HIST 1301 Chapter 4 Review

Neolin

A Delaware religious prophet who received a vision instructing his people to reject European culture and drive the British from their territory; Neolin was a proponent of a pan-Indian identity, preaching that all Indians were a single people, and only through cooperation could they regain their lost independence.

Stono Rebellion

A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolinab that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves.

Seven Years' War

Also known as the French and Indian War, it was the last (1755 - 1763) of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River.

Virtue

Defined in the eighteenth century not simply as a personal moral quality but as the willingness to subordinate self-interest to the pursuit of the public good.

Albany Plan of Union

Drafted by Benjamin Franklin at the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, it envisioned the creation of a Grand Council composed of delegates from each colony, with the power to levy taxes and deal with Indian relations and the common defense. The plan was rejected by colonial assemblies and never sent to London for approval.

Deism

Enlightenment thought applied to religion; emphasized reason, morality, and natural law.

Runaways

Escaped slaves; they were often identified by their distinct African ethnic identities.

Almost all African slaves in the eighteenth century came from the same African tribe. T/F?

False

As Britain's global power expanded, British patriotism actually declined. T/F?

False

By the eighteenth century, northern colonies were free of slavery. T/F?

False

By the middle of the eighteenth century, most elections were fiercely contested throughout the American colonies. T/F?

False

During the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century, most colonial slaveowners who proclaimed their Christian faith freed their slaves after concluding that blacks and whites were brothers in Christ. T/F?

False

During the course of the 1700s, the colonies increasingly grew apart from the British empire. T/F?

False

During the eighteenth century, both Spain and France steadily lost interest in their North American empires. T/F?

False

Indians who lived in the Catholic missions established by Father Junipero Serra in California generally lived happy, healthy, free, and long lives. T/F?

False

The exchange of goods among Spanish colonists, French colonists, and Indians in North America was known as the "triangular trade." T/F?

False

Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield.

Father Junípero Serra

Having founded the first California mission, in San Diego in 1769, Serra was widely praised in Spain for converting thousands of Indians to Christianity; however, forced labor and disease took a heavy toll on the Indians in his missions.

Liberalism

Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.

Freedom of speech

Originating in Britain during the sixteenth century, the phrase referred to the ability of members of Parliament to express their views without fear of reprisal, on the grounds that only in this way could they effectively represent the people.

Religious missions

Outposts established with the aim to transform the culture of the local Indian populations and eventually assimilate them into European civilization; the combination of new diseases and the resettlement of thousands of Indians in villages around the missions often devastated Indian society.

Republicanism

Political theory in eighteenth-century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom.

Freedom of the press

Regarded as dangerous by governments on both sides of the Atlantic, freedom of press in colonial America was most frequently discouraged by elected assemblies, while newspapers often defended it as a central component to liberty.

American Enlightenment

Revolution in thought in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.

Middle Passage

Route used to transport African slaves across the Atlantic; such voyages had a high death rate.

Pontiac's Rebellion

So named after an Ottawa war leader, the rebellion was launched by Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes in 1763 as a revolt against British rule.

salutary neglect

The British government's policy of leaving the colonies to largely govern themselves during the first half of the eighteenth century.

deference

The assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office.

The main crop worked by the "task" system in eighteenth-century South Carolina was: a. tobacco. b. cotton. c. rice. d. indigo.

c. rice.

The movement that sought to apply the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment to politics and social life was called: a. Romanticism. b. Emersonianism. c. the Enlightenment. d. the Great Awakening.

c. the Enlightenment.

In the eighteenth century, the British Constitution—the unwritten groundwork of British freedom—celebrated all except: a. the rule of law. b. the right to a jury trial. c. the right for all men to vote. d.the right to live under laws to which one's representatives had consented.

c. the right for all men to vote.

Which of the following was not a regional pattern of colonial slavery? a. In the Chesapeake, slaveholding was common among small farmers and large planters alike. b. Field slaves in the rice-producing colonies had less regular contact with whites than did those in the tobacco-producing colonies. c. In the northern colonies, slaves could be found in a wide range of trades, both urban and rural. d. In the colonial backcountry, black slaves tended to outnumber free whites.

d. In the colonial backcountry, black slaves tended to outnumber free whites.

During Pontiac's Rebellion, Neolin, the prophet, asserted all except: a. Indians must free themselves from dependence on alcohol. b. Indians must drive the British from their territory. c. He preached a pan-Indian identity. d. Indians must use British technology to defeat their enemies.

d. Indians must use British technology to defeat their enemies.

Which was not an element in the Triangular Trade? a. British-made goods were shipped to Africa. c. Colonial products, including tobacco, sugar, and rice, were shipped to Europe. c. Slaves were shipped to the New World. d. Tea and luxury goods were shipped to Britain from Asia.

d. Tea and luxury goods were shipped to Britain from Asia.

Olaudah Equiano was: a. a slave who purchased his freedom. b. a sailor in the Royal Navy. c. able to read and write. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Acadians

The local French residents in Nova Scotia, whom the British rounded up during the Seven Years' War, confiscated their land, and expelled them from the region, selling their farms to settlers from New England. Some of those expelled eventually returned to France; others ended up as far away as Louisiana, where their descendants came to be known as Cajuns.

Atlantic slave trade

The systematic importation of African slaves from their native continent across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World, largely fuelled by rising demand for sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco.

middle ground

The western frontier of British North America, in which villages sprang up where members of numerous Indian tribes lived side by side, along with European traders and the occasional missionary.

"Deism" was a religious adaptation of Enlightenment thought in both Europe and colonial America. T/F?

True

According to the English minister George Whitefield, people could participate in their own salvation through their own actions; they were not, as predominant Protestant religions had traditionally held, unable to affect their destiny. T/F?

True

An irony of the 1763 British victory in the Seven Years' War is that victory ultimately contributed to Britain's loss of its mainland American colonies, since, in seeking to pay for the Seven Years' War, the British government raised taxes on American colonists who protested taxation without representation. T/F?

True

As a consequence of British victory in the Seven Years' War, Britain not only won control of Canada but also gained control of India. T/F?

True

Britons and colonists tended to regard themselves as the freest people in the world. T/F?

True

By the 1700s, the population of Spanish North America was small, consisting of a few, isolated urban clusters in Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. T/F?

True

Eighteenth-century liberalism drew heavily upon the thinking of the philosopher John Locke. T/F?

True

England and Scotland were united in 1707 by the Act of Union to create Great Britain. T/F?

True

Freedom and slavery simultaneously expanded in the course of the eighteenth century as both the idea of the freeborn Englishman grew and the Atlantic slave trade expanded. T/F?

True

George Washington, a British soldier, was forced to surrender at Fort Necessity in Pennsylvania after he lost a third of his men in an ill-conceived effort to fight a larger French and Indian force. T/F?

True

In eighteenth-century Britain, the ideologies of "republicanism" and "liberalism" both underscored the importance of private property as a foundation of freedom. T/F?

True

In the Ohio Valley (the "middle ground"), the Iroquois were known for their ability to play the French and British empires against each other. T/F?

True

In the eighteenth century, only 5 percent of adult men in Britain could vote, but between 50 and 80 percent of adult white males in the colonies could vote. T/F?

True

Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. T/F?

True

Most African rulers took part in the Atlantic slave trade. T/F?

True

The Great Awakening principally awakened (or re-awakened) colonists to faith in Christianity, and it also, by calling people to read the Bible and think about it for themselves, had the effect of encouraging colonists to assert their right to independent judgment. This independence of thought had important implications for the development of the view that people no longer needed to listen to authorities, but could democratically assert their own views in politics. T/F?

True

The Great Awakening was a religious movement that called colonists to awaken to the truth of the divinity of Jesus Christ. T/F?

True

The view that reason alone was capable of establishing the essentials of religion, and that outdated superstitions included belief in the revealed truth of the Bible and miracles was called: a. Arminianism. b. Antinomianism. c. Calvinism. d. Antidisestablishmentarianism.

a. Arminianism.

The leading promoter of the Great Awakening was: a. George Whitefield. b. Neolin. c. Junipero Serra. d. Benjamin Franklin.

a. George Whitefield.

Slaves killed nine whites in a 1712 slave uprising in: a. New York City. b. Charleston, South Carolina. c. Richmond, Virginia. d. Wilmington, North Carolina.

a. New York City.

Which of the following was not a feature of slave life in colonial America? a. Under the oppressions of slavery, African-Americans had little chance to form families or communities. b. Slaves on large plantations had greater autonomy from whites than did those on small farms or in towns. c. Slaves pursued freedom through individual escape and collective rebellion. d. From the shared experience of slavery, an African-American identity gradually materialized.

a. Under the oppressions of slavery, African-Americans had little chance to form families or communities.

In Jonathan Edwards's view, what was a sinner's only hope? a. a "new birth" in which they became devout Christians b. advancing Deistic views in accordance with Lutheran theology c. pledging all their wealth to the one true church d. joining the antinomian movement and challenging the antediluvian paradigm

a. a "new birth" in which they became devout Christians

"Cheap imported textiles undermined traditional craft production, while guns encouraged the further growth of slavery" in Africa, writes Eric Foner. Define "textiles." a. cloth b. ceramic tile c. muskets d. short books on technical subjects

a. cloth

The Stono Rebellion in South Carolina: a. was a slave revolt. b. was a rebellion of convict laborers. c. displaced Governor Berkeley from office. d. was led by George Washington's grandfather.

a. was a slave revolt.

What percentage of the populations of New York and New Jersey in the 1770s was made up of slaves? a. zero (slavery was illegal) b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 66 percent

b. 10 percent

Which was not true of the Middle Passage? a. People were sometimes held between decks that were only one-and-a-half feet in height. b. Seventy percent of slaves were destined for North America. c. About one slave in five died on the Middle Passage. d. Ship captains sometimes threw slaves overboard, especially when they were sick.

b. Seventy percent of slaves were destined for North America.

Founded in 1727, the Junto was: a. an example of autocratic authority. b. a club that discussed literature, philosophy, science, and politics. c. also called the Dominion of New England. d. also called "the country party."

b. a club that discussed literature, philosophy, science, and politics.

Which of the following was not a significant effect of the Seven Years' War? a. the extension of England's North American empire west to the Mississippi b. an easing of frontier tensions between British colonists and Indians c. an elaborate reordering of the global balance of power d. a strengthening of bonds among the colonies, and between colonists and mother country

b. an easing of frontier tensions between British colonists and Indians

Which of the following was not an important trend in colonial politics during the first half of the 1700s? a. increasing efforts by colonial elites to curtail imperial authority b. elimination of property qualifications for voting and officeholding c. expanding involvement of ordinary people in public debate d. growing popular support for the principle of free expression

b. elimination of property qualifications for voting and officeholding

During the first half of the eighteenth century, British "salutary neglect": a. imprisoned soldiers and impressed sailors who did not salute the flag. b. left the colonies to largely govern themselves. c. led to public intoxication and licentious behavior. d. improved the health of colonists through healthy medical practices.

b. left the colonies to largely govern themselves.

During the 1700s, voting in the colonies was restricted to: a. all adult white men; women were excluded. b. men who owned property. c. men of proper religious faith. d. men, women, and occasionally slaves.

b. men who owned property.

The Paxton Boys: a. were famous twins who toured the country in the eighteenth century. b. were Scotch-Irish farmers who set out to attack Indians near Philadelphia. c. were cowboys who developed the first rodeo circuit in Paxton, Pennsylvania. d. defeated Pontiac and settled near present-day Detroit.

b. were Scotch-Irish farmers who set out to attack Indians near Philadelphia.

British governance of colonial America during the first half of the eighteenth century was shaped by a policy of: a. "social contract." b. "constitutional balance." c. "salutary neglect." d. "natural selection."

c. "salutary neglect."

Belief that God withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws, and that study of nature, rather than worship in organized churches, is the best form of religious devotion is called: a. Calvinism. b. Lutheranism. c. Deism. d. Antinomianism.

c. Deism.

Which of the following is not a valid comparison of the eighteenth-century ideas of "republicanism" and "liberalism"? a. Between the two, republicanism placed greater emphasis on public service; liberalism, on individual rights. b. Between the two, liberalism placed greater emphasis on restraining government intrusion into private life. c. Each condemned material inequality as incompatible with freedom. d. Each regarded property as an essential element of freedom.

c. Each condemned material inequality as incompatible with freedom.

The country whose trading posts ringed British mainland colonies to the North and West in the eighteenth century was: a. Spain. b. the Netherlands. c. France. d. Ireland.

c. France.

Which was not the case for blacks on South Carolina and Georgia rice plantations: a. They constructed African-style houses. b. They chose African names for their children. c. Many were free blacks. d. They spoke a language called Gullah that mixed various African roots.

c. Many were free blacks.

Father Junipero Serra founded the first Catholic mission in 1769 at: a. Los Angeles. b. Serra. c. San Diego. d. Sonoma.

c. San Diego.

Which of the following was not a defining feature of the Great Awakening? a. an impassioned, emotional style of ministry b. a concern that material gain was overtaking spiritual salvation as the chief pursuit of colonial Americans c. an insistence that one's spiritual destiny—be it salvation or damnation—could not be affected by one's actions in life d. a tendency to subject old, established doctrines to fresh consideration

c. an insistence that one's spiritual destiny—be it salvation or damnation—could not be affected by one's actions in life

By the mid-1700s, which was not one of the distinct, well-established slave systems in Britain's mainland colonies? a. tobacco-based plantation slavery in the Chesapeake b. rice-based plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia c. nonplantation slavery in New England and the Middle Colonies d. cotton-based slavery in the Black Belt of the Deep South

d. cotton-based slavery in the Black Belt of the Deep South

The Albany Plan of Union of 1754: a. restructured marriage; mitigating earlier femme coverte laws. b. sought to keep the South from seceding from the Union. c. made the union between a husband and wife binding on both parties. d. envisioned a council of all the colonies for their common defense.

d. envisioned a council of all the colonies for their common defense.

The military outposts established by the Spanish in California and New Mexico were called: a. haciendas. b. asiendos. c. casas. d. presidios.

d. presidios.

The Proclamation Line of 1763: a. was the treaty that ended the Seven Years' War. b. was Chief Joseph's famous proclamation, "I shall fight no more forever." c. was the famously proclaimed line by King George, "My kingdom for a horse." d. prohibited further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian mountains.

d. prohibited further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian mountains.

The Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in the colonies) was fought between: a. the French and Indians. b. the Iroquois and French. c. the Iroquois and Spanish. d. the British and French.

d. the British and French.

Which was not a part of "republicanism"—the central element in the British ideology of liberty—in the eighteenth century? a. the view that only property-owning citizens possessed virtue b. Virtue was understood to be both personal morality and willingness to subordinate self-interest to the public good. c. John Trenchard's and Thomas Gordon's writings d. the view that Lockean liberalism was essential to the good society

d. the view that Lockean liberalism was essential to the good society