had betrayed the Islamic faith. Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression.

Peasants attacked both Indian and British people and places that represented their oppression.

Which of the following contributed to social and political instability in both China and Africa? Decreasing opium consumption Declining involvement in foreign trade Pressure from a growing population Increased standards of living among the peasantry

Pressure from a growing population

Who constituted "the people," according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence? Women over 30 years old Former slaves who had a trade Amerindians who had fought with the colonists Propertied white men

Propertied white men

How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain? Qing peasants migrated to the large coastal cities to take part in trade; British agrarian labor moved to the interior of the island. Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs. British agrarian labor voluntarily moved to newly enclosed lands; the movement of Qing peasants was state sponsored. British rural workers moved to work in move profitable agricultural jobs in Australia; the movement of Qing peasants was internal.

Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs.

The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following? Secularization of the state Curtailment of royal privileges Rejection of change Reversal of the beginnings of industrialization

Rejection of change

How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development? The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. The Asante used their gold to trade across the Saharan caravan routes for salt, which was a necessity of life in the rain forest. The Asante used gold to bribe the Europeans to keep them from capturing Asante people as slaves. The Asante used gold to finance scholarly and architectural centers like Timbuktu.

The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves.

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare? The Aztecs' neighbors were unwilling to trade with them, requiring warfare to secure highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers. The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. The Aztecs and their neighbors were engaged in a bitter struggle to obtain control of the Yucatan Peninsula. The Aztecs' neighbors attempted to choke off their access to the sea, denying the Aztecs sources of fish protein and coastal trade.

The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Bandanese Islands? The Dutch wanted to construct a fort to protect themselves from the Spaniards in Manila. The Dutch wanted revenge after the traditional chiefs of Banda killed Dutch diplomats. The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe. The Dutch wanted to intimidate the inhabitants of the nearby Maluku islands to sell their silk only to the Dutch.

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Bandanese Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century? European rulers and upper classes suddenly developed a taste for Chinese silks, teas, jade, tableware, jewelry, paper, and ceramics. Westerners consumed less tea, so the overall amount of trade declined. The English colonized China. The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.

The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.

The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups? The bourgeoisie The proletariat The nobility of the robe The yeomanry

The bourgeoisie

What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world? The decision promoted increased investment in local Ottoman industries such as silk production. The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants. The decision led to economic expansion and increased Ottoman tax revenue. The decision caused European buyers to look elsewhere to buy wheat, copper, and wool.

The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint Domingue Revolutions? The American colonists wanted only economic freedom, but the people of Saint Domingue were guided by Enlightenment ideas. Both revolutions ended in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of representative rule. The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves. Neither revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment.

The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves.

Both Usman dan Fodio and Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab drew on which of the following inspirations for Islamic reform? The rejection of the corrupting power of wealth in the established Islamic empires The similarities between Islam and other Abrahamic religions The life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices The connections that had emerged between Islam and regional religious traditions

The life of Muhammad and early Islamic practices

In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system? The mercantile system did not support mining bullion in the Americas. The mercantile system promoted free trade between American colonies. The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world. The mercantile system decreased the power of kings and aristocrats.

The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world.

In what way did nineteenth-century nationalist goals prove destructive in the twentieth century? Nationalist goals led to class warfare. Nationalist goals conflicted with economic modernization. The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another. The nationalist goals of the nineteenth century limited twentieth-century cultural and literary experimentation.

The nationalist goals of different groups proved incompatible with one another.

Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s? They established the world's largest army. They abolished religion in all forms. They created a legal system based on reforming criminals instead of punishing them. They declared France to be a constitutional monarchy.

They established the world's largest army.

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty? They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry. They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture. They promoted intermarriage between Manchus and the Han. They retracted the Ming canton system.

They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade? They sponsored feasts to allow themselves an opportunity to dine with their subjects. They led religious ceremonies, characterized by lavish displays of ornate religious artifacts. They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails. They commissioned the creation of epic poems about the divine origins of the Asantehene.

They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails.

Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie? They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form. They sought to create a catalog of all of the works of Western authors. They wanted to portray all other cultures as being inferior to European culture. They wanted to evaluate the world's regions according to their adherence to rational science.

They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form.

What was the role of the Ottoman tekkes schools? They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. They provided an elite corps of martial artists for the Ottoman army. They led persecution of religious minorities such as Jews and Christians. They challenged Ottoman rule as insufficiently guided by religious principles.

They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders.

What was a goal of the Mayans in the Yucatan peninsula when they revolted against the Mexican government in 1847? They wanted complete cultural autonomy. They wanted political independence. They wanted to retain the right to own their land individually. They wanted political equality with other Mexicans.

They wanted political equality with other Mexicans.

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? Both empires' armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces. Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. Both empires lacked knowledge that the Spaniards had landed, giving the Spanish the element of surprise. Both empires' religions prevented them from mustering forces to oppose the Spanish.

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas? Both groups were forced to work in silver mines for European owners. Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease. Both groups believed that the Europeans were gods. Both groups were taken as slaves and sent to Europe and Asia.

Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease.

The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in which of the following ways? Both drew on native as well as Muslim traditions in their preaching. Both led rebellions that were ultimately successful. Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code. Both used western astronomy to prove their personal powers.

Both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code.

How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives? Elite women's success as writers, readers, and editors encouraged them to assume a wider range of social roles. Elite women read about the lives of poor women and developed a new sense of female solidarity that crossed class boundaries. Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives. Elite women were not encouraged to participate in literary culture, but the most popular books had strong female characters.

Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives.

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime? English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds. England was religiously unified, removing an issue that allowed monarchs to discredit their opponents. England was composed of several independent duchies, which refused to allow the monarch to have absolute power. English monarchs never wanted to centralize their authority.

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

Which of the following is a reason that Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas? Enlightenment ideas were popular in Portugal and Spain. Creoles wanted to imitate their English counterparts in North America. Creoles believed in the equality of all humankind. Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.

Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.

How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world? Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. Europe pulled back from its earlier interest in overseas colonization. Europe became more dependent on other parts of the world for financial support. Europe became vulnerable to trade embargoes by Asian empires.

Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported.

Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire? Nationalism was crushed once and for all, leaving Europe at the mercy of large, multiethnic states ruled by foreign monarchs. The huge French army defeated the Ottoman Empire and provided freedom for oppressed minorities in North Africa and the Middle East. The reforms of the French Revolution were totally wiped out after Napoleon's defeat and an absolutist monarchy was reinstituted. Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

Which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth of European states? A growing division arose between monarchs and merchants. An expanding diet led to a decrease in European tooth decay. European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another. A belief that European states should open up their colonial markets to trade with their European rivals

European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another.

Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas? Amerindians sought to ally themselves with European Christians in order to hasten the conversion process. Amerindian women were attempting to repopulate the Americans after the deaths brought by European disease. Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male. European wives died out rapidly in the harsh climates of North America.

Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male.

In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution? It encouraged women to participate in creating new technology. It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power. It encouraged land-owning nobility to grow crops for food for the working class population. It restricted access to rapidly expanding international and internal markets.

It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.

What change did the British East India Company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s? It ceded its control of India to the British crown. It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges. It encouraged the Mughal emperor to rule as an absolute monarch. It banned the practice of the Hindu religion in India.

It annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges.

Which of the following characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India? The British bribed rebel leaders to stop the uprising. The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed. The British expended a great deal of effort to preserve Indian lives and property to avoid alienating the population. As a gesture of goodwill, the British returned the land that they had previously annexed.

The British responded brutally; villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed.

How did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans east of the Mississippi? Both the British and the French slaughtered large numbers of Native Americans in the conflict. The Shawnee migrated to Canada, leaving the lands south of the Great Lakes free of Native American tribes. The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry American settlers. Other tribes west of the Mississippi who had sided with the Americans supported the removal of the eastern tribes.

The British withdrew their support from south of the Great Lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry American settlers.

Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing? The British acquired the right to trade at all Chinese ports. The British agreed not to export more opium to China. The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British. The Chinese acquired the right to tax the opium being imported.

The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.

In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development? The Islamic world reunified under a single political authority, the caliphate. The Islamic world began a program of overseas expansion. The Islamic world lost its ability to make beautiful textiles and other products for trade. The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.

The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century? The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy. The influence of merchants in Ottoman politics increased. The Koprulu reforms failed to re-energize the Ottoman government. The Ottoman sultans turned to the Safavids for military support.

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples? A stronger missionary presence meant that more Mayans converted to Christianity. The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land. Conflict between the Spanish and the Portuguese meant that more Mayans were killed in war. The Mayans were less able to participate in trade than other Mexican natives because they lacked port cities.

The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land.

From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? South Asia West Africa East Asia South Africa

West Africa

Why were women especially drawn to Fourier's proposed reforms? Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers. Women were captivated by Fourier's charismatic speaking style. Women were pleased to see the unpleasant jobs spread around to all groups instead of being consigned to women. Women longed for a way to return to an idealized country life.

Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers.

In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through: marriage. warfare. the leading role of the rulers of Granada. the establishment of a merit-based bureaucracy.

marriage

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia. Europeans could take advantage of the Aztecs' superior shipbuilding techniques. American manufactures were eagerly received in Africa and Asia. European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because: South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes. South Asians had a natural immunity to the microbes that caused the plague. no rats live in South Asia because the climate does not support them. most people in South Asia are not pastoralists, but live in settled agricultural villages.

South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? The Church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints. The Church sought to reform clerical corruption. The Church recalled missionaries from outside Europe to take part in the religious debates. The Church translated the Bible into local languages to appeal to more followers.

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success? The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous. The policy of religious toleration encouraged fighting among representatives of different religions. Mughal support for the orthodox ulama led to rebellions among heterodox Muslims and non-Muslims. Peasant revolts against the cash economy undermined the empire's tax base.

The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce? They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes. They raised the price of shipping in order to help Europeans make a profit in the Atlantic trade. They encouraged the monetization of European economies by importing large quantities of silver and gold. They invented mercantilism.

They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that: the prince had a responsibility to demonstrate good morals to his subjects. the main goal of the prince was holding and exercising power. the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values. the prince had a natural right to force religious uniformity on his kingdom.

the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious values.

In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period? All three controlled diverse populations through strong central government. All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power. All three consolidated power through identification with one religion. All three granted favorable trade status to the Dutch.

All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power.

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa? Traditional holders of power, such as village elders and women, became even more powerful. Power struggles between warrior elites decreased as they united to fight the Europeans. On top of the population lost to the slave trade, diseases from the Americas decimated the African people. American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system? European sailors African warriors European elites African elites

European elites

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy? A bureaucratic government A federation of allied nations Kinship and clan networks Guild and professional groups

Kinship and clan networks

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations? Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days. Plantation managers, in order to have a healthy and productive workforce, provided their slaves with an adequate diet. Indentured Europeans and convicts provided the bulk of plantation labor. Family groups provided stability for Caribbean slave populations.

Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.

The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power? Syria The Holy Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire The Franks

The Byzantine Empire

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade. They formed closer tributary ties with Ming China. They sponsored their own voyages of exploration. They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. They were responding to the Black Death, which had made their old trade routes too dangerous to use. They needed a new source of gold and silver and believed it could be found in Asia. They wanted to establish a closer relationship with the Chinese and learn more about their agricultural techniques.

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as: the Red Turbans. the Yellow Turbans. the Beghards. the Uighurs.

the Red Turbans

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people? He believed that they were childlike primitives. He believed that they would not be able to understand Christian doctrine. He believed that they could become trade partners with the Spanish. He believed that they were ferocious warriors.

He believed that they were childlike primitives.

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? 90 percent 70 percent 50 percent 30 percent

90 percent

Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance? Peasant revolts against the feudal order in Western Europe. The church regained much of the power it lost in the aftermath of the Black Death. The desire to create states based on Athenian models of democracy. A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church.

A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church.

In 1600, what enabled the Dutch East India Company to raise ten times the capital that the English East India Company could raise? Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world. The Dutch controlled the trade in East Indian spices and used their sale to generate capital. The English had not yet developed financial systems such as joint stock companies and banks. The Dutch monarchs provided large amounts of capital to the Dutch East India Company.

Amsterdam had the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world.

Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories? A single official language of governance Centralized governments with strong bureaucracies Overseas trade to generate revenue Artists and architects, who projected the ruler's grandeur and power

Artists and architects, who projected the ruler's grandeur and power

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? As performers in the new entertainment districts As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City As merchants in trading centers such as Macao As authors of Confucian guides for proper behavior

As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City

In what way was the effect of the Forbidden City on the populace similar to that of Topkapi palace? Both created labor for unemployed peasants. Both provide an educational center for training the bureaucracy. Both showcased Mongol arts. Both projected a sense of awe and power.

Both projected a sense of awe and power.

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. Both prided themselves on restoring indigenous rule after a period of foreign conquest. Both faced declining populations due to the arrival of diseases from the Americas. Both ruled over homogeneous populations.

Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic exploration: Chinese commerce ground to a halt and imperial revenue declined. Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia. the Ming were able to position themselves to more effectively defend against military threats from the south. European navies were able to conquer Chinese ports in the fourteenth century.

Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire. Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers. The growth of Calvinism led the Lutheran Church to call for a new crusade against unbelievers. Some Spanish princes used Protestant beliefs as a way to challenge the authority of the Habsburg emperors.

Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations? European countries called on their allies in Africa and Asia to support them militarily. European armies skirmished around the globe over religion. The Portuguese attacked English and Dutch outposts in Asia and the Americas. Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable? The nobility Jurists God The people

God

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers. Syphilis spread throughout the western hemisphere. Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa. The Afro-Eurasian landscape came to look more like the Americas.

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages? The "Little Ice Age" Soil depletion from overfarming Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands Hard winters and rainy summers in the central Asian steppes

Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter? It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court. It provided a subsidy from the English crown. It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England. It gave the right to leave coastal enclaves and trade in the Chinese interior.

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty? It inherited a society and kingdom from the Yuan dynasty that was relatively peaceful and prosperous. It tried to reestablish order and stability in China through the use of Islam, which the Mongol Yuan dynasty had introduced. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague. It faced the challenge of establishing foreign rule over the Chinese people, much like its predecessor, the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague.

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? The Spanish now controlled all of the world's major entrepôt cities. Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe. The Spanish had become the first people to sail all the way around the world. Control of Manila enhanced Spanish power at the expense of the Mughals and Chinese, increasing Spanish control of trade networks.

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch? The Japanese did not have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies. The Japanese feared that British technology would destabilize Japan. The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize. The Dutch would not undercut the Japanese economy by importing silver.

The Dutch were Protestants and did not proselytize.

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century? Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire. The Ottomans lacked the initiative to make needed administrative reforms. The Ottoman population was declining due to diseases from the Americas, leaving it too weak to resist foreign encroachment. Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system? Labor Land Raw materials Military technology

Military technology

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation. Most of the slaves were women, and lost time from their labors raising children. Most slaves came in family groups, and could not be separated to work on newly created plantations. Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds to rent to merchants. Officials sent soldiers to accompany caravans to protect them from bandits. Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled, agricultural lifestyles. Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change? Patterns of trade and commerce Political systems Feudalism Religious and cultural systems

Religious and cultural systems

Why did Europeans turn for inspiration to the art and learning of classical Greece and Rome as they rebuilt society after the devastation of the plague? Islamic teachings supported the validity of Greek science. Renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world. Humanist ideals were similar to the Ming dynasty's successful Confucian world view. Renaissance scholars defended the traditional teachings of the church in medicine and science.

Renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world.

Which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty? China's agricultural production and population decreased because of drought. Europeans gained a larger trade presence in China's western provinces. Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets. The importation of European goods led to a negative balance of trade.

Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets.

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs? The Aztecs thought that Cortez was a god and were afraid to fight him. The Spanish overwhelmed the Aztecs by force of numbers. Correct Answer Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites. The Aztecs were hated by their neighbors, who joined forces with the Spanish.

Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.

Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe? The church, because of the charitable functions it organized in response to the Black Death, became more influential in the lives of Europeans. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church. In response to the devastation of the Black Death, the church's influence declined as millions converted to other religions. The church became more open and tolerant in an attempt to win more converts after so many of their congregants had died.

The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church.

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties? The European presence undermined Asian rulers' control of territory and people. The European presence encouraged the militarization of empires and more warfare. The European presence was so minimal that it made no impact. The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians? The French allied with the English against Amerindians. Wars with the French displaced native peoples from their homelands. The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways. The French brought new agricultural techniques, which improved the diet of native peoples.

The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? The Portuguese developed the joint stock company, which allowed them to invest more freely. The Portuguese used their superior navigational abilities to travel outside the sight of land. The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. The Portuguese negotiated an exclusive trade relationship with the Ming for porcelain.

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans? The Ottomans appointed leaders of local religions to their governmental bureaucracy; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not. The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories. The Ottomans taxed overseas trade to fill the imperial treasury; the Spanish and Portuguese rulers did not. The Ottomans used marriage as a way to consolidate their political power; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not.

The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories.

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires? The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force. The Spanish relied solely on European economic structures in order to gain access to goods and labor from native peoples. The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines, which was closer to China than Japan was. The Japanese closed their doors to all external trade, in order to avoid European domination. The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. Japanese silver was mined out, leaving them with little to trade internationally.

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? The belief that ordinary people needed priests to act as intermediaries between themselves and God The belief that humans could gain admittance to heaven through their pious actions The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures The belief that clergymen need to be celibate

The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? The caravel had four masts with square sails, allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast. The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land. The caravel was a Muslim invention that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring the height of the sun above the horizon. The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

What was the Western European Christian church's response to challenges to its authority following the plague? The church threw its support behind one ruler for all of Europe. The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines. The church gave up its attempts to reassert its former secular powers. The church became less hierarchical.

The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians. The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas. The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations.

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia? South Asian societies were most disrupted by the Black Death, with the destruction of the Brahman caste. The plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political collapse, destroying the Umayyad caliphate. Infected victims died slowly, coughing blood and oozing pus from sores the size of tennis balls. The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain? The monarchs became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to make alliances with these "new" rulers. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces. Spain instituted broad religious toleration so that Jewish learning and finance could be used to support naval exploration. The Spanish economy oriented itself toward the Mediterranean to take advantage of new trade with the Ottoman Empire.

The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces.

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? Improved agricultural techniques The expansion of trade with Europeans Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks The conquest of neighboring states

Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? To take over the trade or tax local merchants To conquer as much territory as possible To develop cooperative relationships with local rulers To sell African products in Asian markets

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as: an important source of government revenue. a means of expanding the influence of the ruler. a potential source of disorder and instability. a means of expanding the reach of Buddhism.

a potential source of disorder and instability.

To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans: adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam. left the protection of Islamic holy cities to the local inhabitants. left the city of Istanbul to crumble while building their new imperial capital at Bursa. embraced a warrior ideal, while shunning civil bureaucratic administration.

adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam.

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it: depended on enslaving native peoples to mine silver. depended on peaceful relationships and trade with native peoples. resulted from a desire to spread Christianity to as many parts of the world as possible. dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers: fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source. turned to popularly elected councils and civil servants for support. rejected support from traditional religious leaders because of the people's loss of faith in the answers they provided. closed trade routes to concentrate on the problems of the local populace.

fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source.

Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on earth, Ottoman sultans: forced all of their subjects to convert to Islam. assumed the role of protector of holy cities in Greece and Italy. funded construction of elaborate mosques. made Arabic the official language of administration.

funded construction of elaborate mosques.

The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by: seeking peace between the Moors and the Castilians. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants. allowing the Portuguese nobility to elect members of their own ranks to be king. using advanced scientific knowledge to prevent the Black Death from devastating the Portuguese population.

granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants.

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to: identify their religion with their local state and language. be more tolerant of one another. end the requirement that priests be celibate. revive ancient pagan traditions in Christian observances.

identify their religion with their local state and language.

The janissaries: maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers. became bureaucrats who served the interest of their respective ethnic groups. were primarily warriors, and rarely became architects or bureaucrats. were conscripts from Muslim villages, and maintained the religious purity of the bureaucracy.

maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers.

Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to: successfully undermine the practice of Confucianism among their subjects. show that the gods favored the Ming. eliminate civil and military cults as a threat to Ming authority. ensure that farmers would pay their taxes to distant rulers.

show that the gods favored the Ming.

Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had: been conquered by the Mongols and had no strong political structure. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations. little settled agriculture. large pastoral populations who spread the plague

suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations.