HIST 1301 Exam 2 Guide

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution"

Thomas Jefferson

"Father of the Declaration of Independence" majority of the wording

Which of the following headlines could have appeared in 1807?

"The Chesapeake Affair: Danger on the High Seas"

Adam Smith

"The Wealth of Nations" caused the founding fathers to adopt capitalism Father of Capitalism

Copperheads

"aka Peaceful Democrats", Northerners who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. They undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Explain why gun advocates' use of quotations by Richard Henry Lee and James Madison are misleading.

"to preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of people possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them" People taking interpret it for individual rights, when it was actually about state vs national military

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

The Enlightenment

(1650-1800) the emergence of the belief that the power of human knowledge and reason can improve human society. its scholars shared a critical style, a commitment to open-mindedness, and a hostility to authority

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). The first cultural movement to unite the Thirteen Colonies. Associated with the democratization of religion.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

California Bear Flag Republic

(1846) Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

Battle of Buena Vista

(1847) Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

The first members of the Whig Party believed that

- Jackson had exercised too much power in his years as president

Which event happened first?

- Jackson opposes renewal of the charter for the Bank of the United States

When Henry Clay tried to make the Bank of the United States a key campaign issue in 1832

- Jackson turned the tables on him by vehemently opposing rechartering of the Bank

In the election of 1824, who won the second-highest number of electoral votes?

- John Quincy Adams

The election of 1824 originally ended in and electoral deadlock between

- John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

The alliance between Calhoun, Crawford and Jackson, tightly disciplined political machine was run by

- Martin Van Buren

Under the Indian Removal act, most Indians were sent to

- Oklahoma

The first crisis that besieged administration of Martin Van Buren was the

- Panic of 1837

The first African American newspaper, Freedom's Journal, was published in

- South Carolina

The first president to die in office was

- William Henry Harrison

Which is the only event that happened in the 1840s

- Williams Henry Harrison enters the White House

The Cherokee Indians were considered "civilized" because they

- all answers are correct

Davy Crockett's popularity stemmed from

- all of the above

Opponents of the Tariffs of 1828 believed in which of the following ideas

- all of the above

The effects of destroying the Bank of the United States included which of the following

- all of the above

Jackson's political opponents viewed his inauguration as "vulgar" because

- common people took part in the festivities at the White House

Secoya

- empty -

the spoiled system features a strategy in which

- government jobs are given to supporters of the victorious party

By the end of the 1820s, the right to vote

- had moved significantly toward universal manhood suffrage

The term Trail of Tears refers to the

- horrifying conditions experienced by Cherokees during their removal

New Yorker James Kent warned that allowing working class men to vote would

- jeopardize property rights and thus liberty itself

Henry Clay's American System included all of the following policies EXCEPT

- locally funded internal improvements

The election of 1828 revealed that Jackson had a formidable electoral base

- none of the above

An important legacy of the election of 1824 was

- public support for Jackson, who lost because of a "corrupt bargain"

The Force Bill gave Jackson the power to

- put down nullification with military force

When confronted with President Jackson's Indian removal policy, principal Chief John Ross of the Cherokees opted to

- reject relocation and try to rally congressional support against the state of Georgia, which had claimed their land

Many Europeans were shocked with the egalitarian ways of American society and especially the custom of

- shaking hands

The Anti-Masons called for

- the abolition of imprisonment for debt

Which of the following happened first?

- the corrupt bargain is investigated

Which if the only event that happened in 1830s?

- the removal of Indian tribes from the South

Which statement would most likely have been said by a supporter of nullification

- the states shall not adhere to federal law that is deemed to be unconstitutional

Davy Crockett established the association of democracy with which region

- the west

Anti-Jackson called themselves Whigs because

- they accused Jackson of acting like a monarch

Many people called the election of 1824 "the corrupt bargain" because

- they felt Henry Clay unduly used his influence to determine the stalemated outcome

John C. Calhoun enraged Jackson by

- throwing his support to those who held shares in the Bank of United States

In the early 19th century, going to the "stump" meant

- to campaign for political office

The Indian Removal Act

- violated the constitution

Jacksonians portrayed John Quincy Adams as a man who

- was arrogant and did not understand the common man

In 1812, a state constitutional convention in New York debated a proposal to extend voting rights to all who

- were free, white, male and 21

Loyalists

-20% of population -aka Torries Germans ( mid Atlantic) Anglicans (new England) Landholder(Hudson valley) Scotch-Irish ( south backcountry ) Dutch (New jersey)

WarHawks

-29 up and coming congressmen -Wanted war with Britain -Wanted westward expansion

Ratification

-9 states needed to ratify -Federalists agreed to Amendments (Bill of Rights) -Ratified June 1788

Who where the Separatists?

-A group of people in England who separated from the Anglican Church (AKA Church of England) -Also called Brownists -They called themselves Saints

Analyze the extent of Pilgrims' self-rule; did the English monarchy really control their everyday affairs?

-Despite the Mayflower Compact pledging allegiance to King James, they were pretty much on their own. -The Mayflower Compact acted more as a temporary agreement for unity rather than act as political document

Judith Sargent Murray

-Fought for women's education -Massachusetts based writer and essayist -Wanted to give women's life expanded meaning, not change gender roles

Contrast the views of Roger Williams with those of the Puritan religious establishment. Explain how Williams expanded the notion of religious freedom beyond that of the Pilgrims/Puritans.

-He believed mistreatment of Indians was bad, wanted separation of church and state, and wanted more toleration to other Christian denominations -he believed power belonged to the people --> leads to first amendment

Explain why Masons were controversial and how Freemasonry impacted American history.

-Many Americans were suspicious of the organization because of their secretive meetings, rituals, and codes -Many Founders were Masons, as were many politicians and inventors.

Jemima Wilkinson

-Most widely known open preacher -Withdrew to New Jerusalem with 100+ followers

Explain how New England's self-perception has continued to affect American history up until the present day. Identify and explain the concept of American Exceptionalism.

-New England had democracy and individual independence -American Exceptionalism: the idea that the U.S. has a unique role to play in world history

Bill of Rights

-Opportunity to bridge political divide, source of political stability -Protects individual liberties -Authored by James Madison

Explain why Pilgrims came to America and why future Americans focused on them as their "foundational origin myth."

-Pilgrims came to America for religious freedom after separating from the Church of England -their pursuit of religious freedom resonated with how Americans like to view themselves

Difference between Pilgrims and Puritans?

-Pilgrims were separatists and wanted to split from Anglican church entirely, leaving no ties with England -Puritans just wanted to purify it rather than separate and they wanted to keep ties to England

XYZ Affair

-President Adams sends negotiators to France -France is pissed because of Jay's Treaty and let privateers attack American ships -French agents wanted a bribe -Congress was angry and launched attack on French ships

Washington's Farewell Address

-Resigned after 2 terms b/c he didn't want to die in office like a king -UNITY AT HOME, INDEPENDENCE ABROAD

Tecumseh

-Shawnee chief -Led pan-indian confederacy with brother "The Prophet"

Whiskey Rebellion

-Western regions felt unfairly taxed (25% tax on whiskey) -Peaceful march on Pittsburg met with military force -Uneventful in the end

Sacajawea

-Wife of French trader -Hired to translate -NOT guide -Made expedition seem non-threatening (women didn't go to war)

Mayflower Compact

-declared allegiance to King James -temporary binding agreement until they transferred authority over to their join-stock company, the Plymouth Council of New England

How did the Puritans' village geography reinforce their values? Describe how their church architecture blurred church-state relations but also encouraged participatory democracy.

-farmer fields fanned out like spoke on a wheel; they would circle this wheel to protect each other - Protestant churches were transformed into town halls, where church membership gave men the right to vote for the town's council -Encouraged people to participate = democracy

Describe how events in Pennsylvania indicate the actual push for independence was coming partly from the people (grassroots), not just political leaders.

-granted voting rights to militia members -convinced Continental Congress to declare that all colonial legislatures that derived their power from the Crown should be suppressed - South Carolina, North Carolina and Rhode Island all split from Britain previously and joined Pennsylvania

Describe the Pilgrims' background in England and Europe.

-separated from the Church of England -fled to Leiden, Holland in order to practice their faith in peace -left Holland in fear of the Thirty Years' War, but couldn't go back to England, so they migrated to America -aimed for NYC, but due to treacherous waters, the Mayflower landed in Cape Cod, the moved to Plymouth Rock

John Locke

-stated that it was the government's duty to protect life liberty and propert

Navigation Acts

..., Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Valley Forge

..., Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

When did the US try to conquer Canada?

1. After the refused to be the 14th colony 2. War of 1812

Explain two theories why, despite officially separating religion and politics, the United States ended up with more religion in its politics than most countries.

1. Diverse theologies flourished due to uncensored marketplace 2. Increasingly democratic politics lead to the growth of denominations due to similar beliefs

What was the judicial philosophy of Chief Justice John Marshall and identify 4 Marshall Court decisions that reflected judicial nationalism and what happened.

1. Fletcher v. Peck- Contracts 2. Dartmouth College v. Woodward- Contracts All contracts under British rule are still valid 3. McCulloch v. Maryland- State can't tax national government 4. Gibbons v. Ogden- States can't have 1 person run interstate commerce

How did Monroe calm the fears of those who felt that a Virginia Dynasty controlled the presidency?

1. He was 1st president since Washington to take a national good-will tour 2. Monroe selected cabinet from different parts of the country and of differing interests, harmonizing those in a government of national unity 3. Monroe chose the New Englander and former Federalist John Quincy Adams as Sec. of State 4. All factors contributed to "Era of Good Feelings"

Describe the Enlightenment philosophes' takes on: 1. Politics: Identify John Locke and his role in developing republicanism 2. Religion: Explain how Deism differs from Judeo-Christianity 3. Science

1. Locke demanded that the government secure "natural rights" to free men; political representation of the middle class; checks and balances 2. They disagreed everything important wad already known. Also rejected the Christian "father-figure" God and scriptures 3. Sun-centered "universe"; planets orbit sun; gravity; everything in nature had a scientific reason; encyclopedia; Periodic Table of Elements

Identify 4 of the main religious denominations that sprang out of the Great Awakening.

1. Methodism - free will & salvation 2. Arminianism - salvation came through good works 3. Mormons 4. Jehovah's Witness

What changes were made towards more egalitarian politics?

1. Politics became more open to mass participation by white males 2. Written ballots gave the newly enfranchised privacy as the voted 3. When more white males gained the right to vote, they used their power to oust members of Congress who abused or used their office in ways they didn't like 4. "Representation in most state legislatures was made more equal by giving more seats to newer, rapidly growing regions in the backcountry" 5. Voters began to elect more local officials 6. "Most significant for national politics, voters acquired the power to choose presidential electors" By 1832, only S.C. clung to practice of having the state legislators choose electors

Explain limitations on democracy in the early 19th century

1. There were still property requirements for voting and office-holding 2. More public officials were appointed than elected 3. There was over-representation of wealthier regions in state legislatures

How did Quakers influence history?

1. War should be avoided in possible 2. equality for women 3. Spearheaded abolitionism 4. Equality for all, no superior beings, always use Mr. & Mrs. for everyone 5. Shook hands 6. Didn't believe one should haggle because it was ungodly behavior, therefore the started set prices for goods 7. Children should not be beaten, but taught and talked to

Outline the decisions Washington made at Valley Forge and explain their impact.

1. Washington imported his own mercenary to drill his troop (Baron Von Steuben) 2. Tricked the British into thinking his army was bigger than it was - used moles to relay information to British 3. Inoculation of troops against smallpox Gave his army an upper hand. Noramlly 1/3 die in battle, now 1 in 50 died in battle

Outline the main ideological foundations of the Enlightenment

1. valued reason and logic

Explain the significance of Lowell Massachusetts

13 to 16 year old girls working in factories

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

Glorious Revolution

1688, Overthrow of King James II by a union of English Parliamentarians

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Stamp Act Congress

1765 Organization of colonies that protested taxes

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Treaty of Alliance

1778- In the event France and England went to war French agreed to refuse truce or peace until independence of the US shall be assured by treaty or treaties that terminate the war

Articles of Confederation

1781 -First governing strategy -Created a weak central government, gave states all the power

Yorktown

1781 -Last battle of the American Revolution -Led to the 1783 Treaty of Paris

Shay's Rebellion

1786 -3000 armed men shut down courthouse to protest taxes -Showed confederation government that they needed a new constitution

Ordinance for the Regulation of Indian Affairs

1786 -US attempt to ease tensions with the Indians -1st attempt to develop coherent indian policy -Established superintendents and regulated trade

Constitutional Convention

1787 Delegates sent to write a new Constitution George Washington as presiding officer James Madison as principal author (Same as Philadelphia Convention)

Philadelphia Convention

1787 12 colonies send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation Delegates agree the U.S. needs a new Constitution

The Constitution

1787, Supreme Law of the United States

Philadelphia Convention

1787--12 colonies send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation; Delegates soon agree the United States needs a new Constitution

Northwest Ordinance

1787-Roadmap to Statehood -Help generate tax revenue -Bans slavery north of Ohio River -Statehood depended on population of white, voting males

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Jay Treaty

1794 U.S. granted England most-favored-nation-status and received little in return

Pinckney Treaty

1795 Spain gave the U.S. the right to use the Mississippi River and deposit goods at New Orleans

Sedition Act

1798, (JA) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Pietism

17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion

Louisiana Purchase

1803 France sold Louisiana territory to US for $15 million -doubled the size of US

Louisiana Purchase

1803 U.S. bought Louisiana from France and doubled size

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1803-1806 Explore Louisiana all the way to the Pacific Ocean to strengthen U.S. claims to Oregon

Lewis & Clark Expedition

1804-1806 Objectives: -Find waterway connecting the east to west -Scout for military posts -Form trade alliances with Indians -Study plants and animals

Webster Ashburton treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundary disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and extradition

Walker Tariff

1846 - Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid.

Wilmot proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

California Gold Rush

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. Repealed Missouri Comprimise of 1820

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Jamestown

1st English Colony in 1607

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Alexander Hamilton

1st Secretary of the Treasury Economic Policy: Report on Public Credit 1790 Report on Manufacturing 1791

John Adams

1st Vice President/ 2nd President

When was the first and second Great Awakening? Difference between the two?

1st: 1730's-1740's - took place in the old denominations of New England and Philadelphia 2nd: 1790's-1850's - missionaries across the country

2nd Continental Congress

2 Goals: (1) Raise and supply an army, (2) Reconcile with Britain

Great Compromise

2-tier legislature with the House of Representatives and Senate Constitutional Convention in 1787

What was the 2nd Great Awakening and what was its impact on American theology and religious style?

2nd Great Awakening was a religious revival movement led by evangelical sects of Methodists and Baptists- Charles G. Finney Humanity wasn't predestined to damnation, salvation is open to all so politics should be open to all white men

What were the causes of the Panic of 1819?

2nd National Bank tightened credit & recalled government loans. 1. American economy too dependent on foreign trade & loose credit 2. Loose practices of state banks 3. American textile factories had sprung up during embargo 4. Land Speculators

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States; 1st Secretary of the United States, Advocated for a more agricultural society over industrial society. Hamilton v. Jefferson

Annapolis Convention

5 states attended to discuss issues over trade Congress was asked to call another convention

The Federalist Papers

85 essays published in the newspapers of New York to convince the colonists to ratify the Constitution Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

(Multiple Choice) despite the floor sheen cities, America's population was still about ____ percent rural

90

Wyandot People

??????????

How did laboring in the field together benefit slaves? Question 11 options: They were part of a community, forming strong bonds through work and music with other African Americans. They often received the greatest portions of food because their work was so arduous and required so much energy. There really weren't any benefits; labor in the fields was the most arduous and exploitative of all, far worse that work in the house or in a skilled trade. Field work was often done under the supervision of other blacks, so they didn't have to interact with white people for days or weeks at a time.

A

How did slaves bring West African culture into Christian worship services? Question 16 options: Through the use of drums, conch shells, and dancing By invoking the names of their African gods rather than the Christian God By worshiping in the evening, through sundown, as was practiced in Africa By refusing to say Christian prayers but rather praying softly in their native tongues

A

In 1834, which country became the first to abolish slavery and did so without bloodshed? Question 27 options: Great Britain France Brazil United States

A

In the mid-nineteenth century, unlike wealthier plantation mistresses, the wives and daughters of yeomen farmers Question 23 options: did arduous household labor. worked alongside their family's slaves. were treated more equally in the household. were more likely to be religious.

A

On what basis did the Free-Soil party argue that slavery should not be permitted in the new territories? Question 49 options: Slavery empowered aristocratic men over the rights of the people. Slavery was a moral injustice. The nation would always be paralyzed by this debate if they didn't take a difficult stand now. Northern interests would always be second to those of southern slaveholders.

A

What caused a dramatic increase in the value of cotton in the 1840s and 1850s? Question 8 options: The booming textile industry in New England A decrease in available fertile land An increase in the value of slave labor A crop shortage in Europe

A

What led many poor southern whites to support the institution of slavery? Question 28 options: Economic dependence on slaveholders Competition with free blacks Religious teachings and practices Negative experiences with slaves

A

What philosophy defined the Democratic party platform during the 1844 election? Question 42 options: Expansion Interdependency Capitalism Exploitation

A

What recourse did most plantation mistresses have on discovering their husbands were having sexual relations with slave women? Question 4 options: None really; most pretended they did not know it was happening. Most of these women filed for divorce on grounds of adultery. Mistresses were able to have the alleged lover sold or traded out of the household. Mistresses often filed rape charges against their husbands on behalf of the slave women.

A

What was the outcome of the battle at the Alamo between the Mexican government and a band of white U.S. settlers? Question 38 options: The Mexicans handily defeated the settlers. The battle came to a draw when both sides retreated. The settlers surprisingly defeated the larger Mexican military. The U.S. government intervened and forced the settlers to stand down.

A

Why did slave women generally fail at their runaway attempts? Question 19 options: They often returned to visit family. They weren't as strong or fast as men. They weren't highly motivated because they weren't treated badly. Women were more likely to get lost in the woods.

A

Why were most plantations in the South relatively small prior to the 1840s? Question 1 options: The availability of fertile land was limited. The availability of slave laborers was limited. No one had the resources to finance a vast, expansive plantation. No one product was in such great demand so as to necessitate a large plantation.

A

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E..

Dred Scott decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

American Colonization society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

(Multiple Choice) as a condition for ratification, the Federalists in Massachusetts and elsewhere promise that if adopted, the constitution would be amended to include

A bill of rights

Dred scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Continental Congress

A body of representatives from the British North American colonies who met to respond to England's Intolerable Acts. They declared independence in July 1776 and later drafted the Articles of Confederation.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

Absolutism

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848 broke off of Anti-Slavery Society

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Fugitive slave act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Who was James Otis Jr and what was his famous quote?

A lawyer; "Taxation without representation was tyranny"

Iroquois League

A league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations)

Aztecs-

A member of a people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used poth peaceful and violent means of protest

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

bleeding kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British. Also taught Washington how to effectively lead his men.

Contraband

A term used during the Civil War to describe slaves that escaped and went behind union lines. Congress decided these slaves would not be given back, and labeled them "contraband." They weren't really free, but it was seen as a step closer to freedom. These slaves traveled with Union troops, constructing "contraband" camps next to the union soldiers' camps. The semi-freed slaves also did labor for the north and got paid for it.

Boston Massacre part2

A town meeting was called demanding the removal of the British and the trial of Captain Preston and his men for murder. At the trial, John Adams and Josiah Quincy II defended the British, leading to their acquittal and release. Samuel Quincy and Robert Treat Paine were the attorneys for the prosecution. Later, two of the British soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter. The Boston Massacre was a signal event leading to the Revolutionary War. It led directly to the Royal Governor evacuating the occupying army from the town of Boston. It would soon bring the revolution to armed rebellion throughout the colonies. Note that the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768 was not met by open resistance.

(Multiple Choice) The American colonial exponents of republicanism argued that a just society depends on

A willingness to subordinate private interests to the common good

Which is the bet summary of the doctrine of coverture?

A woman is legally dead once she has married

Which is the best summary of the doctrine of coverture?

A woman is legally dead once she has married.

Ann Hutchinson

A woman who believed that many of the clergy in the Puritan church were not of the elect (except John Cotton and her brother-in-law). Challenges church authority, and champions rights for women in religious affairs, prevents John Winthrop's re-election.

What was the impact of early 19th century political reform on the voting rights of blacks and women?

A. As voting rights and other political opportunities expanded for white males, they shrank for free blacks and women B. Women were considered to be too weak and emotional to be entrusted w/ political rights and blacks were deemed too lazy and lascivious

How did Jackson's loss of the 1824 election set the stage for his victory in 1828

A. Because JQA had won the presidency in what was considered a corrupt bargain B. Adams was out of touch with the times His first message to Congress was a plan that would promote economic growth, social advancement, and scientific progress C. Portrayed as representing only the rich people of the Northeast, Arrogant and looked down on the company man D. Southerners were afraid Adams might use federal power against slavery E. Election stressed personalities, not issues

What areas of reform were undertaking?

A. Moral reform B. Criminal reform- Dorthea Dix- increase in asylums C. Education D. Abolition- William Lloyd Garrison

What about music and medicine?

A. Music- Stephen Collins Foster- Oh Susanna, camptown races, beautiful dreamer, my old Kentucky home B. Medicine- Phrenology- different parts of head control different parts of you, used as racist tactic

Who were the original organizers of the Whig party and explain the special role played by the Anti-Masons

A. Organizers- Clay, Daniel Webster, John Calhoun B. Anti-Masons- A "political party parties" that opposes political parties

Why was JQA's presidency so unsuccessful?

A. Proposals for federally funded roads, canals, harbors, etc. shocked Congress B. People felt he was too Hamiltonian (focused on North & cities) C. Appointed enemies to executive positions in government

Describe John Quincy Adams' work as Sec. of State

A. Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817- Reduced ships from us & British in Great Lakes B. Anglo-American Accords of 1818- Settled boundary dispute between us & British C. Transcontinental Treaty of 1819- We get Florida

List 3 examples of Congressional support for economic nationalism between 1816 and 1817

A. Second National Bank- Makes country more powerful B. Protective Tariff of 1816- Industries gain more power C. Internal Improvements- Roads, canals

What were the basic principles of the Whig political ideology?

A. They based their mass appeal on the claim that they could best defend the Republican liberties of the people B. The Whigs thought that political parties fostered and reward of the selfish interests of the faithful C. The Whigs were quick to brace economic change in the form of banks and Manufacturing Corporation D. Whigs tended to be native-born Protestants of New England For government intervention to improve society, wanted to centralized System of public education E. Tended to be nativists- prejudice against immigrants F. American colonization Society- send immigrants back

What major social problems existed in the early to mid 19th-century?

A. gangs- formed by Irish B. Alcoholism- temperance movement C. Prostitution- anti-prostitution movement D. Lynchings

Massachusetts Government Act May 20, 1774

AN ACT for the better regulating the government of the province of the Massachuset's Bay, in New England. WHEREAS the method of electing such counsellors or assistants, to be vested with the several powers, authorities, and privileges, therein mentioned, ... in which the appointment of the respective governors had been vested in the general courts or assemblies of the said colonies, hash, by repeated experience, been found to be extremely ill adapted to the plan of government established in the province of the Massachuset's Bay ... , and hath ... for or some time past, been such as had the most manifest tendency to obstruct, and, in great measure, defeat, the execution of the laws; to weaken the attachment of his Majesty's well disposed sub jects in the said province to his Majesty's government, and to encourage the ill disposed among them to proceed even to acts of direct resistance to, and defiance of, his Majesty's authority: And it hath accordingly happened, that an open resistance to the execution of the laws hath actually taken place in the town of Boston, and the neighbourhood thereof, within the said Province: And whereas it is, under these circumstances, become absolutely necessary, ... that the said method of annually electing the counsellors or assistants of the said Province should no longer be suffered to continue, but that the appointment of the said counsellors or assistants should henceforth be put upon the like footing as is established in such other of his Majesty's colonies or plantations in America, the governors whereof are appointed by his Majesty's commission, under the great seal of Great Britain: Be it therefore enacted ..., that from and after August 1, 1774, so much of the charter ... [of 1691] ... which relates to the time and manner of electing the assistants or counsellors for the said province, be revoked, ... and that the offices of all counsellors and assistants, elected and appointed in pursuance thereof, shall from thenceforth cease and determine: And that, from and after the said August 1, 17 74, the council, or court of assistants of the said province for the time being, shall be composed of such of the inhabitants or proprietors of lands within the same as shall be thereunto nominated and appointed by his Majesty . . , provided, that the number of the said assistants or counsellors shall not, at any one time, exceed thirty six, nor be less than twelve.

The Declaratory Act March 18, 1766

AN ACT for the better securing the dependency of his Majesty's dominions in America upon the crown and parliament of Great Britain. WHEREAS several of the houses of representatives in his Majesty's colonies and plantations in America, have of late, against law, claimed to themselves, or to the general assemblies of the same, the sole and exclusive right of imposing duties and taxes upon his Majesty's subjects in the said colonies and plantations; and have, in pursuance of such claim, passed certain votes, resolutions, and orders, derogatory to the legislative authority of parliament, and inconsistent with the dependency of the said colonies and plantations upon the crown of Great Britain: ... be it declared ...,

(Matching) Had her own opinions about the course of the American Revolution and urged her husband to take the needs and rights of women into consideration in the construction of the new government

Abigail Adams

Valley Forge

About 2,500 of Washington's men died in the winter of 1777/78 because of cold, hunger, and disease

What was the effect of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

Abraham Lincoln became known across the nation

Outline the accomplishments under the Articles of Confederation and its main problems.

Accoplishments 1. It was too jarring to unify all the states at once 2. Rebels won the war with little resources 3. Survived without a strong currency 4. Established standards weights, volumes and distances 5. Settled disputes over western lands between states by having them give up their Western claims Failures 1. didn't bind the country together 2. inability to tax - no military

(Identification) Quartering Act

Act passed that required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. This is important because many colonials resented the act, viewing it as an encroachment on their rights, which fueled their desire for independence from Britain

(Multiple Choice) One of the greatest problems that John Adams and the Federalists faced in the election of 1800 was

Adam's refusal to take the country to war with France

John Adams 1735-1826 Representing the colony of Massachusetts

Adams began his education in a common school in Braintree. He secured a scholarship to Harvard and graduated at the age of 20. He apprenticed to a Mr. Putnam of Worcester, who provided access to the library of the Attorney General of Massachusetts, and was admitted to the Bar in 1761. He participated in an outcry against Writs of Assistance. Adams became a prominent public figure in his activities against the Stamp Act, in response to which he wrote and published a popular article, Essay on the Canon and Feudal Law. He was married on Oct. 25, 1764 and moved to Boston, assuming a prominent position in the patriot movement. He was elected to the Massachusetts Assembly in 1770, and was chosen one of five to represent the colony at the First Continental Congress in 1774.

Henry Clay's support as speaker of the house for John Quincy Adams in the deadlocked 1824 presidential election was mainly due to

Adams's support for Clay's economic policies.

U.S. Bill of Rights

Added to the Constitution in 1791

(Multiple Choice) In July 1775, after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress

Adopted an Olive Branch Petition declaring American loyalty to the king and begging him to find a peaceful solution

(Essay) Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages the British and Colonials faced during the beginning of the Revolutionary War

Advantages of British: 1. Population 2. Organized Government 3. Strongest Army/Navy 4. Allies-Native Americans 5. Tories-Loyalists 6. Wealth 7. Ability to hire mercenaries Advantages of the Colonials: 1. Great Leadership 2. Fighting defensively on a large agriculturally self-sufficient continent 3. Good marksmen 4. Fighting for a moral cause 5. Expected aid for France Disadvantages of British: 1. Poor Leadership 2. Distance from Britain to colonies (orders) 3. Opposed by France 4. Opposed by many British 5. Had to conquer the colonies 6. Fearful of rebellion in Ireland Disadvantages of Colonials: 1. No supplies, money or credit 2. No organization 3. Poorly trained militia, no army or navy 4. Little unity-Only 40% supported War

In the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Abraham Lincoln stated his belief that

African Americans were entitled to rights

Briefly describe early military action in New England and Canada.

After asking Quebec to join as the 14th colony, whom refused, they tried to physically over take it in order to avoid the British from using it for safety

Identify and explain the judiciary's Second Amendment shift in emphasis from militias to individual rights during the Civil War era.

After civil war, Northern judges downplayed the states' rights/militia meaning of the Second Amendment to minimize the potential power of southern vigilante groups like the KKK

New Spain

After defeating the Aztecs, the Spanish conquered the land making it "New Spain".

Fighting Breaks Out in Lexington and Concord _2

After searching Concord for about four hours, the British prepared to return to Boston, located 18 miles away. By that time, almost 2,000 militiamen—known as minutemen for their ability to be ready on a moment's notice—had descended to the area, and more were constantly arriving. At first, the militiamen simply followed the British column. Fighting started again soon after, however, with the militiamen firing at the British from behind trees, stone walls, houses and sheds. Before long, British troops were abandoning weapons, clothing and equipment in order to retreat faster. When the British column reached Lexington, it ran into an entire brigade of fresh Redcoats that had answered a call for reinforcements. But that did not stop the colonists from resuming their attack all the way through Menotomy (now Arlington) and Cambridge. The British, for their part, tried to keep the colonists at bay with flanking parties and canon fire. In the evening a contingent of newly arrived minutemen from Salem and Marblehead, Massachusetts, purportedly had a chance to cut off the Redcoats and perhaps finish them off. Instead, their commander ordered them not to attack, and the British were able to reach the safety of Charlestown Neck, where they had naval support.

The Bill of Rights

After the leaders of the new United States wrote the Constitution, they had to get the thirteen states to agree to it. Some of the states didn't want to agree unless they could add some specific rights for individual people. So in 1791 the United States added ten new rights to the Constitution. These are called the Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.And a bill of rights, Madison and his colleagues finally concluded, might support public understanding and knowledge of individual liberty that would assist citizens in the task of defending their liberties.

Explain why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the war.

After two of three armies (coming from all different directions) did not show, the remaining army was forced to surrender to the continental army Ultimately proved to France they were serious and could win battles - led to an alliance

John Adams

Again in the Continental Congress, in 1775, he nominated Washington to be commander-in-chief on the colonial armies. Adams was a very active member of congress, he was engaged by as many as ninety committees and chaired twenty-five during the second Continental Congress. In May of 1776, he offered a resolution that amounted to a declaration of independence from Gr. Britain. He was shortly thereafter a fierce advocate for the Declaration drafted by Thos. Jefferson. Congress then appointed him ambassador to France, to replace Silas Dean at the French court. He returned from those duties in 1779 and participated in the framing of a state constitution for Massachusetts, where he was further appointed Minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a peace, and form a commercial treaty, with Gr. Britain. In 1781 he participated with Franklin, Jay and Laurens, in development of the Treaty of Peace with Gr. Britain and was a signer of that treaty, which ended the Revolutionary War, in 1783. He was elected Vice President of the United States under Geo. Washington in 1789, and was elected President in 1796. Adams was a Federalist and this made him an arch-rival of Thos. Jefferson and his Republican party. The discord between Adams and Jefferson surfaced many times during Adams' (and, later, Jefferson's) presidency. This was not a mere party contest. The struggle was over the nature of the office and on the limits of Federal power over the state governments and individual citizens. Adams retired from office at the end of his term in 1801. He was elected President of a convention to reform the constitution of Massachusetts in 1824, but declined the honor due to failing health. He died on July 4, 1826 (incidentally, within hours of the death of Thos. Jefferson.) His final toast to the Fourth of July was "Independence Forever!" Late in the afternoon of the Fourth of July, just hours after Jefferson died at Monticello, Adams, unaware of that fact, is reported to have said, "Thomas Jefferson survives."

Adams-onis treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Gadsden purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Ardent Spirits

Alcohol -Big source of friction in Indian country -1802: Alcohol trade regulated -1832: Banned altogether

(Matching) The revolutionary war soldier, fears proponent of a strong central government, and one of the primary authors of the Federalist papers. He was the leader of the Federalist party and the first US secretary of the treasury

Alexander Hamilton

The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest against a policy that was initially proposed by

Alexander Hamilton

Who was the first secretary of the treasury?

Alexander Hamilton

The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest against a policy that was initially proposed by

Alexander Hamilton.

Alien & Sedition Acts

Alien: Can deport anyone seen as threatening (Frenchmen), increased waiting time to become an American Sedition: Heavy fine or jail time for people speaking out against the government, silenced political opposition -Both were really bad for Adam's administration

Entail

All land must be inherited in one piece by one person

(Multiple Choice) The ninth and 10th amendments partly reversed the Federalist momentum of the constitution by declaring that

All rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves

French and Indian War 1754-1763 (1)

Also known as the Seven Years' War, this New World conflict marked another chapter in the long imperial struggle between Britain and France. When France's expansion into the Ohio River valley brought repeated conflict with the claims of the British colonies, a series of battles led to the official British declaration of war in 1756. Boosted by the financing of future Prime Minister William Pitt, the British turned the tide with victories at Louisbourg, Fort Frontenac and the French-Canadian stronghold of Quebec. At the 1763 peace conference, the British received the territories of Canada from France and Florida from Spain, opening the Mississippi Valley to westward expansion.

Describe Benjamin Franklin's diplomatic role in the Revolutionary War.

Ambassador to France; secured an alliance to fight the British until the end of the war

(Multiple Choice) Jeffersons embargo act provided that

America wouod prohibit all foreign trade

John Hancock http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/john-hancock

American Revolution leader John Hancock (1737-1793) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and a governor of Massachusetts. The colonial Massachusetts native was raised by his uncle, a wealthy Boston merchant. When his uncle died, Hancock inherited his lucrative shipping business. In the mid-1760s, as the British government began imposing regulatory measures to assert greater authority over its American colonies, anti-British sentiment and unrest grew among the colonists. Hancock used his wealth and influence to aid the movement for American independence. He was president of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1777, when the Declaration of Independence was adopted and the United States was born. From 1780 to 1785, Hancock was the first governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He was reelected in 1787 and served until his death in 1793.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Horatio Gates

American officer in command at Battle of Saratoga

Stephen Douglas

American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty.

Battle of Yorktown

American victory ended fighting in America French navy blocked the harbor at Yorktown so the British could not send ships to rescue their troops Washington and French troops had British cornered

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

During the Gold Rush, 80 percent of the new arrivals to California were

American-born

According to those quoted in the text, all of the following aspects of American society shocked European visitors EXCEPT A) Americans' denying women the right to vote. B) Americans' admiration of the term democrat. C) Americans' custom of shaking hands as a greeting. D) Americans' tendency to speak familiarly with strangers. E) Americans' mixing with members of various classes.

Americans' denying women the right to vote.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

American Anti-slavery Society

An abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. Promoted the immediate emancipation of slaves in the U.S.

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory. Killed five pro-slavery settlers with his sons.

Fifty four forty or fight

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan- the Democrats' wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54'40" latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846.

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Caroline incident

An incident where an American steamer was attacked by the British. It caused a rise in tensions between the two countries.

Daughters of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers

The Whigs considered what person most responsible for the Panic of 1837?

Andrew Jackson

Which politician established his reputation as a military leader during the War of 1812?

Andrew Jackson

Who gained national fame as a result of the American victory at New Orleans?

Andrew Jackson

Spoils System

Andrew Jackson rewarded political allies with positions in government under the guise of rotating employees to prevent corruption.

How was Rhode Island established?

Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams (dissenters of the Protestant Church) were sent there because they were misfits. Nicknames Rogue Island

How did the size of the federal government during Washington's presidency accord with Anti-Federalist fears?

Anti-Federalists feared that the government would be large and expensive, but it was quite small at that time.

Conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds. They feared that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power".

(Multiple Choice) The sedition act of 1798 declared that

Anyone criticizing the president or other federal officials could be fined or imprisoned

Federalists

Approved the new Constitution and the Federal government

Lexington & Concord

April 1775 -First outbreak of violence between the Americans and British -Unofficial beginning of American Revolution

What constitutional issue was central to both Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1830) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

Are the Cherokee a sovereign nation or subjects of the United States?

Jonathan Trumbull

Artist to first display unique American art

Explain outlivers

As Salem Town filled up, the poorer people had to move out and start a new cluster. These people forced to move out were called outlivers

Why did Franklin Pierce handily win the presidential election of 1852?

As a Northerner with Southern sympathies, he bridged the sectional divide.

What factors led to the transformation of Southern attitudes toward slavery?

As cotton agriculture became more important to the economy and abolitionist fervor increased, white Southerners were compelled to defend the institution.

How did such American leaders as John Quincy Adams regard the Treaty of Ghent?

As doing little more than end the fighting between the United States and Britain

Given that wealthy white Southerners enjoyed such entertainment as jousting and settled matters of honor with dueling, what seems to have been one major difference between Southern and Northern cultures?

As industrialization progressed in the North, Southerners were looking to the past.

(Multiple Choice) John Marshall as Chief Justice of United States, help to strengthen the judicial branch of government by

Asserting the doctrine of judicial review of congressional legislation, giving the Supreme Court the power to determine constitutionality

Fighting Breaks Out in Lexington and Concord _1

At dawn on April 19, some 700 British troops arrived in Lexington and came upon 77 militiamen gathered on the town green. A British major yelled, "Throw down your arms! Ye villains, ye rebels." The heavily outnumbered militiamen had just been ordered by their commander to disperse when a shot rang out. To this day, no one knows which side fired first. Several British volleys were subsequently unleashed before order could be restored. When the smoke cleared, eight militiamen lay dead and nine were wounded, while only one Redcoat was injured. The British then continued into Concord to search for arms, not realizing that the vast majority had already been relocated. They decided to burn what little they found, and the fire got slightly out of control. Hundreds of militiamen occupying the high ground outside of Concord incorrectly thought the whole town would be torched. The militiamen hustled to Concord's North Bridge, which was being defended by a contingent of British soldiers. The British fired first but fell back when the colonists returned the volley. This was the "shot heard 'round the world" later immortalized by poet Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Which of the following accurately describes the casualties of Nat Turner's Rebellion?

At least fifty whites and as many African Americans died before the rebels were stopped.

Virginia v. New Jersey Plan

At the Constitutional Convention VA- votes by population NJ- 1 vote per state Both- Stronger central government, Congress has right to enforce laws/taxes, Checks & balances

French and Indian War 1763

At the peace conference in 1763, the British received Canada from France and Florida from Spain, but permitted France to keep its West Indian sugar islands and gave Louisiana to Spain. The treaty strengthened the American colonies significantly by removing their European rivals to the north and south and opening the Mississippi Valley to westward expansion. Although the war with the French ended in 1763, the British continued to fight with the Indians over the issue of land claims. "Pontiac's War" flared shortly after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and many of the battlefields—including Detroit, Fort Pitt, and Niagara—were the same. The Indians, however, already exhausted by many years of war, quickly capitulated under the ferocious British retaliation; still, the issue remained a problem for many years to come. The results of the war effectively ended French political and cultural influence in North America. England gained massive amounts of land and vastly strengthened its hold on the continent. The war, however, also had subtler results. It badly eroded the relationship between England and Native Americans; and, though the war seemed to strengthen England's hold on the colonies, the effects of the French and Indian War played a major role in the worsening relationship between England and its colonies that eventually led into the Revolutionary War.

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Aug 1794 -Final Battle of the NW Indian Wars involving the Western Lakes Confederacy -Indians waited in fallen trees to hide, forced to retreat after 1 hour -Tried to go to British Fort Miami, but the gates were closed on them -Ended Indian hostility in the Great Lakes

After 1840, planters went to great measures to discipline and punish slaves because Question 17 options: slaves rarely worked as hard as they could for even eight hours a day. slaveholders became paranoid of a group over whom they exerted an incredible amount of authority. slave rebellions were so frequent and violent during the period. whites were so racist that slavery gave them an excuse to beat blacks.

B

At what age were slave children put to work full-time? Question 15 options: As soon as they could walk, talk, and follow instructions Eleven or twelve Eight or nine Depended on the philosophy of the slaveholder

B

How did slavery stunt the development of other important industries and institutions in the South? Question 6 options: Slavery was so controversial that northerners did not want to do business with the South. Wealthy people invested all of their money in slavery and nothing else. The plantation economy required rural settlements and deterred the development of great cities. Southerners agreed to rely on the North for manufacturing and education in exchange for their reliance on southern goods.

B

How did the acquisition of new territory following war with Mexico shape political life in America in the mid-nineteenth century? Question 46 options: A temporary period of peace and prosperity resulted. Sectional conflicts over slavery and values increased. Northerners found themselves with newfound power and authority. It raised questions about the treatment of Indians.

B

In 1844, Mexico, Britain, and the Comanches united in contesting newly elected President James K. Polk's position favoring Question 41 options: Texas's sovereignty from Mexico and subsequent U.S. statehood. U.S. expansion into Oregon and Mexico. national sovereignty for Indian nations in Indian Territory. U.S. expansion into Wisconsin and parts of Canada.

B

In the early nineteenth century, which group of southerners allied most closely with slave owners? Question 26 options: Yeomen farmers Middle-class people Religious leaders Poor whites

B

Regarding the Treaty of New Echota, the majority of Cherokee people were Question 36 options: happy with the terms because they voted for it. unhappy with the terms and did not authorize it. happy with the terms even though they did not authorize it. unhappy with the terms even though they authorized it.

B

The Comanche tribe was a serious threat to Mexico after 1821 because Question 45 options: the tribe doubled in size and threat. Mexico achieved independence and lacked resources. Mexico was in the midst of a bloody war with Spain. the Comanche won their war with white settlers and were free to focus on Mexico.

B

What caused the Panic of 1837? Question 39 options: Cotton harvests in the South failed. The South had a strong dependency on British investments. Northern abolitionists cut ties with southern cotton producers. The Bank of America called in its loans to southern planters.

B

What contributed to record-breaking profits by planters from the early 1840s onward? Question 2 options: A dramatic increase in value of slave labor Vast profits from cotton, rice, and sugar A decrease in the value of European currency Greater reliance on the labor of slave women and children

B

What did southern planters rely on to expand and sustain the system of slavery? Question 30 options: States' rights Federal power Economic dependency Presidential support

B

What did the execution of Nat Turner and his followers in 1831 signal to African Americans? Question 20 options: That only free blacks should organize against slavery How far whites would go to protect slavery That whites were right and Nat Turner was wrong That the American justice system was fair

B

What moved planters to promote the ideology of white supremacy in the 1830s? Question 29 options: Slaves were getting too tricky and rebellious. Other nations began to abolish slavery. Poor whites turned against the planters and they needed to win the poor whites back. Free blacks failed to show they could be as successful as whites.

B

Who fit the description of a "yeoman farmer"? Question 22 options: Small-scale farmers who owned fewer than six slaves Independent landowners who did not own slaves Landowners of any scale who owned fewer than ten slaves Farmers who worked leased land without slave labor

B

Why did President Polk refuse to run for reelection in 1848? Question 48 options: He was against slavery and could not represent a nation that still allowed it. He was tired from the war effort and fights among Democrats. He knew he would lose because of his weak negotiation with Mexico when signing the peace treaty. His wife was inadvertently killed during the conflict with Mexico.

B

Explain the provisions of the Missouri Compromise, how made it and how its enactment set the stage for the 19th century debate over slavery

Balance slave & free states, one slave state enters one free state enters Henry Clay

Frederick Douglas

Became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writings. In his time he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.

What effect did the depression of 1837 have on the labor movement?

Because of fierce competition for existing jobs, labor lost bargaining power.

Lexington and Concord

Beginning of the American Revolution April 1775 "The Shot Heard Around the World"

What is social awareness?

Being aware of problems

What is deism?

Belief in God based on reason and natural law; signature religion of the enlightenment

(Matching) The printer, inventor, statesman, and revolutionary who became a leading revolutionary and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He also served as the American commissioner to France who was most responsible for that nation's support in the American Revolution

Benjamin Franklin

Bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Kansas is the term used to described the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory. In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraksa Act overturned the Missouri Compromise's use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory and instead, using the principle of popular sovereignty, decreed that the residents would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Proslavery and free-state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. Violence soon erupted as both factions fought for control. Abolitionist John Brown led anti-slavery fighters in Kansas before his famed raid on Harpers Ferry.

Bering Strait

Body of water under an ancient land bridge that led to Alaska. Many ancient people are believed to have traveled across the bridge into the Western Hemisphere between 12,00 and 14,000 years ago due to the development of new tools and the migrations of large animals.

Shoe maker and tea party (George Hewes)

Book about George Hewes experiences witnessing the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party.

Analyze the connection between the "Destruction of the Tea" and the American Revolutionary War.

Boston Tea Party: people were upset that they cut out the middlemen (who needed that to make a living) Basically, they disliked that Britain controlled them

Analyze why the British saw Boston as a primary source of agitation against their empire.

Boston had most of the riots and angry colonists that would fight

Mason-Dixon line

Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland that divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery

South Atlantic System

Brazil + West Indies + Sugar. Merchants stayed in Europe

(Multiple Choice) The new Congress that met in 1811 contained a large number of members who believed that

Britain should be vigorously confronted and the Indian threat to the west and eliminated

(Multiple Choice) The event that precipitated the first real shooting between the British army and the American colonists was the

British attempt to seize colonial supplies and leaders at Lexington and Concord

"Gentleman" Johnny Burgoyne

British officer in command at Battle of Saratoga Brought women and children along

French/Indian War(1754)

British/Americans vs. French/Indians= British Win Treaty of Paris is the result

Burr/Hamilton Duel

Burr runs for governor of NY Hamilton campaigns against him causing Burr's loss Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and Hamilton was killed

French and Indian War 1760

By September 1760, the British controlled all of the North American frontier; the war between the two countries was effectively over. The 1763 Treaty of Paris, which also ended the European Seven Years War, set the terms by which France would capitulate. Under the treaty, France was forced to surrender all of her American possessions to the British and the Spanish.

10. What foods were the staples of a slave's diet? Question 10 options: Fruits and vegetables they grew themselves Lots of protein and some fat Primarily high-calorie fats and carbohydrates Mainly meat with occasional vegetables

C

Household work benefited slaves because Question 14 options: the work was less arduous than field work. they got to develop close relationships with the slaveholders. they often received leftovers and hand-me-downs. they were less likely to be abused.

C

James Henry Hammonds viewed himself as a progressive master, and he Question 5 options: believed that slaves deserved to be treated with respect and rarely used violence. adopted nonviolent means of punishment such as solitary confinement. whipped his slaves excessively regardless of his self-image. restricted his use of whipping to males over the age of twelve.

C

The Treaty of New Echota, which authorized the exchange of 100 million acres of Cherokee land for $68 million and 32 million acres in Indian Territory, was authorized by Question 35 options: the Cherokee leader John Ross. the majority of Cherokee men who voted to accept it. a few Cherokee men who were tricked by the U.S. government. the U.S. government without any input from the Cherokee.

C

The Wilmot Proviso, which passed in the House in 1846, proposed that Question 47 options: the territory acquired from Mexico be partly divided among Indian tribes. the territory acquired from Mexico be divided between Indians, free blacks, and white settlers. slavery be abolished in the territory acquired from Mexico. slavery be protected in the territory acquired from Mexico.

C

What Virginian(s) spoke passionately in defense of slavery, ensuring its continuation in the wake of Nat Turner's rebellion? Question 21 options: Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States Mr. Travis, slaveholder and target of insurrection Thomas Dew, president of the College of William and Mary The Ladies of Augusta, representing the western counties

C

What caused the Second Seminole War in the 1830s? Question 32 options: White settlers opened fire on Seminole Indians, against terms of the Indian Removal Act. The Seminole and the Cherokee fought over lucrative land along the Mississippi River. The U.S. military forcibly removed Seminoles from their land. The Seminole Indians attacked white settlers who came to take their land.

C

What development led slaveholders to treat slaves better and increasingly view them as "valuable property"? Question 9 options: Exposure of planters' violent practices Realization that planters' behavior was inhumane The end of the international slave trade The increase in demand for cotton

C

What had Congress hoped to achieve with the Indian Removal Act of 1830? Question 31 options: The final removal of Indians from the United States The removal of Indians from the Louisiana Territory The settlement of Indians to land west of the Mississippi River A peaceful treaty whereby Indians would move but retain ownership of their land

C

What is meant by manifest destiny as touted by politicians during the 1840s? Question 43 options: The right of opposing legislative parties to debate is vital to democracy and preordained by the Enlightenment. Political parties must agree to a "manifest" before each campaign cycle. The United States has a God-given right to expand its borders. The United States has proven its destiny as the most powerful country in the world.

C

Where did many middle class southerners receive their education in the early nineteenth century? Question 25 options: Local public schools Local private schools Northern private schools Home schools

C

Which slaves were most likely to successfully run away in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Question 13 options: Young men and women from the fields Skilled male slaves with greater mobility Single men without ties Female domestics with the trust of their mistress

C

Why was incumbent Martin Van Buren vulnerable in his 1840 reelection campaign? Question 40 options: Andrew Jackson had recovered and was running against him. Van Buren endorsed the wildly unpopular "gag rule" in 1836. Van Buren failed to intervene in the Panic of 1837. Van Buren lost all of his campaign money in the banking crisis.

C

(Multiple Choice) The new constitution did not provide for the creation of a

Cabinet

Contrast Great Awakening theology with that of the original 17th-century New England Calvinists.

Calvinism was very old and complicated

Spanish Conquistadors

Came for God, Gold & Glory; Brought Plants, Animals, Language Laws, Customs, Religion & Encomienda to New World; counquerd aztecs and mayans

(Multiple Choice) The Congressional Warhawks of 1812 were especially eager to sponsor an American invasion and conquest of

Canada

Fundamental Constitution

Carolinas, 1669

Adam-Onis Treaty

Ceded Florida to the United States and determined the boundary between New Spain and the United States.

Whom did Jefferson defeat to win a second term?

Charles Pinckney

Why did Thomas Jefferson want to impeach Justice Samuel Chase?

Chase frequently gave speeches from the bench denouncing Jefferson and his policies.

John Ross (related to Major Ridge and John Ridge)

Cherokee chief who went to court in Georgia to protect the Cherokees' right to own their own land when the government gave the land to new settlers.

Trail of Tears

Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

In 1852, the California state legislature bolstered segregation by imposing a heavy tax on

Chinese miners

Treaty of Paris, 1763 part 3

Choiseul preferred to keep the small Caribbean islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Lucia rather than hold on to the vast territory stretching from Louisiana to Canada. This decision was motivated by the fact that the islands' sugar industry was enormously profitable. In contrast, Canada had been a drain on the French treasury. The loss of Canada, while lamentable to French officials, made sense from a mercantile perspective. The diplomats completed their negotiations and signed the preliminary Treaty of Paris on November 3, 1762. Spanish and French negotiators also signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso at the same time, which confirmed the cession of French Louisiana to Spain. Although British King George III and his ministers were in favor of the treaty, it was unpopular with the British public. However, the treaty contained enough concessions to war hawks that the British Parliament ratified the Treaty of Paris by a majority of 319 to 64, and the treaty went into effect on February 10, 1763.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

What was the Maysville Road bill and why did Jackson veto it?

Clay makes national road dip down to Kentucky to help himself Jackson doesn't like Clay, doesn't think it's practical

How did the nullification crisis come to an end?

Clay says we will gradually end tariff

Olive Branch Petition

Colonists expressed regret for what happened and claimed to be loyal citizens of England King refused and declared the colonies to be in rebellion

Explain where the Thanksgiving story came from?

Combination of 1. Edward Winslow wrote that 90 men joined them to hunt, play games and eat. 2. Pilgrims fasted for religious holidays 3. Pilgrims held Harvest Home celebrations

The Roots of Colonial Resistance

Coming in the midst of economic hardship in the colonies, the Stamp Act aroused vehement resistance. Although most colonists continued to accept Parliament's authority to regulate their trade, they insisted that only their representative assemblies could levy direct, internal taxes, such as the one imposed by the Stamp Act. They rejected the British government's argument that all British subjects enjoyed virtual representation in Parliament, even if they could not vote for members of Parliament. The colonists also took exception with the provision denying offenders trials by jury. A vocal minority hinted at dark designs behind the Stamp Act. These radical voices warned that the tax was part of a gradual plot to deprive the colonists of their freedoms and to enslave them beneath a tyrannical regime. Playing off traditional fears of peacetime armies, they wondered aloud why Parliament saw fit to garrison troops in North America only after the threat from the French had been removed. These concerns provided an ideological basis that intensified colonial resistance.

Great Compromise

Compromise in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Gradual Emancipation

Concept: If you were born as a slave after a certain date, you may gain your freedom after a set number of years -Attempt to be a "republican" government

The Treaty of Alliance (1778)

Congress appointed a group of commissioners, led by Benjamin Franklin, and dispatched them to France to negotiate an agreement. ,the men signed the Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce which was largely based on the Model Treaty. The Treaty of Alliance (1778) was a defensive agreement stating that France would ally with the United States if the former went to war with Britain. In the case of war, the two nations would work together to defeat the common foe. The treaty also set forth land claims for after the conflict and essentially granted the United States all territory conquered in North America while France would retain those lands and islands captured in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. In regard to ending the conflict, the treaty dictated that neither side would make peace without the consent of the other and that the United States' independence would be recognized by Britain. An article was also included stipulating that additional nations may join the alliance in the hope that Spain would enter the war.

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

Congress could not stop the importation of slaves for at least 20 years and could not tax exports

1787 Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance

Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance, structuring settlement of the Northwest Territory and creating a policy for the addition of new states to the nation. The members of Congress knew that if their new confederation were to survive intact, it had to resolve the states' competing claims to western territory. the Northwest Ordinance proposed that three to five new states be created from the Northwest Territory. Instead of adopting the legal constructs of an existing state, each territory would have an appointed governor and council. When the population reached 5,000, the residents could elect their own assembly, although the governor would retain absolute veto power. When 60,000 settlers resided in a territory, they could draft a constitution and petition for full statehood. The ordinance provided for civil liberties and public education within the new territories, but did not allow slavery. Pro-slavery Southerners were willing to go along with this because they hoped that the new states would be populated by white settlers from the South. They believed that although these Southerners would have no slaves of their own, they would not join the growing abolition movement of the North.

Tariff of Abominations

Congress passes a tariff designed to protect industry in the northern states, the south became outraged and referred to the Tariff of 1828 the "Tariff of Abominations" because Europe retaliated by buying less southern cotton. This caused southerners to continue buying European goods, albeit at a higher price, to appease them.

(Multiple Choice) Most Americans

Considered citizen virtue fundamental to any successful republican government

What occurred in the mid-1830s to spare the beaver from extinction?

Consumers began to prefer silk over fur.

First Bank of the U.S.

Controversy over creation led to creation of Federalist and Republican parties

Explain the overlapping but slightly different interpretations of historians Saul Cornell and Joyce Lee Malcolm on the meaning (original intent) of the Second Amendment.

Cornell: Framers focused on an individual's obligation to serve in government militia — almost more similar to jury duty than freedoms of speech, religion or the press Malcolm: protected state militias against a national standing army and protected individual owners

(Multiple Choice) One of the most demoralizing forces undermining the American cause was

Corrupt profiteering and speculation by American merchants

What is one reason that cotton cultivation spread westward after 1820?

Cotton depleted the soil of nutrients, so growers needed fresh land.

How did Eli Whitney's work affect the US?

Cotton gin Interchangeable parts

Cherokee nation vs. Georgia

Court Case: Determined that while the Cherokee people were an independent nation, they were still a "denominated domestic dependent nation".

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Court case between Cherokee Nation and the state of Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Cherokee Nation was not its own nation as it was within the territorial bounds of the United States, however was independent because the US had formed treaties.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

(Identification) NorthWest Ordinance

Created a policy for administering the Northwest territories. It is important because it included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Compromise of 1850

Created by Henry Clay, who attempted to reduce tensions and address sectional differences between the North and South. It involved California joining the Union as a free state and allowing remaining Mexican lands' slavery status to be decided with popular sovereignty. Additionally, to satisfy southern complaints, the Fugitive Slave Law would be altered to increase its effectiveness.

Freedmen's Bureau

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.

What was the market revolution?

Creation of factories, canals and roads Early Industrial Revolution

(Matching) The runaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in "The Boston Massacre," in which he was the first to die

Crispus Attucks

Crispus Attucks

Crispus Attucks, one of the first men to die for American Revolution, was a fugitive slave who had escaped from his master and had worked for twenty years as a merchant seaman. When Samuel Adams, prominent leader of the struggle against British domination of the American colonies, called upon the dock workers and seamen in the port of Boston to demonstrate against the British troops guarding the customs commissioners, Crispus Attucks responded to the plea. Aroused by Adams' exhortations, a group of 40 to 50 patriots, armed with clubs, sticks and snowballs, approached the British soldiers. Attucks was apparently in the front of the line of the aroused citizens, urging them on. Suddenly there was a terse order--"Fire!" The British troops responded with a barrage of rifle fire. Crispus Attucks was the first to fall in the celebrated "Boston Massacre" of 1770. Four other Americans died that night from the action. Samuel Adams used the incident to incite the colonists to further rebellion. Although only five people were killed, Adams termed it a "massacre" of innocent citizens by the tyrannical mother country. Paul Revere published a poem and a drawing of this famous incident in the Boston Gazette on March 12, 1770. Writers who omit Crispus Attucks' Writers who omit Crispus Attucks' name from the accounts of the American revolution might as well dismiss the "Boston Massacre" as an irrelevant incident in the struggle for American independence. His sacrifice without doubt puts him in the same category of such prominent African American heroes as Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman.

(Multiple Choice) One way that independence actually harm to the nation's economic fortunes was by

Cutting off American trade with the British Empire

"Oregon fever" in 1842 was Question 44 options: an outbreak of yellow fever that swept the Oregon territory. a battle between British settlers and local Indians in Oregon. the massive influx of British into Oregon. the massive influx of Americans into Oregon.

D

How did the United States eventually win the Second Seminole War? Question 33 options: It outspent Seminoles $30 million to $5 million. The military enlisted the help of slaves. The Seminoles were largely destroyed by a smallpox epidemic. It offered the Seminole leader peace but captured him instead.

D

In his approach to Indian/white relations, Cherokee leader John Ross Question 34 options: advocated peaceful but separate coexistence. called for mutual respect of cultural traditions. promoted Indian diet and lifestyle as valuable to whites. promoted "Americanization" of the Indians.

D

News of Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 was especially frightening to slaveholders because Turner Question 18 options: managed to unite free blacks and slaves. managed to inspire slaves to kill their owners. seemed like an obedient, submissive slave prior to this event. recruited poor whites to help in his rebellion.

D

The relationship between yeomen farmers and neighboring plantation owners was that they were Question 24 options: generally friendly but economically independent of each other. hostile neighbors and economic competitors. often relatives who tried not to mix business with family. often related to one another with the farmers relying on the plantation owners.

D

What labor system often left some slaves time to cultivate gardens, fish for supper, make quilts, or repair furniture in the evenings? Question 12 options: Gang system Row system Rake system Task system

D

What were the two largest southern cities in 1850, with populations over 100,000? Question 7 options: Charleston and Atlanta New Orleans and Charleston Atlanta and Baltimore Baltimore and New Orleans

D

Which party won the 1848 election, placing a slaveholder in the White House? Question 50 options: Whigs Free-Soil party Democrats Federalists

D

Why did the Cherokee march from their land in the Southeast to Indian Territory become known as the Trail of Tears? Question 37 options: They were so sad at having to move. They were beaten and tortured by the U.S. army along the way. Their leader, Chief Big Tears, died along the way. It took longer than expected and many people died.

D

Why were harsher methods of discipline introduced after 1840 on plantations in South Carolina and Mississippi? Question 3 options: Slaves in those areas frequently organized riots and other more minor rebellions. Slaveholders in those areas were inexperienced and overcompensating. Slaves proved impervious to more mild punishments. Slaveholders feared blacks because they outnumbered whites.

D

Access the meaning and impact of Shay's Rebellion. What does this uprising tell us about the early United States?

Daniel Shay and his followers opposed rising taxes and high farm loan payments; also did not receive anything from the years of service Led to a strong, central government & ridding of the Articles of Confederation

What was the Whig strategy for their first election (1836)?

Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison and Hugh White- Try to get the election into the house by not letting Van Buren get majority

Boston Tea Party

Dec 1773 -Protest by Sons of Liberty -Response to Tea Act

Treaty of Ghent

December 1814 Ended War of 1812 Status Quo

Battle of San Jacinto

Decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston, the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna's Mexican army. Paved the way for the Republic of Texas to become an independent country.

(Identification) Battle of Saratoga

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York against the British. This was important because it secured the French support for the War and was the turning point towards colonial victory

Force bill

Declared that the President could sanction the US Army to force South Carolina into paying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. This never was used because it was settled by the Compromise Tariff of 1833.

Bacon's Rebellion

Defeated Indians which allowed them to destroy Jamestown. Then Bacon died.

Carlisle Commission

Delivered a British plan for conciliation designed to block the French alliance Rejected by U.S. Congress

Which statement about the geographical expansion of the United States is true? A) Democrats favored geographical expansion because the acquisition of land was key to creating a nation of independent farmers. B) Democrats opposed geographical expansion because they sought to improve America, not make it larger. C) Whigs favored geographical expansion because the acquisition of land was key to supporting economic prosperity for all Americans. D) Whigs opposed geographical expansion because increasing the size of the nation would necessitate a stronger central government. E) Both Democrats and Whigs favored geographical expansion because each believed it would help fulfill their particular vision of society and government.

Democrats favored geographical expansion because the acquisition of land was key to creating a nation of independent farmers.

(Multiple Choice) The greatest impact of the revolution of 1800 was in

Demonstrating that even a bitterly contested American election could result in the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another

Compromise of 1833

Discussed in nullification crisis and Force bill.

(Multiple Choice) President Washington's foreign policy rested on the firm conviction that

Do United States was too military weak and politically disunited to become involved in European wars

Popular sovereignty

Doctrine by Senator Lewis Cass that opted for letting settlers decide the future of slavery in the territories. Argued that democratic, self-governing territorial legislatures should regulate their own internal affairs.

The Quartering Act PART2

During the Stamp Act unrest of 1765 and early 1766, increasing numbers of soldiers were stationed in or near American cities. Some of those were new units brought from England; others were transferred from western posts, a move that enabled the Indians to regain the offensive on some portions of the frontier. The reaction of the colonists was largely negative and was rooted in two issues: Traditional fear of standing armies. The colonists generally preferred to rely on militia units rather than formal armies. Militiamen could be called for service during a particular crisis, then disbanded when the fighting was concluded. Cost. The cost of expenses for an army was no small matter for the colonial assemblies. In the past when an attack by a foreign power was imminent, they usually responded with the necessary appropriations. However, in the mid-1760s most colonists no longer feared the French. Many had concluded that the soldiers were present for the purpose of assuring American compliance with unpopular programs drafted in England The Quartering Act was amended in 1774, when it would again ignite the fears of many Americans.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas. Certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates.

Treaty of Paris, 1763 part 1

During the war, British forces had scored important overseas victories against France: not only had the British conquered French Canada, they also won victories in India, and captured French island colonies in the Caribbean. In March of 1762, French King Louis XV issued a formal call for peace talks. The British Government was also interested in ending the war. The Seven Years' War had been enormously expensive, and the Government had to finance the war with debt. Creditors were beginning to doubt Great Britain's ability to pay back the loans it had floated on financial markets. In addition, British King George II had died in 1760, and his successor George III was more amenable to ending the war.

How was the election of 1832 a referendum of the bank war?

EX: if Obama did a good job, vote for him again Clay v. Jackson- If you think the bank of the US is bad, vote for Jackson again Jackson wins 1832 election

Three-fifths Compromise

Each slave was counted as 2/5 of a person for taxation and representation

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

What was Van Buren's downfall in the election of 1840?

Economy was terrible because of Jackson

Identify two Middle Eastern countries that tried to build democracies in the 2010s and some of the problems they faced.

Egypt- wrote their constitution on Sharia Law, caused non-Muslim uprising Iraq- government could not protect the minority from the majority = chaos

Fugitive Slave Act

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended American Revolution Britain recognized U.S. independence

Embargo Act of 1807

England and France were at war and both were interfering with U.S. trade Jefferson halted all trade with foreign countries First president to use economic warfare

Representative Government importance in the Enlightenment period

England's absolutist monarchy eroded because people wanted to reexamine traditional wisdom

HMS Gaspee

English ship that was sent to stop smuggling but ran aground and was burned by the colonists off the coast of Rhode Island by John Brown (great-grandfather started Rhode Island with Roger Williams).

Tories

Englishmen in the colonies representing the King

Quartering Act of 1774

Established June 2, 1774, the Quartering Act of 1774 was similar in substance to the Quartering Act of 1765. In 1765, Parliament passed a quartering act that stated that British troops in America would be housed in barracks and in public houses unless and until the number of troops overwhelmed the facilities, at which time, the troops could be housed in private commercial property, such as inns and stables, and in uninhabited homes and barns. The quartering would be without compensation and, in fact, owners would be required to provide soldiers with certain necessities such as food, liquor, salt, and bedding, also without compensation. As tensions rose in late 1773 and early 1774, the old quartering act was supplemented with the Quartering Act of 1774. This act, passed on June 2, 1774, required colonists to house troops not only as previously required, but also in private homes. The Quartering Act is one of the Intolerable Acts that lead to dissent in the American colonies and to the creation of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances in 1774. While the other Intolerable Acts targeted Massachusetts specifically, the Quartering Act applied throughout the colonies, prompting wider protest and interest in revolt than may have been present if it had been restricted to Massachusetts. The other Intolerable Acts are the Administration of Justice Act, the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, and the Quebec Act.

Prince Harry of Portugal

Established the school of navigation to encourage navigation, started 1st voyage in Atlantic Ocean down to Africa

(Multiple Choice) One way in which Jefferson clearly departed from previous Federalist practice was

Establishing a simple and informal style in presidential entertainment and relations with Congress

Identify and explain the historical significance of the Monroe Doctrine

Europe, stay out of America, enforced by British

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods from the Old World to the New World; Vice Versa

Lewis/Clark Expeditions

Expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804 to explore the lands of the louisiana Purchase

Shay's Rebellion

Farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled because of high taxes and bad state government Took over court houses to prevent foreclosure on farms

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled because of a tax on whiskey Washington called the army to put down the rebellion but farmer's gave in

Corrupt Bargain

Featuring the 1824 Presidential election; no candidate won a majority of electoral votes so it was sent to the House of Representatives, where Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams (even though Andrew Jackson won the popular vote and the most electoral votes). When John Quincy Adams was elected by the House, he chose Henry Clay (then Speaker of the House) to be his Secretary of State.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

U.S. Constitution

Federal type of government-powers divided between national and state governments Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches-President, Congress, and Supreme Court Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Implemented when 9 states had ratified

Election of 1796

Federalist John Adams wins President Republican Thomas Jefferson becomes Vice President

The Sedition Act could be seen as a violation of

First Amendment rights.

(Identification) The battle of Lexington and Concord

First battles of the revolutionary war, fought outside of Boston. The British attempted to capture colonial leaders and munitions but the colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston. This is important because these battles sparked the Revolutionary War

Virginia Bill of Rights

First state to include of Bill of Rights Model for other states

Mercy Otis Warren

First woman to create a Jeffersonian (anti-Federalist) interpretation of the Revolution. Supported a Bill of Rights and opposed the ratification of the Constitution.

Through the Adams-Onis Treaty, the United States gained

Florida

Through the Adams-Onis Treaty, the United States gained

Florida.

What was the Eaton affair and how did it exemplify the ongoing feud between Calhoun and Jackson?

Fluoride Calhoun won't invite secretary of War Mr. Eaton's wife Peggy to stuff Jackson mad, him and Calhoun move further and further apart

Treaty of Paris, 1763 part 4

For Anglo-American colonists, the treaty was a theoretical success. By confirming the conquest of Canada and extending British possessions to the Mississippi, the colonists no longer had to worry about the threat of a French invasion. For the American Indians in what had been frontier territory, the treaty proved disastrous. They could no longer pursue what had been a largely effective strategy of playing the French and British against each other to extract the most favorable terms of alliance and preserve their lands against encroachment by Anglo-American colonists. Despite what seemed like a success, the Treaty of Paris ultimately encouraged dissension between Anglo-American colonists and the British Government because their interests in North America no longer coincided. The British Government no longer wanted to maintain an expensive military presence, and its attempts to manage a post-treaty frontier policy that would balance colonists' and Indians' interests would prove ineffective and even counterproductive. Coupled with differences between the imperial government and colonists on how to levy taxes to pay for debts on wartime expenses, the Treaty of Paris ultimately set the colonists on the path towards seeking independence, even as it seemed to make the British Empire stronger than ever. (see Parliamentary Taxation of Colonies)

Proclamation of 1763

Forbid the expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains

What was the Trail of tears?

Forced march of the Indians from the southeastern US to Oklahoma, One fourth died

Liberia

Founded as a safe haven for free born African blacks by the American Colonization Society.

American Colonization Society

Founded the colony of Liberia in Africa as a place for free-born blacks. Established by Robert Finley.

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania;1787;Quaker

Roger Williams(Rhode Island)

Founder of Rhode Island, Puritan, Separation of Church and State, organized first attempt to abolish slavery

Treaty of Alliance

France officially became a partner with the U.S. in the war

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

France recognized the U.S. as independent and offered trade

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed all slaves in the southern states.

Describe the impact of the French & Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion on the American Revolution.

French & Indian War: Colonists resented the contempt of the British military and thought they didn't need them Pontiac's War: colonists though British were trying to control and tax them by keeping them east of the Proclamation Line - the colonists bound together to fight the British

Jacques Marquette

French Missionary who explored the Mississippi River

Count de Vergennes

French foreign minister that hinted at French aid early on and later initiated 2 important treaties

General Lafayette

French general who brought troops to help the colonies win the war

(Multiple Choice) Hamiltons first financial policies were intended to

Fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states

What was Jackson's reaction to "the South Carolina Exposition and Protest"?

Furious- He liked what happened in Georgia, not in South Carolina Creates Force Act, can invade South Carolina, nullified by South Carolina

(Multiple Choice) Under the theory of mercantilism, the British colonies were essentially expected to

Furnish raw materials to the mother country and buy British manufactured goods

Gaston Purchase (James Gaston)

Gadsden's Purchase provided the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War. In Arizona and New Mexico.

Battle of Saratoga

General Horatio Gates (American) planned attack on Johnny Burgoyne as he journeyed South with a huge entourage

Who is coined "the father of the bill of rights"?

George Mason

(Matching) The American frontiersman who captured a series of British forts along the Ohio River in the latter stages of the Revolutionary War

George Rogers Clark

(Matching) The leading Revolutionary war general, Virginia planter, military hero and first president of United States serving two terms and putting United States on sound neutral ground amidst much turmoil in Europe

George Washington

What happened as a consequence of the discovery of gold on Cherokee land?

Georgia passed a law denying the Cherokee legal authority over their land.

Hessians

German mercenary soldiers

Manifest Destiny was the doctrine that

God intended the United States to extend westward to the Pacific.

Why did Aaron Burr challenge Alexander Hamilton to a duel?

Hamilton maligned Burr's character and sabotaged his political aspirations.

(Multiple Choice) all of the following are true of the Federalist except

Hamiltonians supported full-blown democracy is the fountain of all civic good, rooted in the common folk

What territories did President Pierce propose acquiring?

Hawaii, Alaska, and Cuba

In what way did James Madison argue against the chartering of the Bank of the United States?

He argued that the Constitution did not authorize Congress to create a national bank.

Why did the Federalist Alexander Hamilton support the Republican Thomas Jefferson after the 1800 election?

He believed that Jefferson was a better choice than Aaron Burr.

What was Henry Clay's position on the annexation of Texas?

He did not want Texas admitted to the Union.

How did John Tyler become president?

He inherited the position after William Henry Harrison died

How did John Tyler become president?

He inherited the position after William Henry Harrison died.

How does the way Alexander Hamilton is represented in this portrait contrast with the realities of his political life?

He is represented as a serene statesman, whereas his political life was actually controversial.

What was Abraham Lincoln's position on the Mexican War?

He opposed the war and felt that territorial expansion was a threat to America's future

Despite Jefferson's unorthodox faith, a group of Baptists from Cheshire, Massachusetts sent him a 1200-pound block of cheese. Why?

He put in the 1st amendment that forbids Congress from making any "law respecting a religious establishment or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." - Gave Baptists legal protection

Evaluate the role of James Madison at the Constitutional Convention. Assess a basic flaw in the idea that Iroquois, pirates or Freemasons must have influenced the Constitution.

He studied the history of Republicanism to determine the best principles for our Republican government They are too complicated

Dred Scott

He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6, 1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.

How did Jackson destroy the Bank of the United States?

He transferred all federal funds from it to state banks.

Summarize the role of Charles Pinckney at the Constitutional Convention. How did his suggestions regarding the military change or affect American history?

He wanted a single person to run the executive branch & have the president be the Commander-in-Chief He put the military in the hands of the national government rather than the states

Why did James Madison agree to draft what became known as the Bill of Rights?

He wanted to appease Anti-Federalists still suspicious of the government.

Why was George Washington unanimously selected to be the first president of the United States?

He was popularly admired and seen as nonpartisan.

How might an older, wiser King George III have diffused this conflict?

He would have accepted the Olive Branch Petition sent by Continental Congress

What was the American system and why is it important?

Henry Clay- Want cities and factories, Industry, need roads, Canals, natl. Bank Need cities to grow nation

The author of Walden was

Henry David Thoreau

What about transcendentalism?

Henry David Thoreau- True spiritual gathering is found in the wild

The author of Walden was

Henry David Thoreau.

How did Henry "Box" Brown support the abolitionist cause?

His dramatic escape provided a compelling narrative for the movement to publicize

How did Henry "Box" Brown support the abolitionist cause?

His dramatic escape provided a compelling narrative for the movement to publicize.

Why did the Whigs reject Henry Clay as their candidate for president in the election of 1848?

His policy of non-expansion was no longer compelling after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed.

Analyze why another group of New England Baptists in Connecticut sent President Jefferson a thank you letter. Discuss how his response impacted Constitutional interpretations of the First Amendment.

His response explained how the framers intended to separate church and state. So, while it's not in the 1st amendment, we treat it as though it is.

Tejanos was the term for

Hispanic Texans

Aaron Burr's challenging Alexander Hamilton to a duel reflected what value in early nineteenth-century American culture?

Honor

Massachusetts Government Act May 20, 1774 part2

II And it is hereby further enacted, That the said assistants or counsellors, so to be appointed as aforesaid, shall hold their offices respectively, for and during the pleasure of his Majesty.... III And be it further enacted ..., That from and after July 1, 1774, it shall and may be lawful for his Majesty's governor for the time being of the said province, or, in his absence, for the lieutenant governor, to nominate and appoint, under the seal of the province, from time to time, and also to remove, without the consent of the council, all judges of the inferior courts of common pleas, commissioners of Oyer and Terminer, the attorney general, provosts, marshals, justices of the peace, and other officers to the council or courts of justice belong.... VI And be it further enacted ..., That, upon every vacancy of the offices of chief justice and judges of the superior court of the said province, from and after July 1, 1774, the governor for the time being, or, in his absence, the lieutenant governor, without the consent of the council, shall have full power and authority to nominate and appoint the persons to suceed to the said offices, who shall hold their commissions during the pleasure of his Majesty ...; VII And whereas, by several acts of the general court, ... the freeholders and inhabitants of the several townships, districts, and precincts, qualified, as is therein expressed, are authorized to assemble together, annually, or occasionally, upon notice given, in such manner as the said acts direct, for the choice of selectmen, constables, and other officers, and for or the making and agreeing upon such necessary rules, orders, and byelaws, for the directing, managing, and ordering, the prudential affairs of such townships, districts, and precincts, and for other purposes: and whereas a great abuse has been made of the power of calling such meetings, and the inhabitants have, contrary to the design of their institution, been misled to treat upon matters of the most general concern, and to pass many dangerous and unwarrantable resolves: for remedy whereof, be it enacted, that from and after August 1, 1774, no meeting shall be called by the select men, or at the request of any number of freeholders of any township, district, or precinct, without the leave of the governor, or, in his absence, of the lieutenant governor, in writing, expressing the special business of the said meeting, except the annual meeting in the months of March or May, for the choice of select men, constables, and other officers, or except for the choice of persons to fill up the offices aforesaid, on the death or removal of any of the persons first elected to such offices, and also, except any meeting for the election of a representative or representatives in the general court; and that no other matter shall be treated of at such meetings...

Boston Tea Party

If Parliament expected that the lowered cost of tea would mollify the colonists into acquiescing to the Tea Act, it was gravely mistaken. By allowing the East India Company to sell tea directly in the American colonies, the Tea Act cut out colonial merchants, and the prominent and influential colonial merchants reacted with anger. Other colonists viewed the act as a Trojan horse designed to seduce them into accepting Parliament's right to impose taxes on them. The fact that the agents commissioned by the company to sell its tea included a number of pro-Parliament men only added fuel to the fire.The Tea Act revived the boycott on tea and inspired direct resistance not seen since the Stamp Act crisis. The act also made allies of merchants and patriot groups like the Sons of Liberty. Patriot mobs intimidated the company's agents into resigning their commissions. In several towns, crowds of colonists gathered along the ports and forced company ships to turn away without unloading their cargo. The most spectacular action occurred in Boston, Massachusetts, where on December 16, 1773, a well-organized group of men dressed up as Native Americans and boarded the company ships. The men smashed open the chests of tea and dumped their contents into Boston Harbor in what later came to be known as the Boston Tea Party.

Explain John Calhoun's theory of notification as set forth in "the South Carolina Exposition and Protest"

If federal government passes laws that state feels unconstitutional it can be repealed

Describe the election of 1828

If you're a white male, you can vote, land requirements less & less important, more common men voting, voting for common man Jackson

(Multiple Choice) after the American Revolution, most of the southern states

Ignore the Continental Congress is call, and 1774, for the complete abolition of the slave trade

By what controversial method did Thomas Jefferson remove Judge John Pickering and attempt to remove Judge Samuel Chase from office?

Impeachment

Anti-Masonic Party

Implied that Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren were controlled by an undemocratic society, the Freemason Society.

Stamp Act_1 http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/stamp-act

In 1763, the British Empire emerged as the victor of the Seven Years' War (1756-63). Although the victory greatly expanded the empire's imperial holdings, it also left it with a massive national debt, and the British government looked to its North American colonies as an untapped source of revenue. In 1765, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, the first direct, internal tax that it had ever levied on the colonists. The colonists resisted the new tax, arguing that only their own elective colonial assemblies could tax them, and that "taxation without representation" was unjust and unconstitutional. After the British government rejected their arguments, the colonists resorted to physical intimidation and mob violence to prevent the collection of the stamp tax. Recognizing that the Stamp Act was a lost cause, Parliament repealed it in 1766.

Trent affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

The Quartering Act of 1765

In March 1765, Parliament passed the Quartering Act to address the practical concerns of such a troop deployment. Under the terms of this legislation, each colonial assembly was directed to provide for the basic needs of soldiers stationed within its borders. Specified items included bedding, cooking utensils, firewood, beer or cider and candles. This law was expanded in 1766 and required the assemblies to billet soldiers in taverns and unoccupied houses. Arrival of new British Soldiers British motivations for enforcing the Quartering Act were mixed. Some officials were legitimately concerned about protecting the colonies from attack and viewed this law as a logical means to do so. Also part of the calculation, however, was a desire to cut costs. If the colonies were to be protected, why should they not pay for the soldiers? In particular, the British ministry was faced with the prospect of bringing home the French and Indian War veterans and providing them with pay and pensions. If those soldiers could be kept in service in America, the colonies would pay for them and spare a tax-weary English public from additional burdens.

Constitution -3 branch

In attempting to resolve such issues, as well as problems arising from the payment of debts from the Revolutionary War and other domestic issues, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention created a model of government that relied upon a series of checks and balances by dividing federal authority between the Legislative, the Judicial, and the Executive branches of government. The framers of the Constitution had originally imagined a weak presidency and a strong legislature divided into a House of Representatives and the Senate. Under the Articles of Confederation, considerable minor paperwork had bogged down important business enough that legislators decided to establish an executive branch to deal with routine paperwork. When writing the Constitution, the framers expected the Senate to handle important issues, particularly the ratification of treaties, while the Executive would attend to matters of lesser consequence. However, as deliberations continued, the Executive branch acquired more power to deal with some of the issues that had been a source of sectional tension under the Articles of Confederation—and so the President acquired the authority to conduct foreign relations. The two-thirds clause for ratification of treaties in the Senate, as opposed to a simple majority, allowed the South a greater voice in these matters and assuaged concerns about the attempts to abandon navigation of the Mississippi.

Corrupt bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Morrill Tariff act

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

(Multiple Choice) among the important social changes brought about by the American Revolution was

Increasing separation of church and state

Pueblo Peoples

Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish conquerors

What were the legal tensions between Indians and the state of Georgia? What were the provisions of the Indian removal act of 1830?

Indians sued Georgia Worchester v. Georgia Marshall sides with Worchester because of federal treaty Jackson ignores ruling, Helps George remove Indians

(Multiple Choice) Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions essentially declared that

Individual states have the right to nullify or refuse to obey unconstitutional federal laws

(Multiple Choice) One of the ways in which mercantilism harmed the colonial economy was by

Inhibiting development of banking and paper currency in the colonies

Treaty of Paris, 1763 part 2

Initial attempts at negotiating a peace settlement failed, and instead French and Spanish diplomats signed the Family Compact, a treaty that brought Spain into the war against Britain. British Prime Minister Lord Bute continued secret and informal talks with French diplomat Étienne-François de Stainville, duc de Choiseul, and they came to an unofficial agreement in June, 1762. Bute promised fairly generous terms, and the two countries agreed to an exchange of ambassadors in September. By the time the formal negotiations began, the situation had changed. News had reached Europe of the British capture of Havana, and with it the Spanish colony of Cuba. Spanish King Charles III refused to agree to a treaty that would require Spain to cede Cuba, but the British Parliament would never ratify a treaty that did not reflect British territorial gains made during the war. Facing this dilemma, French negotiator Choiseul proposed a solution that redistributed American territory between France, Spain and Great Britain. Under Choiseul's plan, Britain would gain all French territory east of the Mississippi, while Spain would retain Cuba in exchange for handing Florida over to Great Britain. French territories west of the Mississippi would become Spanish, along with the port of New Orleans. In return for these cessions, along with territory in India, Africa, and the Mediterranean island of Minorca, France would regain the Caribbean islands that British forces had captured during the war. The British Government also promised to allow French Canadians to freely practice Catholicism and provided for French fishing rights off Newfoundland.

10 percent reconstruction plan

Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation. (519)

Midwestern tribes from what territory were forced to relocate to the Indian Territory after their defeat in the Black Hawk War of 1832

Iowa

Who are the"old immigrants"?

Ireland, Britain, Germany New immigrants coming from everywhere

During the 1840s and 1850s, the greatest proportion of immigrants to the United States came from

Ireland.

What famous scientists believed in witchcraft?

Isaac Newton, John Lock and Robert Boyle

Why might slave religion be regarded as a form of resistance?

It affirmed the needs and hopes of slaves rather than the desires of their owners.

How had Republicanism been transformed by the end of James Madison's presidency?

It began to embrace economic nationalism

How had Republicanism been transformed by the end of James Madison's presidency?

It began to embrace economic nationalism.

In 1792, James Madison wrote that in "every political society, parties are unavoidable." How does the crisis that followed the application of Missouri for statehood relate to this statement?

It demonstrates the truth of the statement, because new factions emerged in response to the crisis.

According to Orson S. Fowler, what was the advantage of an octagon-shaped house?

It encouraged harmony by approximating the shape of a circle.

How did Greece's war for independence influence America?

It inspired the Greek Revival style of architecture and interior design.

The Battle of New Orleans was noteworthy not only because it was a crushing defeat for the British but because

It occurred after a treaty with the British had been signed

Why was Alexander Hamilton's plan to honor state- and Confederation-issued paper at face value perceived as controversial?

It rewarded speculators with wealth.

All of the following statements about the Louisiana Purchase are true EXCEPT that:

It signaled American support for France in its war with Britain.

Why was the biblical story of Exodus particularly popular among slaves?

It told of the Israelites' escape from slavery.

Why did Alexander Hamilton look to Britain as a model for the economy of the United States?

It was a powerful nation with a diverse economy.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, why was a city like St. Louis poised for growth?

It was located on a major river.

What did the popularity of sentimental novels and the board game "The Mansion of Happiness" reveal about the cult of true womanhood?

Its vision of domestic happiness was appealing to Americans.

What did the popularity of sentimental novels and the board game "The Mansion of happiness" reveal about the cult of true womanhood?

Its vision of domestic happiness was appealing to Americans.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson defended against British attack after peace treaty had already been signed

Explain the specie circular the panic of 1837

Jackson thought paper money was elitist, only accepted gold and silver, people don't have gold and silver Banks send loans to people who can't pay them back, banks close

Discuss the bank war and what "pet banks" were

Jackson v. N. Biddle- Sends taxes to state banks instead of bank of the US, ends Bank of the US

What encouraged President Taylor to secure the annexation of Texas?

James K. Polk's victory in the 1844 election

(Matching) The father of the Constitution, Jefferson Secretary of State and forth US president who allowed himself and the US to be dragged into war with Britain

James Madison

(Multiple Choice) The influential found her in member of Congress who personally wrote the Bill of Rights was

James Madison

Common Sense

Jan 1776 -Attacks the monarchy and proposed republican government -Thomas Paine: Philadelphia

final emancipation proclamation

January 1, 1863 as the nation approached the third year of the civil war. Declared, "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and hence forward shall be free"

Who was elected the President of the Confederate States?

Jefferson Davis

How did Thomas Jefferson's style as president differ from that of his predecessors?

Jefferson rejected formalities in an attempt to project democratic ideals.

How did Thomas Jefferson and John Beckley differ?

Jefferson tried to rise above partisan fighting, but Beckley was combative.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's name of 1800 election; signaled changed from Federalists to Jeffersonians

(Matching) The American Revolutionary statement, first vice president and secretary of the United States. Federalist, his administration was marred by international turmoil and intraparty squabbles as well as the controversial alien and sedition acts

John Adams

John Adams (1735-1826)

John Adams (1735-1826) was a leader of the American Revolution, and served as the second U.S. president from 1797 to 1801. The Massachusetts-born, Harvard-educated Adams began his career as a lawyer. Intelligent, patriotic, opinionated and blunt, Adams became a critic of Great Britain's authority in colonial America and viewed the British imposition of high taxes and tariffs as a tool of oppression. During the 1770s, he was a delegate to the Continental Congress. In the 1780s, Adams served as a diplomat in Europe and helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1783), which officially ended the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). From 1789 to 1797, Adams was America's first vice president. He then served a term as the nation's second president. He was defeated for another term by Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).

All of the following statements are true of the election of 1800 EXCEPT that A) John Adams and the Federalists were roundly defeated in every region of the United States. B) the Federalists portrayed Thomas Jefferson as a godless revolutionary. C) the Republicans portrayed John Adams as an aristocrat. D) the electoral tie between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson was heatedly debated. E) many Federalists believed that Aaron Burr was a more conservative candidate than Thomas Jefferson.

John Adams and the Federalists were roundly defeated in every region of the United States.

Whom did the Southern Democrats nominate for the 1860 presidential election?

John C. Breckinridge

The Republican Party's first candidate in a presidential election was

John C. Fremont

(Matching) The Boston smuggler and prominent leader of the colonial resistance and who served as the president of the Second Continental Congress

John Hancock

(Matching) leading American revolutionaries and diplomat and service the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He also wrote some of the Federalist papers in the go she ate it a highly controversial treaty with Great Britain named after him

John Jay

(Matching) The Chief Justice of Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835 and established the principle of judicial review and expanded the power of the federal government

John Marshall

(Matching) The Mohawk chief and Anglican convert who sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, believing that only the British victory could halt American expansion West

Joseph Brant

Who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints?

Joseph Smith

Who was Brigham Young

Joseph Smith's successor as leader of the Mormons

What was the effect of faster communication during the Mexican War?

Journalists became more independent in their reporting

The Middle Passage

Journey from Africa to America carrying slaves where nearly half of them died on the voyage over.

(Multiple Choice) Thomas Jefferson's failed attempt to impeach and convict Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase for high crimes and misdemeanors meant that

Judicial independence and the separation of powers had been preserved

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 1775 -3 waves of British soldiers cause Americans to retreat -British let them go, could've ended war there if they pursued

Summarize George Washington's military strategy. What were the main British and Rebel advantages and disadvantages?

Keeping the army intact Fabian - avoiding direct conflict with the larger, professionally trained Redcoats, fighting them when and where he chose in quick hit-and-run campaigns British: had more troops, including poor farmers and slaves Rebel: did not have consistent soldiers = varying number of fighters

Restoration Colonies

King Charles' pay back to his supporters (restorers) with land in America. Include Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Members of the American Party were commonly referred to as the

Know-Nothings

William Lloyd Garrison

Known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper. One of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Robert E. Lee

Known for commanding the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865.

Primogeniture

Land must be inherited by the oldest son

What agreement did Congress come to in Missouri Compromise?

Land to the north of a certain latitude would be free, and land to the south would be slave territory.

What agreement did Congress come to in the Missouri Compromise?

Land to the north of a certain latitude would be free, and land to the south would be slave territory.

(Multiple Choice) The primary advantage that the British enjoyed at the outset of the American Revolution was a

Large, professionally trained army and navy

Black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

(Identification) Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed by federalists that required immigrants to live in the U.S for 14 years before they were eligible for citizenship and made it a criminal offense to criticize or defame governmental officials, including the president

Black codes

Laws that had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Nat turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Alien and Sedition Acts

Limited freedom of speech, press, and liberty of aliens

(Multiple Choice) Thomas Jeffersons's Declaration of Independence was most brilliant and effective in

Linking the cause of American independence to the "natural rights" of humankind

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall

Made decisions that strengthened the federal government

Why did James Madison oppose the policies of his former ally, Alexander Hamilton, beginning in 1789?

Madison believed that Hamilton's economic plans would undermine republican values.

George Mason

Main author or Virginia Bill of Rights "Father of the Bill of Rights" "Grandfather of U.S. Bill of Rights"

Describe the first tax revolts. What was the colonists' main complaint? Differentiate between how they responded to the Stamp Act versus the Townshend Duties. What role did women play?

Main complaint: French & Indian was for Britain, not colonists, so they shouldn't have to pay Stamp Act: internal tax that colonists could not not get around & caused riots Townshend Duties: taxed necessities; caused boycotts and riots bigger than the Stamp Act Women sewed their own clothes to combat cloth exports caused by the Townshend Act

Aroostook war

Maine lumberjacks camped along the ___ River in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn - Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory.

Shay's Rebellion

Many farmers were in debt from taxes and decided to revolt under Daniel Shay. 1786

Explain how the election of 1824 signaled the end of the "Era of Good Feelings

Many political parties Corrupt Bargin- Clay helps Adams win, Clay goes to Sec. of State

(Multiple Choice) All of the following were true of loyalists except

Many thought that a break with Britain would invite anarchy

Whom did the Free-Soil Party nominate as its candidate in the election of 1848

Martin Van Buren

Andrew Jackson's chief political strategist during his run for the presidency in 1828 was

Martin Van Buren.

(Multiple Choice) The crucial Federalist successes in the fight for ratification occurred in the states of

Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York

Why were slaves and free African Americans able to communicate relatively easily in and around Charleston?

Masters hired slaves out, and slaves worked under a task system, so they were freer to get around.

What is a Quaker?

Members of society of friends. Believed that God spoke directly to each individual through and inner light. No scripture & believe in simplicity of daily life and in worship AKA: bare bones protestantism

(Matching) The American soldier and explore who led the famous expedition through the Louisiana territory over the Rocky Mountains and to the Pacific ocean

Meriwether Lewis

What were the consequences for Mexico and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Mexico lost 55 percent of its territory

(Matching) The father of the Constitution and author of the crucial Federalist number 10

Mickey Mouse

Who succeeded Zachary Taylor as president after his death?

Millard Fillmore

Outline the mission and theology of New England Puritanism and explain whom they likened themselves to historically.

Mission: purify Anglican Church & setup a Protestant society in the new world Likened themselves to the Calvinists

Samuel Worcester

Missionary to the Cherokee, translator of the Bible, printer and defender of the Cherokee's sovereignty. He collaborated with Elias Boudinot in the American Southeast to establish the Cherokee Phoenix, the first Native American newspaper.

After Pinckney's Treaty, the western boundary of the United States was the

Mississippi River

After Pinckney's Treaty, the western boundary of the United States was the

Mississippi River.

Why had the Puritans failed to become a "city on a hill" for European eyes?

Most Protestants had stayed behind in England, formed an army, fought the English Civil War, beheaded King Charles I, took over the country, forming the Puritan Commonwealth (AKA England didn't care - better things were happening in England; colonies were boring)

(Multiple Choice) The most important components that France contributed to America's cause in the War of Independence were

Munitions, money, and a navy that challenged British domination of the seas

(Matching) The general in command of the Continental Army in the Carolina Campaign of 1781 and was known as the "Fighting Quaker." He was also Washington's choice to succeed him in command of the Continental forces if he were to die

Nathaniel Green

What famous writers emerged during this time period?

Nathaniel Hawthorne Poe Herman Melvel

Virginia Plan

National executive National court system Two house legislature Upper house chosen by lower Lower house chosen by popular election with the number of state representatives based on population

Which states are not winner-take-all in presidential elections?

Nebraska and Maine

(Multiple Choice) Alexander Hamilton believed that the bank of the United States was constitutional because of the

Necessary and proper clause of the Constitution

National Banking system

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds

In the 1796 election, John Adams had the most support in

New England.

Paterson and the New Jersey Plan

New Jersian William Paterson had a passion for order. He wanted nothing more than to put an end to the rebellions and disorder that had arisen from the current state of the national government. He feared that smaller states like his own would be overtaken by the larger ones without specific protections. After the Virginia plan was introduced, Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to hammer out a response to the Virginia Plan. The New Jersey Plan was more or less a rebuttal of the Virginia Plan The New Jersey Plan was more along the lines of what the delegates had been sent to do - draft amendments to the Confederation to ensure that it functioned properly. It expanded national power without totally scrapping the old system. More over, it protected the small states from the large ones by ensuring one state, one vote.

Under the Compromise of 1850, in which of the following territories or states would residents decide whether or not slavery should be permitted

New Mexico

Bank War

Nicholas Biddle operated the Bank of the United States since 1823. Many opposed the Bank because it was big and powerful. Some disputed its constitutionality. Jackson tried to destroy the Bank by vetoing a bill to recharter the Bank. He removed the federal government's deposits from the Bank and put them into various state and local banks or "pet banks." Biddle tightened up on credit and called in loans, hoping for a retraction by Jackson, which never occurred. A financial recession resulted.

Gag Resolution

No petition against slavery should be received or heard by the House of Representatives.

Third Amendment. Why is this in the constitution?

No quartering of soldiers; After the Boston Tea Party, Britain said that people must quarter Redcoats in their home

Why was the period of James Monroe's presidency known as the "Era of Good Feelings"?

No war Political parties: 1 left- Democratic Republicans

In the House and the Senate, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was voted against by every

Northern Whig

(Listing) Results of the Article of Confederation

Northwest Ordinance, No real power, Saw the need for stronger document, Better than most European governments, served as a stepping stone to the constitution

(Multiple Choice) all of the following are true of the period before the Constitution was drafted except

Not everyone agreed that a stronger central government was necessary

Define the term Occam's Razor and describe how it applies to this example. Why could the Founders have called the overall idea they used the Massachusetts Plan?

Occam's Razor teaches that, among competing theories, the simplest is often, but not always, the best. The mixed-system model Madison used for the US constitution most resembled Massachusetts constitution

When was the US in effect an independent country?

October 1781

(Multiple Choice) despite the revolutions emphasis on human rights and equality, the founding fathers failed to abolish slavery because

Of their fear that a fight over slavery would destroy fragile national unity

Massachusetts Constitution

Oldest written state constitution still in effect

Residence Act

On July 16, 1790, President George Washington signed the Residence Act into law, which would eventually make the current location of Washington, D.C., the site of a permanent national American capital. The act was the result of a compromise between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.America's new capital would be located on the Potomac River.

Battle of Bunker Hill : Yankees Prepare to Fight on Breed's Hill

On June 16, 1775, having learned that the British were planning to send troops from Boston to occupy the hills surrounding the city, some 1,000 colonial militiamen under Colonel William Prescott (1726-95) built earthen fortifications on top of Breed's Hill, overlooking Boston and located on the Charlestown Peninsula. (The men originally had been ordered to construct their fortifications atop Bunker Hill but instead chose the smaller Breed's Hill, closer to Boston.)

Battle of Bunker Hill http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/battle-of-bunker-hill

On June 17, 1775, early in the Revolutionary War (1775-83), the British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost. Although commonly referred to as the Battle of Bunker Hill, most of the fighting occurred on nearby Breed's Hill.

Battle of Bunker Hill: June 17, 1775

On June 17, some 2,200 British forces under the command of Major General William Howe (1729-1814) and Brigadier General Robert Pigot (1720-96) landed on the Charlestown Peninsula then marched to Breed's Hill. As the British advanced in columns against the Americans, Prescott, in an effort to conserve the Americans' limited supply of ammunition, reportedly told his men, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!" When the Redcoats were within several dozen yards, the Americans let loose with a lethal barrage of musket fire, throwing the British into retreat. After re-forming their lines, the British attacked again, with much the same result. Prescott's men were now low on ammunition, though, and when the Redcoats went up the hill for a third time, they reached the redoubts and engaged the Americans in hand-to-hand combat. The outnumbered Americans were forced to retreat. However, by the end of the engagement, the Patriots' gunfire had cut down some 1,000 enemy troops, with more than 200 killed and more than 800 wounded. More than 100 Americans perished, while more than 300 others were wounded.

Paul Revere http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/paul-revere

On the evening of April 18, 1775, Paul Revere was sent for by Dr. Joseph Warren and instructed to ride to Lexington, Massachusetts, to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that British troops were marching to arrest them. After being rowed across the Charles River to Charlestown by two associates, Paul Revere borrowed a horse from his friend Deacon John Larkin. While in Charlestown, he verified that the local "Sons of Liberty" committee had seen his pre-arranged signals. (Two lanterns had been hung briefly in the bell-tower of Christ Church in Boston, indicating that troops would row "by sea" across the Charles River to Cambridge, rather than marching "by land" out Boston Neck. Revere had arranged for these signals the previous weekend, as he was afraid that he might be prevented from leaving Boston). On the way to Lexington, Revere "alarmed" the country-side, stopping at each house, and arrived in Lexington about midnight. As he approached the house where Adams and Hancock were staying, a sentry asked that he not make so much noise. "Noise!" cried Revere, "You'll have noise enough before long. The regulars are coming out!" After delivering his message, Revere was joined by a second rider, William Dawes, who had been sent on the same errand by a different route. Deciding on their own to continue on to Concord, Massachusetts, where weapons and supplies were hidden, Revere and Dawes were joined by a third rider, Dr. Samuel Prescott. Soon after, all three were arrested by a British patrol. Prescott escaped almost immediately, and Dawes soon after. Revere was held for some time and then released. Left without a horse, Revere returned to Lexington in time to witness part of the battle on the Lexington Green.

William Dawes http://www.history.com/news/the-midnight-ride-of-william-dawes

On the night of April 18, 1775, two Sons of Liberty raced on horseback from Boston to warn residents that the British regulars were on the march toward Lexington and Concord. While Paul Revere rode into history, his fellow rider, William Dawes, galloped into undeserved oblivion.

David Ramsay

One of the first historians of the American Revolution. Born in South Carolina.

Appomattox Courthouse

One of the last battles of the American Civil War. It was the final engagement of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.

The son of Liberty part2

One of these groupings would be a secret Boston association known as the The Loyal Nine, composed of elite gentleman, mainly law men and artisans, who met discretely to organize ways to begin to effectively oppose the actions of the crown. The Loyal Nine were responsible for putting boundaries on the rampant violence of Boston, and set limits on how far the demonstrations should progress. They actively stood against British policies they found to be immoral and unlawful, and had their hands in projects such as The Boston Tea Party. The original members were Henry Bass, Joseph Field, John Smith, Thomas Chase, John Avery, Stephen Cleverly, Benjamin Edes, George Trott and Thomas Crafts, but Samuel Adams would eventually become involved in the group, adopting a role as one of its leading members. John Adams, aware of his second cousin's role in the group, did not exactly approve of the methods used, and kept his distance from the organization. As time progressed, and frustration with the crown began to heat up in the colonies, the Loyal Nine merged into the more famous organization known as the Sons of Liberty. The members of this group were Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, Paul Revere, Benedict Arnold, Benjamin Edes, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Lamb, William Mackay, Alexander McDougall, James Otis, Benjamin Rush, Isaac Sears, Haym Solomon, James Swan, Charles Thomson, Thomas Young, Marinus Willett, and Oliver Wolcott.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the new Constitution and the Federal government

Jefferson's Presidency

Orderly transition from Federalist party to Republican party Less Pomp and Ceremony Economy in Government: Whiskey Tax repealed Navy cutbacks Reduced the Army Reduced National Debt

Albert Bierstadt

Painter best known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of the American West.

Thomas Paine

Pamphlet "Common Sense" Argued that all problems were the King's fault

Pierre Charles L'Enfant,

Paris, France-, French-born American engineer, architect, and urban designer who designed the basic plan for Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. 1796 The plan he created was a gridiron of irregular rectangular blocks upon which broad diagonal avenues were superimposed. It was devised to focus on the Capitol and the presidential mansion and to form many squares, circles, and triangles at street intersections where monuments and fountains could be placed. The plan used to advantage the uneven ground and prepared for future transportation needs as well. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson had provided L'Enfant with maps of various European cities to use as models, but, instead of copying any one of them, L'Enfant took ideas from several. Washington was forced to dismiss L'Enfant in 1792 for his obstinacy in defying the commissioners of the city, and particularly for his high-handed procedure in removing the house of Daniel Carroll, an influential Washington resident, to make way for an avenue

Townshend Act.

Parliament did not, however, renounce its right to tax the colonies or otherwise enact legislation over them. In 1767, Charles Townshend (1725-67), Britain's new chancellor of the Exchequer (an office that placed him in charge of collecting the government's revenue), proposed a law known as the Townshend Revenue Act. This act placed duties on a number of goods imported into the colonies, including tea, glass, paper and paint. The revenue raised by these duties would be used to pay the salaries of royal colonial governors. Since Parliament had a long history of using duties to regulate imperial trade, Townshend expected that the colonists would acquiesce to the imposition of the new taxes. Unfortunately for Townshend, the Stamp Act had aroused colonial resentment to all new taxes, whether levied on imports or on the colonists directly. Moreover, Townshend's proposal to use the revenue to pay the salaries of colonial governors aroused great suspicion among the colonists. In most colonies, the elective assemblies paid the governors' salaries, and losing that power of the purse would greatly enhance the power of the royally appointed governors at the expense of representative government. To express their displeasure, the colonists organized popular and effective boycotts of the taxed goods. Once again, colonial resistance had undermined the new system of taxation, and once again, the British government bowed to reality without abandoning the principle that it had rightful authority to tax the colonies. In 1770, Parliament repealed all of the Townshend Act duties except for the one on tea, which was retained as a symbol of Parliament's power over the colonies.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Passed by Articles of Confederation Congress Organized the Northwest Territory Outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory Set rules for how territories could become states

Paul Revere

Patriot who made a ride to warn colonists of British arrival

Whigs

Patriots who favored independence and the new government

Compare & contrast Pennsylvania colony with New England Puritanism. What was religious life in Pennsylvania like compared to New England?

Pennsylvania was religiously tolerant & scientifically oriented. Penn invited anyone to come and there was no religious establishment. Friendly with Indians

Which of the following best describes Charles Grandison Finney's theology?

People can seek out salvation and usher in the millennium.

Explain what is meant by the term Perfect Storm and how it might apply to the Salem Witch Trials. Identify some of the main causes of the witch trials.

Perfect Storm- rare combination of factors — declinism, inexperienced judges interpreting Scripture, Indian wars, denominational strife, socioeconomic tension, general pre-scientific superstition, petty jealousy, and paranoia Basically the Salem Witch Trials were not because of just one thing

Alamo

Pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio), Texas, United States, killing all of the Texian defenders. Santa Anna's cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians—both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States—to join the Texian Army. Buoyed by a desire for revenge, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the revolution.

What was the African-American freeman Denmark Vesey charged with doing?

Plotting an insurrection

New Jersey Plan

Plural executive Supreme Court One vote for each state

Fifty-four forty or fight

Political slogan of the Democrats in the election of 1844, which claimed fifty-four degrees, forty minutes as the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States

Washington's Presidency

Pomp and Ceremony Prestigious Cabinet: Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton-Secretary of the Treasury Executive Independence Commander-in-Chief

(Multiple Choice) The 1786 rebellion of Daniel Shays and his followers represented the pent-up grievances of

Poor western farmers and debtors

When Henry Clay tried to make the Bank of the United States a key campaign issue in 1832,

President Jackson turned the tables on him by vehemently opposing rechartering of the Bank.

Confederate officials ordered the Union commander of Fort Sumter to surrender when they learned that

President Lincoln had ordered that supplies be sent to the fort.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed an American law to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War. Slavery had already been banned by the government of Mexico, so it argued it should continue to be banned. Southerners did not like this. Did not pass the Senate, but passed the House.

Why did South Carolinians refer to the tariff of 1820 as the "Tariff of Abominations"?

Protective tariffs drive up price of manufactured goods Helps north and hurts south

David Walker

Published "An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World", a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice.

Congregationalists

Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within; formed the Congregational Church who ran democratic style

Who founded Pennsylvania and why?

Quaker William Penn, looking for religious freedom for quakers; given land from King Charles II to get Penn out of England

In opposing the War of 1812, what reason did Representative John Randolph, a conservative Virginian, give for Indian attacks on frontier settlements?

Randolph declared that the Indians had been unjustly deprived of their lands by white settlers.

(Multiple Choice) In the Revolutionary War, African Americans

Reached high achievements in the NBA

Role of women in the revolution?

Rebel women made ideal spies for overhearing conversations from Loyalist husbands, friends, and extended family

Briefly describe the role of taverns, the early postal system, and churches/religion in organizing resistance against the British.

Rebels met in taverns to air their grievances. Bars also served as post offices and courthouses. Many resistance groups met in bars to formulate plans

How does Jefferson justify the rebellion from a religious perspective? Whom does Jefferson (and the committee) blame most for the bad relations between the colonies and Britain?

Rebels powers attributed from the God of Nature King George

Describe how Benjamin Franklin exemplified the Enlightenment ethos.

Rejected that lightening was God's anger, developed the concepts and + and - charges, bifocals, daylight savings, the post office and that the Gulf Stream warmed Europe Franklin helped transform Philadelphia into the first true city in America, with a hospital, fire and police departments, libraries, and paved, numbered and lit streets. Also, grid street system

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies during which a number of new, less exclusive Protestant churches were established

Stephen Watts Kearny

Remembered for his significant contributions in the Mexican-American War, especially the conquest of California. The Kearny code, which was proclaimed on September 22, 1846 in Santa Fe, established the law and government of the newly acquired territory of New Mexico, was named after him.

Specie Circular

Required payment for federal land to be made in gold in silver, dramatically damaged the economy and lead to the Panic of 1837.

Describe the background of Jackson. What aspects of his background would be most politically appealing to Americans of the 19th century?

Revolutionary war vet, kind of Loved to duel Hardcore but common from Tennessee "Man of the people"

What was the spoils system?

Rewarding political supporters with government jobs

(Multiple Choice) The two brilliant American generals who conducted the nearly-successful invasion of Canada in October 1775 were

Richard Montgomery and Colby Williamson

Nueces River

River that Mexico claimed as the Texas-Mexico boundary, crossed by Taylor's troops in 1846.

Who started the Baptist Church?

Roger Williams

Define the term gag rule and explain its connection to the issue of slavery by 1836

Rule- Avoid talking about a certain issue No one wanted to deal with the issue of slavery, don't talk about it

(Matching) The female shoshone guide the first US exploratory expedition in the western United States

Sacajawea

Who was the leader of Texan forces that defeated and captured General Santa Anna at San Jacinto?

Sam Houston

(Matching) The Boston revolutionary who organized committees of correspondence to help sustain opposition to the British policies and served as a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congress

Samuel Adams

Nicholas Trist

Secretary of State James Buchanan convinced Polk to send Trist as his executive agent to negotiate an end to the U.S.-Mexican War. On February 2, 1848, Trist completed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, an outline for the cessation of hostilities. Polk, furious over Trist's insubordination, accepted the document based on its merits, but fired Trist anyway.

(Listing) Results of the Louisiana Purchase

Secured the western half of the Mississippi River Valley, Acquired vast territory used for farm and cattle, Huge deposits of minerals and oil, Acquired the port of New Orleans, Laid the foundation of world power, Killed the Federalist party, Laid the foundation for future Indian wars

Seminoles

Seminole Indians resisted removal by the US Army, 7 year war in which most Seminoles relocated or were killed.

12th Amendment

Separate ballots to be cast for president and vice president 1804

(Identification) Intolerable Acts

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. This is important because in response, the colonists formed the first Continental Congress

Second Continental Congress

Served as the gov't for 6 years May 1775 Formed an Army with Washington as Commander

(Listing) Results of the Northwest Ordinance

Set the guidelines for how a state would become a state and the division of land, Land was sold directly by the federal government to landowners, provided an orderly expansion of the west, Made slavery illegal in new states, set aside one township in every section for education

Pierre Beaumarchais

Set up a fake trading company that secretly provided arms to the U.S. that were paid for by the king of France

Great Compromise

Settled the issue of representation in congress Bicameral Congress House of Reps based on population Senate with 2 senators from each state

Discuss how Anne Hutchinson could be viewed as a natural trajectory of the Protestant Reformation.

She questioned the need for any church at all

Noah Webster's Blue Back Speller

Simplified spellings of British words

Describe how the Senate framed its conflict with Muslim pirates in the 1790s.

Since US was not founded on religion, it was stated that religious opinion would not produce and interruption of harmony

Identify what motivated Benedict Arnold (and/or Peggy Shippen) to eventually side with the British.

Since he was not given credit for the Battle of Saratoga, he was often passed over for promotions. He felt betrayed and also met Peggy Shippen (a loyalist to Britain). The British ended up buying Arnold

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities.

Appomattox Courthouse

Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".

Nat Turner's Revolt

Slave rebellion led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed from 55 to 65 people, the highest number of fatalities caused by any slave uprising in the Southern United States. The rebellion was put down within a few days, but Turner survived in hiding for more than two months afterwards.

Which of the following best describes the view of such Southerners as Thomas R. Dew toward slavery?

Slavery is a positive good to society

Which of the following best describes the view of such Southerners as Thomas R. Dew toward slavery?

Slavery is a positive good to society.

Nullification crisis

South Carolina voted to nullify the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 forbidding collection within the state. Jackson would not allow a state to go against the federal government, and sought to use military action to force them to accept the tariffs. This was eventually stopped by the Compromise Tariff of 1833.

Southern Conspiracy

South felt like the North was going to rise against the South.

In the 1848 election, Martin Van Buren hoped to recreate the coalition between

Southern planters and Northern Republicans.

Why did Spain open the Mississippi and New Orleans to American use?

Spain did not want to battle the United States to keep Louisiana and Spanish Florida.

The Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed in response to revolutions in

Spanish America.

Ferdinand/Isabella

Spanish, Catholic Monarchs, Founded the Holy Brothers

Franciscan Monks

St. Francis of Assisi

Lead-Up to the Battles of Lexington and Concord

Starting in 1764, Great Britain enacted a series of measures aimed at raising revenue from its 13 American colonies. Many of those measures, including the Sugar Act, Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, generated fierce resentment among the colonists, who protested against "taxation without representation." Boston, the site of the 1770 Boston Massacre and the 1773 Boston Tea Party, was one of the main points of resistance. King George III of Britain ramped up the military presence there, and in June 1774 he shut down the city's harbor until colonists paid for tea dumped overboard the previous year. Soon after, the British Parliament declared that Massachusetts was in open rebellion. On April 18, 1775, Joseph Warren learned from a source inside the British high command that Redcoat troops would march that night on Concord. Warren dispatched two couriers, silversmith Paul Revere and tanner William Dawes, to alert residents of the news. They first traveled by different routes to Lexington, a few miles east of Concord, where revolutionary leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock had temporarily holed up. Having persuaded those two to flee, a weary Revere and Dawes then set out again. On the road, they met a third rider, Samuel Prescott, who alone made it all the way to Concord. Revere was captured by a British patrol, while Dawes was thrown from his horse and forced to proceed back to Lexington on foot.

(Multiple Choice) The anti-Federalist generally came from among

States rights advocates and poorer western farmers

Analyze why the Framers attached a list of individual protections to the Constitution later known as the Bill of Rights.

States were skeptical that the new Constitution didn't guarantee individual rights

Who was most instrumental in ensuring that the Compromise of 1850 passed

Stephen A. Douglas

Marbury v Madison

Supreme Court ruled a law unconstitutional for the first time Established power of Judicial Review

Dred Scott vs. Stanford

Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. Finally, the Court declared that the rights of slaveowners were constitutionally protected by the Fifth Amendment because slaves were categorized as property.

All of the following were supporters of women's rights EXCEPT

Sylvester Graham.

Why might many Southerners have been disappointed in their fellow Southerner Zachary Taylor?

Taylor proposed that residents of California and New Mexico decide the question of slavery themselves.

Zachary Taylor

Taylor's status as a national hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican-American War won him election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs. Was the 12th President of the United States.

(Matching) The Shawnee warrior who sought to Ally all Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River to oppose the expansion of United States in advocated to return to the old ways for Native Americans

Tecumseh

French and Indian War 1753

Tensions between the British and French in America had been rising for some time, as each side wanted to increase its land holdings. What is now considered the French and Indian War (though at the time the war was undeclared), began in November 1753, when the young Virginian major George Washington and a number of men headed out into the Ohio region with the mission to deliver a message to a French captain demanding that French troops withdraw from the territory. The demand was rejected. In 1754, Washington received authorization to build a fort near the present site of Pittsburgh. He was unsuccessful because of the strong French presence in the area. In May, Washington's troops clashed with local French forces, a skirmish that ultimately resulted in Washington having to surrender the meager fort he had managed to build just one month later. The incident set off a string of small battles. In 1755, The British sent General Edward Braddock to oversee the British Colonial forces, but on his way to oust the French from Fort Duquesne he was surprised by the French and badly routed, losing his life in the process. After a year and a half of undeclared war, the French and the English formally declared war in May 1756. For the first three years of the war, the outnumbered French dominated the battlefield, soundly defeating the English in battles at Fort Oswego and Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most notorious battle of the war was the French victory at Fort William Henry, which ended in a massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the French. The battle and ensuing massacre was captured for history—though not accurately—by James Fenimore Cooper in his classic The Last of the Mohicans .

In the 1848 election, the Free-Soil Party attracted all of the following EXCEPT

Texans

(Multiple Choice) The Continental Congress's primary reason for naming George Washington commander of the army was

That he was a wealthy planter from Virginia and thus provided political balance

The Declaratory Act March 18, 1766 part2

That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be. subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons of Great Britain, in parliament assembled, had, hash, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever. II. And be it further declared ..., That all resolutions, votes, orders, and proceedings, in any of the said colonies or plantations, whereby the power and authority of the parliament of Great Britain, to make laws and statutes as aforesaid, is denied, or drawn into question, are, and are hereby declared to be, utterly null and void to all intents and purposes whatsoever.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Administration of Justice Act May 20, 1774

The Administration of Justice Act was one of five laws enacted by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. Collectively, the acts were known as the Coercive Acts, or the Intolerable Acts. The Administration of Justice Act, passed on May 20, 1774, authorized the governor of Massachusetts to move trials of royal officials accused of committing capital offenses, while performing their official duties, to another colony or to Great Britain, if he believed the accused would not receive a fair trial in Massachusetts. The act is sometimes referred to as the Murder Act because of colonial fears that it might enable royal officials to escape punishment for committing capital offenses. The Administration of Justice Act and the other Coercive Acts provided further ammunition for a growing radical element in the colonies and prompted the calling of the First Continental Congress on September 5, 1774 The Administration of Justice Act was one of the Coercive, or Intolerable Acts, enacted by Parliament in reaction to the Boston Tea Party. The Administration of Justice Act authorized the governor of Massachusetts to move trials of royal officials accused of capital offenses to another colony or to Great Britain if he believed the accused would not receive a fair trial. The Administration of Justice Act applied only to royal officials who committed capital offenses in the act of performing official duties for the crown. The Administration of Justice Act and the other Coercive Acts provided further ammunition for a growing radical element in the colonies and prompted the calling of the First Continental Congress on September 5, 1774.

The Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states before was it was ratified on March 1, 1781. Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money. However, the central government lacked the ability to levy taxes and regulate commerce, issues that led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 for the creation of new federal laws.

Battle of Lexington and Concord http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/battles-of-lexington-and-concord

The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought on April 19, 1775, kicked off the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). Tensions had been building for many years between residents of the 13 American colonies and the British authorities, particularly in Massachusetts. On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoat column. A confrontation on the Lexington town green started off the fighting, and soon the British were hastily retreating under intense fire. Many more battles followed, and in 1783 the colonists formally won their independence.

The Boston Massacre http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-massacre

The Boston Massacre was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers. Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to rouse the ire of the citizenry. The presence of British troops in the city of Boston was increasingly unwelcome. The riot began when about 50 citizens attacked a British sentinel. A British officer, Captain Thomas Preston, called in additional soldiers, and these too were attacked, so the soldiers fired into the mob, killing 3 on the spot (a black sailor named Crispus Attucks, ropemaker Samuel Gray, and a mariner named James Caldwell), and wounding 8 others, two of whom died later (Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr).

The Boston Tea Party - The Coercive Acts and American Independence

The Boston Tea Party caused considerable property damage and infuriated the British government. Parliament responded with the Coercive Acts of 1774, which colonists came to call the Intolerable Acts. The series of measures, among other things, repealed the colonial charter of Massachusetts and closed the port of Boston until the colonists reimbursed the cost of the destroyed tea. Parliament also appointed General Thomas Gage (1719-87), the commander in chief of British forces in North America, as the governor of Massachusetts. Since the Stamp Act crisis of 1765, radical colonists had warned that new British taxes heralded an attempt to overthrow representative government in the colonies and to subjugate the colonists to British tyranny. The Coercive Acts convinced more moderate Americans that the radicals' claims had merit. Colonial resistance intensified until, three years after Parliament passed the Tea Act, the colonies declared their independence as the United States of America.

Battle of Bunker Hill: Legacy

The British had won the so-called Battle of Bunker Hill, and Breed's Hill and the Charlestown Peninsula fell firmly under British control. Despite losing their strategic positions, the battle was a significant morale-builder for the inexperienced Americans, convincing them that patriotic dedication could overcome superior British military might. Additionally, the high price of victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill made the British realize that the war with the colonies would be long, tough and costly.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

The Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The point of the event was decide how America was going to be governed.Although the Convention had been officially called to revise the existing Articles of Confederation, many delegates had much bigger plans. Men like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention.

Jefferson's fascination with fossils reflected his interest in

The Enlightenment

Why was the French government angry at the United States in 1796?

The French believed that the United States favored the British, with whom they were at war.

Summarize the role of France in the Revolutionary War.

The French supplied much-needed money for the Continental Army

Indian Removal Bill

The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise was a United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

The Naturalization Act

The Naturalization Act raised the requirements for aliens to apply for U.S. citizenship, requiring that immigrants reside in the U.S. for 14 years before becoming eligible. The earlier law had required only five years of residence before an application could be made. Adams, in fact, never enforced the Naturalization Act. Nevertheless, he came under heavy fire from the Republicans, led by Vice President Thomas Jefferson, who felt that the Naturalization Act and its companion legislation was unconstitutional and smacked of despotism. So disgusted was Jefferson with Adams' enthusiastic support of the law that he could no longer support the president and left Washington during the Congressional vote. Former President George Washington, on the other hand, supported the legislation

Pilgrims/Puritans

The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

Why were Republicans able to gain the presidency in the election of 1860?

The Republicans scored a decisive win in the North.

The Seven Years' War French and Indian War 1754-1763 (2)

The Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in the colonies) lasted from 1756 to 1763, forming a chapter in the imperial struggle between Britain and France called the Second Hundred Years' War. In the early 1750s, France's expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought it into conflict with the claims of the British colonies, especially Virginia. During 1754 and 1755, the French defeated in quick succession the young George Washington, Gen. Edward Braddock, and Braddock's successor, Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts. In 1755, Governor Shirley, fearing that the French settlers in Nova Scotia (Acadia) would side with France in any military confrontation, expelled hundreds of them to other British colonies; many of the exiles suffered cruelly. Throughout this period, the British military effort was hampered by lack of interest at home, rivalries among the American colonies, and France's greater success in winning the support of the Indians. In 1756 the British formally declared war (marking the official beginning of the Seven Years' War), but their new commander in America, Lord Loudoun, faced the same problems as his predecessors and met with little success against the French and their Indian allies.

Describe why the Framers didn't allow a straight popular vote for the presidency.

The South would have a disproportionate vote

Stamp Act 1765

The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first internal tax levied directly on American colonists by the British government. The act, which imposed a tax on all paper documents in the colonies, came at a time when the British Empire was deep in debt from the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and looking to its North American colonies as a revenue source. Arguing that only their own representative assemblies could tax them, the colonists insisted that the act was unconstitutional, and they resorted to mob violence to intimidate stamp collectors into resigning. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but issued a Declaratory Act at the same time to reaffirm its authority to pass any colonial legislation it saw fit. The issues of taxation and representation raised by the Stamp Act strained relations with the colonies to the point that, 10 years later, the colonists rose in armed rebellion against the British. Unresolved Issues The end of the Stamp Act did not end Parliament's conviction that it had the authority to impose taxes on the colonists. The British government coupled the repeal of the Stamp Act with the Declaratory Act, a reaffirmation of its power to pass any laws over the colonists that it saw fit. However, the colonists held firm to their view that Parliament could not tax them. The issues raised by the Stamp Act festered for 10 years before giving rise to the Revolutionary War and, ultimately, American independence.

(Multiple Choice) The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that

The Supreme Court has the final right to determine the constitutionality of legislation

Tea Act 1773 http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/tea-act

The Tea Act of 1773 was one of several measures imposed on the American colonists by the heavily indebted British government in the decade leading up to the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). The act's main purpose was not to raise revenue from the colonies but to bail out the floundering East India Company, a key actor in the British economy. The British government granted the company a monopoly on the importation and sale of tea in the colonies. The colonists had never accepted the constitutionality of the duty on tea, and the Tea Act rekindled their opposition to it. Their resistance culminated in the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, in which colonists boarded East India Company ships and dumped their loads of tea overboard. Parliament responded with a series of harsh measures intended to stifle colonial resistance to British rule; two years later the war began.

Treaty of Paris, 1763 -Proclamation line

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

The Treaty of Paris of 1783

The Treaty of Paris of 1783, negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence. The Continental Congress named a five-member commission to negotiate a treaty-John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens.. Thus, they were conducted by Adams, Franklin, and Jay Among the team's notable achievements were British recognition of American independence (a point pressed most strongly by Jay); the securing (by Adams and Jay) of American fishermen's right of access to the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland and other traditional fisheries in Canadian waters; and Great Britain's ceding to the United States all territory between the Allegheny Mountains on the east and the Mississippi River on the west, thereby doubling the size of the new nation. For its part, the United States agreed to use its powers to end the persecution of Loyalists by state and local governments and to restore their property confiscated during the war. Both countries agreed not to block creditors from seeking to recover debts owed to them.

What factors led to Zachary Taylor's election as president in 1848?

The Whigs' running separate campaigns in the North and South enabled Taylor to appeal to many voters in a nation divided over the issue of slavery, and the inclusion of a third-party candidate drew votes away from his Democratic rival

(Multiple Choice) One of the advantages the British enjoyed in the impeding conflict with the colonies was

The ability to enlist foreign soldiers, Loyalists, and Native Americans in their military forces

Describe why the Quebec Act of 1774 angered colonists along the eastern seaboard. Explain how the crackdown against Massachusetts, intended to teach other colonies a lesson, instead galvanized rebel support in Virginia and helped unify colonial-wide resistance.

The act reinforced the Proclamation Line that aimed to keep Americans out of that very area, especially since Quebec expanded to include the entire Ohio Valley and Great Lakes Colonists were angered by the crackdown on Boston, caused the famous "Give me liberty or give me death!" Virginians were losing tobacco money because of the British

(Multiple Choice) George Washington successor, John Adams, was politically crippled by

The attacks and plots by enemies within his own Federalist party, including Hamilton

(Identification) Battle of Yorktown

The battle in which George Washington, with the aid of the French army, entrapped and forced Cornwallis to surrender. Important because it was one of the last heavy blows to the British war effort and paved the way for eventual peace.

What is millennialism

The belief that Judgment Day is imminent

The Currency Act

The colonies suffered a constant shortage of currency with which to conduct trade. There were no gold or silver mines and currency could only be obtained through trade as regulated by Great Britain. Many of the colonies felt no alternative to printing their own paper money in the form of Bills of Credit. But because there were no common regulations and in fact no standard value on which to base the notes, confusion ensued. The notes were issued by land banks, or loan offices, which based the value of mortgaged land. Some notes paid interest, others did not, some could be used only for purchase and not to repay debt. Some were issued only for public debts and could not be used in private transactions. There was no standard value common to all of the colonies. British merchant-creditors were very uncomfortable with this system, not only because of the obvious complexity, but because of the rapid depreciation of the notes due to regular fluctuations in the colonial economy. On September 1, 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act, effectively assuming control of the colonial currency system. The act prohibited the issue of any new bills and the reissue of existing currency. Parliament favored a "hard currency" system based on the pound sterling, but was not inclined to regulate the colonial bills. Rather, they simply abolished them. The colonies protested vehemently against this. They suffered a trade deficit with Great Britain to begin with and argued that the shortage of hard capital would further exacerbate the situation. Another provision of the Currency Act established what amounted to a "superior" Vice-admiralty court, at the call of Navel [sic] commanders who wished to assure that persons suspected of smuggling or other violations of the customs laws would receive a hearing favorable to the British, and not the colonial, interests.

Aftermath of Lexington and Concord

The colonists did not show great marksmanship that day. As many as 3,500 militiamen firing constantly for 18 miles only killed or wounded roughly 250 Redcoats, compared to about 90 killed and wounded on their side. Nevertheless, they proved they could stand up to one of the most powerful armies in the world. News of the battle quickly spread, reaching London on May 28. By the following summer, a full-scale war of independence had broken out.

Why might a woman like Mary Cragin have embraced her life in John Humphrey Noyes's community at Oneida, New York?

The community offered greater freedom to women.

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson mean when he said "Mexico will poison us"?

The conflict over slavery will get worse, not better.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

The federal government established this in 1836 to be in charge of the relocated Indians. Corruption among agents was common, however. This flawed federal aid program furthered the Indians' resentment toward white society and created an atmosphere of conflict.

How was Judith Sargent Murray's novel The Story of Margaretta different from the typical sentimental novel of the period?

The female protagonist uses her intelligence and education to overcome difficulties.

(Multiple Choice) The bill of rights is the name given to the provisions who's actual legal form consists of

The first 10 amendments of the Constitution of United States

First Continental Congress http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/the-continental-congress

The first Continental Congress met in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia, from September 5, to October 26, 1774. Carpenter's Hall was also the seat of the Pennsylvania Congress. All of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates. These were elected by the people, by the colonial legislatures, or by the committees of correspondence of the respective colonies. The colonies presented there were united in a determination to show a combined authority to Great Britain, but their aims were not uniform at all. Pennsylvania and New York sent delegates with firm instructions to seek a resolution with England. The other colonies voices were defensive of colonial rights, but pretty evenly divided between those who sought legislative parity, and the more radical members who were prepared for separation. Virginia's delegation was made up of a most even mix of these and not incidentally, presented the most eminent group of men in America. Colo. George Washington, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, Edmund Pendleton, Colo. Benjamin Harrison, Richard Bland, and at the head of them Peyton Randolph — who would immediately be elected president of the convention. From 1774 to 1789, the Continental Congress served as the government of the 13 American colonies and later the United States. The First Continental Congress, which was comprised of delegates from the colonies, met in 1774 in reaction to the Coercive Acts, a series of measures imposed by the British government on the colonies in response to their resistance to new taxes. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress convened after the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) had already begun. In 1776, it took the momentous step of declaring America's independence from Britain. Five years later, the Congress ratified the first national constitution, the Articles of Confederation, under which the country would be governed until 1789, when it was replaced by the current U.S. Constitution.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution for the U.S. Approved by the 2nd Continental Congress in November 1777 Ratified in November 1781 Created "a firm league of friendship" Emphasis on states' rights

How did the approach to imprisoning criminals at a penitentiary differ from earlier approaches?

The focus was on repentance and reform.

The Intolerable Acts

The government spent immense sums of money on troops and equipment in an attempt to subjugate Massachusetts. British merchants had lost huge sums of money on looted, spoiled, and destroyed goods shipped to the colonies. The revenue generated by the Townshend duties, in 1770, amounted to less than £21,000. On March 5, 1770, Parliament repealed the duties, except for the one on tea. That same day, the Boston massacre set a course that would lead the Royal Governor to evacuate the occupying army from Boston, and would soon bring the revolution to armed rebellion throughout the colonies. See also the Tea Act. 1774 After the French and Indian War the British Government decided to reap greater benefits from the colonies. The colonies were pressed with greater taxes without any representation in Britain. This eventually lead to the Boston Tea Party. In retaliation the British passed several punative acts aimed at bringing the colonies back into submission of the King.

How did the Salem Witch Trials end?

The governor's wife was accused, so he allowed jurors to be people not affiliated with the Puritan Church. Basically, all the sane people stopped it and acquitted almost everyone.

Evaluate the arguments James Madison made in the Federalist Papers regarding the size and diversity of the United States. Why does the textbook argue that, if we must have lobbies, it's better to have more than less?

The large diverse area will check each other and cancel each other out The more lobbyists the better to cancel each other out

quorum

The minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress

What resulted from a strike by white workers at the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia?

The only white workers remaining supervised an exclusively enslaved labor force.

(Multiple Choice) The first American political parties developed primarily because of

The opposition of Thomas Jefferson and his followers to Hamiltons financial policies and enhancements of federal government power

How did the growth of the newspaper business affect politics?

The papers intensified partisanship by printing attack stories.

Saving the East India Company

The repeal of the majority of the Townshend Act took the wind out of the sails of the colonial boycott. Although many colonists continued to refuse to drink tea out of principle, many others resumed partaking of the beverage, though some of them salved their conscience by drinking smuggled Dutch tea, which was generally cheaper than legally imported tea.The American consumption of smuggled tea hurt the finances of the East India Company, which was already struggling through economic hardship. Although it was a private concern, the company played an integral role in Britain's imperial economy and served as its conduit to the riches of the East Indies. A glut of tea and a diminished American market had left the company with tons of tea leaves rotting in its warehouses. In an effort to save the troubled enterprise, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773. The act granted the company the right to ship its tea directly to the colonies without first landing it in England, and to commission agents who would have the sole right to sell tea in the colonies. The act retained the duty on imported tea at its existing rate, but, since the company was no longer required to pay an additional tax in England, the Tea Act effectively lowered the price of the East India Company's tea in the colonies.

What did the Millerites anticipate first in march 1843 and later on October 22, 1844?

The return of Christ

Samuel Adams (September 27 1722 - October 2, 1803)

The second cousin of John Adams, Samuel Adams was a Massachusetts statesman, founding father, and firm voice of the American Revolution. He was one of the main forces behind the American movement for Independence, and was infamous for his role in the turmoil in Boston in the years leading up to the Revolutionary War. Where John Adams was strong spirited, Samuel was practically virulent, a master of propaganda and an engineer of mob violence. He had few qualms about acting in opposition to the British authorities, especially on issues he deemed to be "unfair" to the American colonists. His strong leadership inspired the New England colonies to take up arms against their oppressors, and he continued to be a central figure throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century. After the war was over, Adams would go on to become a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, and fourth Governor of Massachusetts. Despite his unusual sense of morality, Adams' charisma and motivational abilities opened many doors for him throughout his lifetime, and he would cause great change in whatever endeavors he attended to.

Historiography

The study of the writing of history.

French and Indian War 1757

The tide turned in 1757 because William Pitt, the new British leader, saw the colonial conflicts as the key to building a vast British empire. Borrowing heavily to finance the war, he paid Prussia to fight in Europe and reimbursed the colonies for raising troops in North America. In July 1758, the British won their first great victory at Louisbourg, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. A month later, they took Fort Frontenac at the western end of the river. Then they closed in on Quebec, where Gen. James Wolfe won a spectacular victory on the Plains of Abraham, September 1759 (though both he and the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, were fatally wounded). With the fall of Montreal in September 1760, the French lost their last foothold in Canada. Soon, Spain joined France against England, and for the rest of the war Britain concentrated on seizing French and Spanish territories in other parts of the world.

As envisioned by the Founders, how was the vice president chosen in 1796?

The vice president was the runner up in the presidential election.

(Multiple Choice) secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton Believed that federal fiscal policy should be designed a favor

The wealthy

What role did trappers play in the settlement of the West?

Their explorations were informative to those interested in the West.

How did the market revolution affect skilled artisans?

Their skills became less valued.

Second Continental Congress May 5, 1775. This was after the battles at Lexington and Concord on April 19th. Sam Adams, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, and George Washington were some of the delegates.

There was mixed feelings about what should be done about the continued hostile acts of the British Parliament. Some delegates wanted immediate independence no matter what the cost. Others were still loyal to King George III and even though they did not like the British taxation without representation, they wanted to avoid an all-out war with England. They finally decided to go slowly and not make any drastic moves that might start a major war. On the other hand, they also felt they needed to protect themselves, so they established the Continental Army and named George Washington as Commander-in-Chief. George Washington was officially commission on June 17, 1775, the same day as the Battle of Bunker (Breed's ) Hill. They also passed a "Declaration of Causes of Taking up Arms," which named England as an aggressor and gave the Colonists the right to take up arms against the British. They wanted to tell King George III that they wanted peace. John Dickinson wrote "The Olive Branch Petition" and made suggestions on how to solve the problems. King George would not read it, because in his mind it was an illegal document made by an illegal congress. The Second Continental Congress me all through the Revolutionary War. They made decisions when and where to attack the British and how to protect themselves. They issued paper money and set up a system where the government would borrow money from their citizens and pay it back with interest. They even created a postal system and the first American Navy was formed. There was never any power given to the Congress to levy taxes to finance the war effort. This meant that any support of the Army would come basically from the different colonies or persons who could afford to support them. After King George III officially called the Colonies in rebellion and after Thomas Paine's Common Sense was circulated and read, the Patriots realized there was no way to solve the problems peacefully. They decided to declare independence and they drafted the Declaration of Independence which was adopted and ratified on July 4, 1776. The main problem the Continental Congress had was how to finance the cost of the war. This took a lot of time and they tried different ways to support their Army. Soon the problem of "states rights" came, because even though they wanted to be united as one country, each colony wanted to remain independent and make its own laws. The debate over how the colonies could remain united but keep their individual rights continued. In July 1776 the Articles of Confederation were presented to Congress as a way to define both the central government and the state governments. The Articles passed in 1777, but were not ratified by all the states until 1781.

In what way did the Shakers reconfigure the traditional family?

There was neither marriage nor sex between men and women.

(Multiple Choice) The great compromise, finally agreed to by the Constitutional convention, provided that

There would be representation by population in the House of Representatives but equal representation of all states in the Senate

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

These states declared Alien and Sedition acts unconstitutional

Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe influenced Northerners in what way?

They became more hostile toward slavery.

How did the creation of a market economy affect many farmers in the early nineteenth century?

They began to focus on crops that they could sell for cash.

Why did poor white Southerners support a slave society in which they had so little power?

They believed in the inferiority of African Americans

Why did architects such as Andrew Jackson Downing and Alexander Jackson Davis reject the Greek Revival style?

They believed that architecture should reflect social status.

Which of the following is accurate regarding the rights of free blacks in the South?

They could work as skilled artisans.

What was the main reason many Americans opposed the annexation of Texas?

They did not want another slave state admitted to the Union.

Why were so few people willing to act as tax collectors in Kentucky during the Washington administration?

They disagreed with the excise tax on whiskey.

(Multiple Choice) all of the following were true of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa except

They embraced whites concept of ownership

What was the position of the old Republican guard regarding the possibility of war during President Madison's first term?

They feared that war would bring about the expansion of the federal government.

What was the French role at the critical Battle of Yorktown?

They had a much larger army in Yorktown (4:1) compared to Americans, causing 30,000 redcoats to surrender

How did most Republicans react to the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States?

They had made their peace with the existence of a national bank.

How did African Americans react to the efforts of Southern churches to convert slaves to Christianity?

They interpreted Christianity in ways that expressed their hopes.

Explain outlivers accusations in the Salem Witch Trials?

They often would accuse the richer people who ejected them from Salem Town

What did the Pilgrims do with all the men they didn't have room to bury?

They propped them up to act as guards

Why were the British seizing American ships in 1793 and 1794?

They wanted to stop American trade with France.

Repercussions of the French helping America in the revolution?

They went bankrupt and King Louis XVI was overthrown

Why did Republicans oppose recognition of the new government in Saint-Domingue?

They worried that American slaves would be inspired by the revolt.

What attitude would Northern manufacturers most likely have had toward immigrants?

They would have welcomed immigrants as a source of cheap labor.

Currency Act of 1764

This act applied to all of the colonies. It banned the production of paper money in the colonies and encouraged the use of the British pound sterling

the Alien Act, on June 25

This act gave the president the authority to deport aliens during peacetime "dangerous to the peace nad safety of the US"

Mesoamerica

This early civilization included Mexico and Central America and it was based on sedentary agriculture and the cultivation of corn and food production.

(Matching) The author of the Declaration of Independence, ambassador to France, second vice President and third president of United States. He was also the leader of the Democratic Republicans who sought a week central government and strict constructionist viewpoint of the Constitution but compromised and purchased the Louisiana territory

Thomas Jefferson

(Multiple Choice) The greatest political beneficiary of the Louisiana purchase was

Thomas Jefferson

(Multiple Choice) which of the following was not present among the figures of the Constitutional convention

Thomas Jefferson

Who was the first secretary of state?

Thomas Jefferson

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson runs again and this time defeats Adams Aaron Burr runs as the Republican Party's vice presidential candidate Jefferson and Burr tie The House of Representatives decides Federalist Era ends

(Matching) The pamphleteer and author of Common Sense, the fiery tract that laid out the case for American Independence

Thomas Paine

(Multiple Choice) The key development leading a majority of Americans to favor independence after January 1776 was

Thomas Pains's brilliant arguments for independence in his publication Common Sense

Benedict Arnold

Thought he should have been given credit at Saratoga Conspired against colonies to hand over West Point Plan was discovered but he escaped

What was purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

To explore and map the West

Tobacco Colonies

Tobacco plantations spread rapidly, eating up the nutrients in the soil. With boom in tobacco, slave holding became widespread and the population of slaves grew twice as fast than that of whites.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Took place near Boston British won because the colonists ran out of ammunition

Who led the slave uprising in Saint-Domingue?

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with Britain granting the United States trade rights on the Mississippi, in the British East Indies, removing remaining British forts on American Territory.

Based on the online lectures associated with Chapter 7, the results of the Corps of Discovery included a greater sense of American identity.

True

In the election of 1796, the man who won the presidency was John Adams. True or False?

True

Southerners in negotiating the Missouri Compromise insisted on admitting Missouri as a slave state to preserve a balance of power in the Senate. True or False?

True

The event that resulted in the Quasi War between the United States and France was the XYZ Affair. True or False?

True

Thomas Jefferson attempted to decrease the public debt by reducing government spending. True or False?

True

What were the goals of artists during this time?

Trying to develop an identity as a country

XYZ Affair

U.S. sent 3 representatives to France to get them to stop plundering American ships French demanded bribes before even discussing

War of 1812

US v. Great Britain Causes: 1) Hostility in Indian country, 2) Hostility at sea -Ended in a stalemate with Treaty of Ghent

Winfield Scott

United States Army general and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Where did the Mormons ultimately settle?

Utah

Who was Denmark Vessey? What was the Nat Turner Revolt?

Vessey- Inspired Haitian revolution Nat Turner Revolt- led revolt in Virginia because he had vision he had to punish the whites

Queen Elizabeth I

Virgin Queen, Supported Exploration of New World, Established Church of England.

John Brown's raid on a federal arsenal occurred in the state of

Virginia

Gabriel's Rebellion

Virginia based slave inspired by Haitian revolt Plan: march into Richland to capture governor Result: delayed by thunderstorm and exposed Slave laws were tightened in the wake of rebellion

Madison and the Virginia Plan

Virginian James Madison has been called the Father of the Constitution. He arrived in Philadelphia for the Convention almost two weeks early so that he could start thinking about what he wanted the Convention to accomplish. From his point of view, there were a few main problems with the Confederation. The states were under no obligation to pay their fair share of the national budget; they violated international treaties with abandon; they ran roughshod over the authority of the Congress; and they violated each other's rights incessantly. Madison's idea, certainly not an original one, but unique for the new United States, was to recreate the United States under an entirely different form of government - a republican model. In a republic, the people are the ultimate power, and the people transfer that power to representatives. As in the United States today, the people would elect their representatives to govern. This was in contrast to the Confederation model of the time, when the states appointed members of Congress. His vision included separate authorities with separate responsibilities, allowing no one to control too much of the government; and a dominant national government, curbing the power of the states.

(Multiple Choice) for funding, the Congress of the articles of Confederation depended on

Voluntary contributions from the states

The system of centralized factories and company-owned dormitories was originally named for the first mill town, established in

Waltham, Massachusetts

The system of centralized factories and company-owned dormitories was originally named for the first mill town, established in

Waltham, Massachusetts.

Texas revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

War of 1812

War between U.S. and Britain U.S. forces were defeated on land and sea Capital was burned

Black Hawk War

War in Illinois between and alliance of Sauk and Fox Indians under Black Hawk against white settlers in 1831-1832 in an effort to overturn what Black Hawk considered and illegal treaty ceding tribal lands in that state to the federal government.

What did the Indian leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa see as the path to the empowerment of their people?

Warefare

Harper's Ferry

Was an attempt to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. He originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass to join him when he attacked the armory, but illness prevented Tubman from joining him and Douglass believed his plan would fail and did not join him for that reason.

(Multiple Choice) The rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers against Hamilton's whiskey excise tax

Was crushed by an Army led by President Washington himself

Battle of Antietam

Was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Union soil. It is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of dead, wounded, and missing at 22,717. Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation ProclamationLandmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

George Robert Twelves Hewes

Was the protagonist in Shoe maker and tea party. Witnessed the

Christmas Surprise Attack

Washington attacked Hessians on Christmas. He made them think he was elsewhere and took advantage of their drunkedness

Battle of Trenton

Washington defeated a large force of Hessians and moved on to capture Princeton a few days later

Mt. Vernon Conference

Washington had delegates from Maryland and Virginia come to his house to settle argument over trade on the Potomac River

Farewell Address 1796

Washington published speech at end of office in Philadelphia newspaper warning against political parties and entangling alliances

Why did Republican leaders decide not to challenge President Washington in the 1792 election?

Washington was believed to be above partisanship.

(Multiple Choice) All of the following fates befell Loyalists after the Revolutionary Was except they

Were given aristocratic status in Canada

(Multiple Choice) The first 10 amendments to the new constitution

Were passed without debate

The Sons of Liberty

When Britain imposed the Intolerable Acts throughout the 1750s and 60s, a great number of men became extremely angry, and began to act violently against British Loyalists in the colonies. Mobs sprung up all over the colonies, reigning terror on those who remained faithful to the crown. In Boston in early summer of 1765 a group of shopkeepers and artisans who called themselves The Loyal Nine, began preparing for agitation against the Stamp Act. As that group grew, it came to be known as the Sons of Liberty. And grow it did! These were not the leading men of Boston, but rather workers and tradesmen. It was unseemly that they would be so agitated by a parliamentary act. Though their ranks did not include Samuel and John Adams, the fact may have been a result of a mutually beneficial agreement. The Adams' and other radical members of the legislature were daily in the public eye; they could not afford to be too closely associated with violence, neither could the secretive Sons of Liberty afford much public exposure. However, amongst the members were two men who could generate much public sentiment about the Act. Benjamin Edes, a printer, and John Gill of the Boston Gazette produced a steady stream of news and opinion. Within a very short time a group of some two thousand men had been organized under Ebenezer McIntosh, a South Boston shoemaker.

How did the price of cotton affect the economy in 1837?

When its price plummeted, it hurt an already poor economy.

(Multiple Choice) Jeffersons greatest concern about purchasing Louisiana was

Whether the purchase was permissible under the constitution

Explain why the emerging Whig party blamed Jackson for the panic of 1837

Whig party was an anti-Jackson party Charged "King Andrew" with tyranny

Define Whig and summarize how British Whigs contributed to the American Revolution. Who was the most famous Anglo-American Whig pamphleteer that contributed directly to the rebellion?

Whig: a member of the British reforming and constitutional party that sought the supremacy of Parliament Thomas Paine - he declared that it was time for the US to separate and be its own nation

(Identification) Stamp Act

Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Important because colonials developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

The only presidential candidate in the 1824 election who opposed using federal power for economic development was

William Crawford.

Who campaigned with one of the most successful slogans in American history, "Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too"?

William Henry Harrison

Which of the following events sparked an alliance between Tecumseh and the British?

William Henry Harrison's attack on the village of Tippecanoe

Who led the invasion of central Mexico that resulted in the taking of Mexico City?

Winfield Scott

How did the generals Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor differ?

Winfield Scott was arrogant, whereas Zachary Taylor lacked pretension.

Why did the workload of women double when their families moved westward?

Women maintained traditional roles within the family but also had to take on jobs usually reserved for men.

Indentured Servant

Worker who had their trip paid to come to America, Worked similarly to a slave.

(Multiple Choice) The Northwest ordinance of 1787 provided that the western territories

Would proceed through two stages on the way to becoming equal states of the union

Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty

Written by Thomas Jefferson Said that no man was required to support any religion

Francis Scott Key

Wrote the Star Spangled Banner during the War of 1812 Not National Anthem until 1930s

What did the Whigs share with the Federalists?

a belief in a strong federal government that engaged with the economy

What was one outcome of the Kansas-Nebraska act?

a bloody civil conflict between proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas

Indian Removal Act

a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Which of the following was most responsible for causing the Panic of 1837?

a constriction of credit initiated by the Bank of England

The XYZ Affair almost caused

a declaration of war against France.

What was the main source of conflict between the US and Mexico before the Mexican War?

a dispute over defining the border

What quality was shared by those who engaged in utopian social experiments and more conventional social reformers?

a faith in Americans' ability to collectively improve their lot

Which of the following initiated the Panic of 1819?

a fall in the price of cotton and other agricultural products

What did votes on the five bills of the Compromise of 1850 reveal?

a growing sectionalism

As a consequence of the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 and the diplomatic agreements with Britain that immediately followed,

a lasting peace was established between the United States and Canada.

Which of the following would most certainly be a proponent of immediatism

a member of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Which of the following would most certainly be a proponent of immediatism?

a member of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Political cartoonists portayed Andrew Jackson as all of the following EXCEPT A) a money-grubbing banker. B) the devil or one of his allies. C) a bloodthirsty general. D) a tyrannical king. E) a heroic statesman.

a money-grubbing banker.

What was the Underground Railroad?

a network that helped slaves escape to Canada

As can be seen in this painting of Mount Auburn, typical elements of the rural cemetery movement included all of the following EXCEPT

a rejection of Christian values.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

a religious revival

James K. Polk, or "Young Hickory," shared all of the following with Andrew Jackson EXCEPT

a reluctance to use the military to meet his ends

What occupied President Jackson in the first months of his administration?

a sexual scandal involving his secretary of war, John Eaton

Which is the best definition of an artisan?

a skilled craftsman who makes things by hand

What was the Georgia Guard?

a special state police force that patrolled Indian territory

Bill of Rights

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

What was the immediate cause of the Lowell strike of 1834?

a wage cut

The duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr resulted from a. Hamilton's campaigning against Burr when he ran for Governor of New York then continuing to cast doubt on Burr's character b. Burr's opposition to Hamilton's financial program c. Hamilton's habit of fighting duels on the slightest provocation d. Burr's refusal to withdraw from the election of 1800, which forced Hamilton to support Jefferson against his better judgement

a. Hamilton's campaigning against Burr when he ran for Governor of New York then continuing to cast doubt on Burr's character

The Father of the Constitution is a. James Madison b. Thomas Jefferson c. Roger Wilkinson d. Edmund Randolph e. William Patterson

a. James Madison

For Jefferson, one of the most important reasons for the Louisiana Purchase was that it a. secured access to the mouth of the Mississippi River b. supported American claims to gold deposits in the Midwest c. opened new territory for the expansion of slavery d. would punish the French for their mistreatment of Americans

a. secured access to the mouth of the Mississippi River

Which of the following was not a power of the Congress under the Articles of Confederation? a. the power to tax b. the power to declare war c. the power to conduct foreign affairs d. the power to coin money e. the power to regulate interstate trade

a. the power to tax

In order to amend the Articles of Confederation, a _____ vote was necessary. a. unanimous b. 51% c. 60% d. 66% e. 75%

a. unanimous

Henry David Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax in support of what cause?

abolition

By 1860, the percentage of Southerners who owned slaves was

about 25 percent

What was Andrew Jackson's true purpose in attacking the Seminoles of Florida?

acquiring Florida from the Spanish

The Democrats proposed solving the country's economic problems by

allowing individual states to guide economic development.

Thomas Jefferson's comparison of slavery to holding "the wolf by the ears" reflected his

ambivalence toward the institution.

President Pierce attempted to strengthen the Democratic Party and unite the nation by emphasizing

an aggressive foreign policy

A result of the burning of Tippecanoe was

an alliance between Tecumseh and Britain.

A result of the burning of Tippecanoe was:

an alliance between Tecumseh and Britain.

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

What was the Liberty Party?

an antislavery, anti-annexation party that emerged in 1844

What was the daguerreotype?

an early form of photography

The depositing of funds from the Bank of the United States in state banks resulted in

an expansion of credit.

As president, James K. Polk could best be described as

an expansionist

Who were the "Barnburners"

anti-slavery Democrats

Witches tit

any sort of spot or pimple indicating that the devil had suckled (had sex with) the suspected witch.

How had Christians traditionally regarded the consumption of alcohol?

as a problem when it led to drunkenness

In this Federalist political cartoon, how is Thomas Jefferson represented?

as a traitor to American interests

What view of slavery is represented by the cartoon, Slavery As It Exists in America?

as benign, especially when compared with the evils of industry

How did Americans initially regard photography?

as copying reality perfectly

How did such American leaders as John Quincy Adams regard the Treaty of Ghent?

as doing little more than end the fighting between the United States and Britain

How did the Charleston white elite who prosecuted him interpret the trial of Denmark Vesey?

as evidence that Northern abolitionism was a threat to slavery

How does Samuel Jennings portray African Americans in his painting Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences?

as grateful for, but not agents of, their own freedom

How is the education of young ladies portrayed in this needlework by Maria Crowninshield?

as noble

How did Washington socialite Margaret Bayard Smith describe the followers of Andrew Jackson?

as unruly and rowdy

Fabian

avoiding direct conflict with the larger, professionally trained Redcoats, fighting them when and where he chose in quick hit-and-run campaigns

The person most responsible for the development of America's financial system was a. Henry Knox b. Alexander Hamilton c. George Washington d. Thomas Jefferson e. John Jay

b. Alexander Hamilton

In the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court ruled that a. state governments could not impose taxes b. an act of Congress has exceeded its constitutional authority c. a state law was unconstitutional d. the executive branch must comply with an order of the Court

b. an act of Congress has exceeded its constitutional authority

Why was the importation of slavery banned on 1808? a. the 13th Amendment was added to the Constitution b. popular support for the measure caused Congress to ban it c. it was constitutionally required as the 20 year moratorium expired d. the fear of adding more rebellious slaves to the South e. the fear of infectious diseases that were carried by the slaves

b. popular support for the measure caused Congress to ban it

The main debate over the Constitution revolved around the issue of a. taxation b. representation c. slavery d. the executive e. the makeup of Congress

b. representation

Under the Articles of Confederation, taxes could be imposed only by a. the central government b. state assemblies c. the voters d. the Congress e. a national referendum

b. state assemblies

What effect did the depression of 1837 have on the labor movement?

because of fierce competition for existing jobs, labor lost bargaining power

Pentheism

belief in a divinity infusing and animating all things.

The Female Moral Reform Society attempted to vanquish

brothels

The Female Moral Reform Society attempted to vanquish

brothels.

In this German engraving of the revolution in Saint-Domingue, the black rebels are portrayed as

brutal.

How did Jeffersonian policy attempt to transform gender roles in Creek society?

by encouraging men to tend to the fields

In the election of 1800 a. Jefferson's vice-presidential running mate was George Clinton b. Hamilton endorsed Clinton when the election went to the House of Representatives c. Jefferson was finally chosen president by the House of Representatives d. Jefferson was finally chosen president by the Senate

c. Jefferson was finally chosen president by the House of Representatives

The president chosen in 1824 by the House of Representatives when no candidate received a majority of votes in the Electoral College was a. James Monroe b. Andrew Jackson c. John Quincy Adams d. James Madison

c. John Quincy Adams

Which state was not represented at the Constitutional Convention? a. Georgia b. South Carolina c. Rhode Island d. New Jersey

c. Rhode Island

The battle of New Orleans in 1815 resulted in the a. negotiation of the Treaty of Ghent on terms favorable to the United States b. Acquisition of the area through the Lousiana Purchase c. emergence of Andrew Jackson as a military hero d. rejection fo the Treaty of Ghent by the United States

c. emergence of Andrew Jackson as a military hero

One of the purposes of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to a. build military outposts to serve as trading centers with the Native Americans. b. bring Protestantism to the Native Americans c. establish official relations with Native American tribes d. prevent the French from regaining control of the Mississippi River Valley

c. establish official relations with Native American tribes

The union of American states under the Articles of Confederation was a a. compact of states modeled on the British system of a sovereign Parliament b. centralized system in which the national government held the most power, but the states had control over purely local matters c. league of states, in which the states were sovereign and the national government had only weak delegated powers d. centralized system with power vested solely in the national government

c. league of states, in which the states were sovereign and the national government had only weak delegated powers

A direct consequence of the election of 1800 was the constitutional amendment stipulating a. a single electoral college ballot in which the candidate with the most votes became president and the runner-up became vice president b. the organization of political parties. c. separate electoral college ballots for president and vice-president d. qualifications of those who could vote for presidential electors

c. separate electoral college ballots for president and vice-president

The Whiskey Rebellion was a result of a. the government's attempt to enforce Prohibition b. the government's attempt to regulate the purchase of land from the natives using alcohol as currency c. the government's attempt to enforce a law that placed a tax on whiskey d. farmer's desire to raise local revenue by placing a 10% tax on all alcohol sold in auctions e. the North's desire to forbid alcohol use as a trade item

c. the government's attempt to enforce a law that placed a tax on whiskey

Washington is the only president to a. be elected because he was the only person who ran b. serve two terms c. win a unanimous vote in the electoral college d. be a general who won the presidency e. warn against foreign entanglements

c. win a unanimous vote in the electoral college

Unlike their counterparts in the North, Southern yeoman farmers did not have access to

cheap transportation

Unlike their counterparts in the North, Southern yeoman farmers did not have access to

cheap transportation.

This cartoon shows Congress sailing toward Philadelphia in the ship Constitution. What Republican view of cities is portrayed in the image?

cities as dangerous for democracy

Henry David Thoreau is famous for articulating his stance on

civil disobedience

Abolitionists responded to Hiram Powers's statue The Greek Slave by

comparing the slave's suffering to that of American slaves.

Pontiac's War

conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

The Cherokee accommodated to American culture in all of the following ways EXCEPT by A) contributing to American military campaigns against other Indian tribes. B) possessing slaves. C) practicing American-style agriculture. D) adopting a constitution like that of the United States. E) converting to Christianity.

contributing to American military campaigns against other Indian tribes.

Which of the following did NOT lead to an increase in urban violence?

corruption within the police force

What is one reason that cotton cultivation spread westward after 1820?

cotton depleted the soil of nutrients, so growers needed fresh land

Which of the following best describes the stance of Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville to contemporary American society?

critical of the effects of the market economy

Which of the following best describes the stance of Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel hawthorne, and Herman Melville to contemporary American society?

critical of the effects of the market economy.

One of the major reasons for American entry in the War of 1812 was the a. American belief that the Spanish were inspiring Native American resistance to American expansion b. French attacks on American shipping c. American belief that the French were inspiring Native resistance to American expansion d. American belief that the British were inspiring Native American resistance to American expansion

d. American belief that the British were inspiring Native American resistance to American expansion

The element of the Constitution most representative of the Anti-Federalist perspective is the a. doctrine of judicial review b. the Thirteenth Amendment c. concept of strong centralization d. Bill of Rights

d. Bill of Rights

The leader who abandoned his plans for an empire in the New World and sold Louisiana to the United States was a. Louis XVI b. Juan Carlos I c. Frederick the Great d. Napoleon

d. Napoleon

The "Era of Good Feelings" was noted for the a. return to the policial and economic philosophy of Jefferson b. exceptionally strong leadership by Monroe as head of his party c. innovative federal programs pioneered by Monroe d. absence of organized political parties opposing each other

d. absence of organized political parties opposing each other

When Washington gave his Farewell Address, he cautioned Americans against a. involvement in foreign affairs b. sectional politics c. political parties d. all of these things e. none of these

d. all of these things

The essential question involved in the Missouri Compromise was: would Missouri a. be the start of the transcontinental railroad? b. be allowed to import slaves from abroad? c. include present-day Kansas in its boundaries? d. come into the Union as a free or slave state?

d. come into the Union as a free or slave state?

The Treaty of Ghent (1814) ending the War of 1812 a. required the British to stop the impressment of seamen b. ceded much of the Northwest Territory to the Native Americans c. clearly defined the rights of neutral nations d. simply ended the war

d. simply ended the war

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall opted to

declare that Marbury was entitled to a commission, but decline to give the order due to a legal technicality, which gave everyone a partial victory.

declension

decline; what Puritans called their mission they believed had derailed

Federalists tended to believe that the attitude of citizens toward their elected representatives should be one of

deference.

The 1829 decision of Chief Justice Thomas Ruffin of the North Carolina Supreme Court in State v. Mann

denied the basic rights of slaves

The 1829 decision of Chief Justice Thomas Ruffin of the North Carolina Supreme Court in State v. Mann

denied the basic rights of slaves.

Land Ordinance of 1785

dictated how the territories would be further subdivided down into square mile sections and acres

In the painting Domestic Happiness, the woman's hand gesture communicates both her emotional intimacy with her husband and her

dominion over the world of their children.

The Virginia Plan proposed all of the following except a. a bicameral legislature b. a legislature with the power to veto state laws c. direct election of United States Senators d. the inclusion of executive nd judicial branches of government e. All of these were proposed by the Virginia Plan

e. All of these were proposed by the Virginia Plan

The state admitted to the Union on the condition that, in the future, slavery was prohibited in the area of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36˚ 30' line was a. Kansas b. Ohio c. Kentucky d. West Virginia e. Missouri

e. Missouri

The major US city sacked and burned by the British in 1814 was a. New Orleans b. Baltimore c. Philadelphia d. Charleston e. Washington DC

e. Washington DC

The episode which immediately prompted the Embargo Act was the a. naval conflict between the Constitution and the Guerriere b. renewed outbreak of war in Europe in 1803 c. French blockade of major American ports d. British refusal to pay American tariffs e. attack on the Chesapeake by Leopard

e. attack on the Chesapeake by Leopard

Thomas Jefferson was an early defender of a. Hamilton's Report on Manufactures b. urban growth c. strong, central government d. the Bank of the United States e. the French Revolution

e. the French Revolution

3/5 Compromise

each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

The Whigs believed that the American System would result in

economic prosperity for all Americans.

Such reformers as Mary Gove and Paulina Wright were interested in

educating women on their reproductive rights and health

Such reformers as Mary Gove and Paulina Wright were interested in

educating women on their reproductive rights and health.

Horace Mann's most notable contributions were in the field of

education

Horace Mann's most notable contributions were in the field of

education.

Edgar Allan Poe differed from Nathaniel Hawthorne in that he

embraced the topics of popular fiction in his literary art

Edgar Allan Poe differed from Nathaniel Hawthorne in that he

embraced the topics of popular fiction in his literary art.

In the Eastern State Penitentiary at Philadelphia, prisoners

enjoyed no privacy

In the Eastern State Penitentiary at Philadelphia, prisoners

enjoyed no privacy.

In his first term, Thomas Jefferson reduced the size of the federal government by

eradicating the national debt created by the Federalists.

In his first term, Thomas Jefferson reduced the size of the federal government by:

eradicating the national debt created by the Federalists.

Marbury v. Madison

established concept of judicial review, first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional'. 1803

What did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 give Andrew Jackson the authority to do?

exchange Indian lands within the states for land west of the Mississippi

Members of Young America supported which of the following

extending Americans influence throughout the Americas

In the War of 1812, American efforts to defeat the British in Canada

failed miserably

In the War of 1812, American efforts to defeat the British in Canada

failed miserably.

Enslaved African Americans never feigned illness or worked slowly as a way to protest their situation.

false

Traveling by canal from western New York to Albany took twice as long as traveling by road.

false

Before the arrival of the steamboat,

few manufactured goods reached the interior of the nation

Before the arrival of the steamboat,

few manufactured goods reached the interior of the nation.

Freemasons

fraternity of the Enlightenment who believed in tolerance and universal brotherhood

What was complex marriage as practiced in the community at Oneida, New York, established by John Humphrey Noyes?

free sexual relations between the men and women of the community

the Sedition Act, passed on July 14

gave Adams tremendous power to define treasonable activity including any false, scandalous and malicious writing. Made it a crime to publish :false, scandalous and malicious writing" again the government or it official

The Alien Enemies Act July 6

gave him the power to deport any alien living in the U.S. with ties to U.S. wartime enemies

With the rise in partisan politics in the 1790s, what tool were professional politicians such as John Beckley willing to employ?

gossip

The Fugitive Slave Act included all of the following provisions EXCEPT that

handsome bounties were awarded to those who returned fugitives to their owners.

What bold plan did Hamilton create in an effort to address debt from the American Revolution?

having the federal government fund the national debt

15. All of the following are true about Alexander Hamilton EXCEPT that A) he became a prosperous Southern planter. B) he was often egotistical and overbearing. C) he believed government should be allied with the wealthy and powerful. D) he possessed a sharp mind in affairs of finance. E) he came from a relatively poor background.

he became a prosperous Southern planter.

Upon General Santa Anna's seizing power in Mexico,

he established a dictatorship with himself at the helm.

Which of the following does NOT characterize the New York neighborhood of Five Points?

home to a wide range of economic classes

Aaron Burr's challenging Alexander Hamilton to a duel reflected what value in early nineteenth-century American culture?

honor

Interesting links

https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vbkw6/eli5_the_reasons_behind_the_american_civil_war/ceqrrv9/

Through his newspaper The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison became a leading spokesperson for

immediatism

Through his newspaper The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison became a leading spokesperson for

immediatism.

By what controversial method did Thomas Jefferson remove Judge John Pickering and attempt to remove Judge Samuel Chase from office?

impeachment

What caused the dramatic increase in the number of books, newspapers, and magazines in early nineteenth-century America?

improvements in printing technology

A supporter of temperance believed

in abstinence from alcohol

A supporter of temperance believed

in abstinence from alcohol.

Thomas Jefferson envisioned the United States as a nation of

independent yeoman farmers.

Most Southern tenant farmers viewed African Americans as

inferior to themselves.

In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court ruled on

interstate commerce

In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court ruled on

interstate commerce.

Jacksonians used all of the following political techniques in the 1828 campaign and election EXCEPT for A) intimidating voters at the polls. B) creating enthusiasm through parades and rallies. C) selling tickets to public banquets. D) making an assortment of campaign badges and other memorabilia. E) creating a network of newspapers to get their message out.

intimidating voters at the polls.

The Battle of New Orleans was noteworthy not only because it was a crushing defeat for the British but because

it occurred after a treaty with the British had been signed.

All of the following statements about the Louisiana Purchase are true EXCEPT that A) it signaled American support for France in its war with Britain. B) it compelled Thomas Jefferson to abandon his view of the Constitution. C) it was in accord with Jefferson's interest in westward expansion. D) it almost doubled the size of the United States. E) it resulted from a deal with Napoleon Bonaparte.

it signaled American support for France in its war with Britain.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, why was a city like St. Louis poised for growth?

it was located on a major river

Critics of the 1828 tariff opposed it because they believed

it would trigger Britain to retaliate by raising tariffs on imported cotton.

What aspect of a religious camp meeting is evoked in this painting?

its emotional intensity

What struck Alexis de Tocqueville, author of Democracy in America, most vividly about American society?

its equality

All of the following are true of the southern cotton from 1840 to 1860 except that

its profitability enabled Southerners to become less dependent on Northern industry

What aspect of America did Thomas Cole seek to emphasize in his art?

its wilderness

The Free-Soil Party emerged during the Mexican-American War was committed to

keeping slavery from spreading.

As a result of Nat Turner's Rebellion,

laws restricting African Americans in the South became more severe

As a result of Nat Turner's Rebellion,

laws restricting African Americans in the South became more severe.

By 1860, free blacks accounted for what percentage of the South's African-American population?

less than 10 percent

The writings of plantation mistresses show their lives to have been

lonely.

As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall

made decisions that strengthened the federal government.

Jacksonians portrayed John Quincy Adams as a man who

maintained aristocratic pretensions.

The creation of Democratic-Republican societies in 1793 and 1794 revealed that

many Americans were interested in national politics.

Technological innovations that came about directly as a result of the War of 1812 included

mass firearm production.

Define mercantilism. How might one argue that the Burning of the Gaspee, Pine Tree Riots, and Boston Tea Destruction were really protests, more broadly, against British mercantilism?

mercantilism: national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports of a nation. -All were fighting against the British who wanted to either take American goods or tax Americans for the benefit of Britain

What popular attitude toward the Millerites is reflected in this illustration?

mockery of their expectation of the apocalypse

All of the following are true of Southern planters EXCEPT that A) most maintained a lifestyle of grand luxury. B) they were outnumbered by whites who did not own slaves. C) they emulated the English landed gentry. D) women were intimately involved in the management of the plantation. E) fewer than one percent owned a hundred or more slaves.

most maintained a lifestyle of grand luxury.

To secure the support of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for his economic program, Hamilton agreed to

move the nation's capital from New York City to the South.

To what did Transcendentalists look for inspiration and insight?

nature

The importance of festivities combining work and leisure to traditional community life most likely indicated that before the market revolution,

neighbors relied on each other for survival.

In the controversial Dred Scott decision, the Supreme court declared that

neither enslaved nor free African American could become citizens.

(Multiple Choice) At the outset of the American Revolution, the civilian population in the colonies was generally

neutral or apathetic

Which of the following was a major theme of President Washington's Farewell Address?

nonpartisanship

1. All of the following statements are true about the Federalists, EXCEPT that the Federalists A) opposed Jay's Treaty. B) wanted a strong central government. C) supported Alexander Hamilton's economic reforms. D) opposed the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution. E) wanted to recognize the new government of Saint-Domingue.

opposed Jay's Treaty.

Which of the following best describes Charles Grandson Finney's theology?

people can seek out salvation and usher in the millennium

The "cult of true womanhood" identified women with

piety, motherhood, and sexual passivity.

What was the African-American freeman Denmark Vesey charged with doing?

plotting an insurrection

Those who defended property requirements for suffrage did so in defense of

political stability.

The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution stated that

powers not granted to the federal government belonged to the states and the people.

In his first inaugural address, President Abraham Lincoln

promised to enforce federal law in all of the states

13. Hamilton's ideas included all of the following EXCEPT A) promoting an agrarian-based economy for the United States. B) raising revenues by placing an excise tax on whiskey. C) creating a Bank of the United States. D) advocating protective tariffs to strengthen American industry. E) regarding the national debt as a financial tool.

promoting an agrarian-based economy for the United States.

Whereas the Lowell mill women who took part in the strike of 1834 saw themselves as heirs to the Patriots of the American Revolution, their critics viewed them as

radical and unladylike

Whereas the Lowell mill women who took part in the strike of 1834 saw themselves as heirs to the Patriots of the American Revolution, their critics viewed them as

radical and unladylike.

tariff of abominations

raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. It protected the North but harmed the South; South said that it was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. (also called tariff of 1828)

Treaty of Amity and Commerce Feb-6-1778

recognized the United States as an independent nation and encouraged trade between France and the America, while the Treaty of Alliance provided for a military alliance against Great Britain, stipulating that the absolute independence of the United States be recognized as a condition for peace and that France would be permitted to conquer the British West Indies. With the treaties, the first entered into by the U.S. government, the Bourbon monarchy of France formalized its commitment to assist the American colonies in their struggle against France's old rival, Great Britain. The eagerness of the French to help the United States was motivated both by an appreciation of the American revolutionaries' democratic ideals and by bitterness at having lost most of their American empire to the British at the conclusion of the French and Indian Wars in 1763. During the American Revolution, French naval fleets proved critical in the defeat of the British, which culminated in the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781.

When confronted with President Jackson's Indian removal policy, most Cherokee supported Principal Chief John Ross in opting to

reject relocation and try to rally congressional support against the state of Georgia.

The "gag rule" was a procedural motion that

required the House of Representatives to automatically table all antislavery petitions.

The "gag rule" was a procedural motion that

required the House of Reps to automatically table all antislavery petitions.

Proponents of popular sovereignty believed that

residents of a territory should decide whether slavery should be permitted there

In 1848, women in New York won the right to

retain control of inherited wealth

In 1848, women in New York won the right to

retain control of inherited wealth.

After Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821, the missions in California

saw much of their land turned into rancheros.

Through the first part of the nineteenth century, on average, Americans

saw their wealth increase

Through the first part of the nineteenth century, on average, Americans

saw their wealth increase.

What position did Congress create to advise the president on foreign affairs?

secretary of state

What political technique did the Anti-Masons pioneer that was adopted by mainstream parties?

selecting a presidential candidate at a national nominating convention

Household slaves typically

served in roles such as cooks and maids.

When New York abolished property requirements for white male suffrage in 1821, the state also

set a prohibitively high property requirement for African Americans.

In his lectures, Sylvester Graham warned his audience to avoid the dangers of

sexual overstimulation

In his lectures, Sylvester Graham warned his audience to avoid the dangers of

sexual overstimulation.

Tariff of 1842

signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost.

What did author Alexis de Tocqueville believe caused "almost all the differences which may be noticed between the characters of the Americans in the Southern and in the Northern states"?

slavery

What practice did American settlers bring to Texas that was illegal in Mexico by 1829?

slavery

The Wilmot Proviso proposed that

slavery should be banned in the territory gained in the Mexican war.

Franciscan-run Catholic missions in California for the most part treated Indians as

slaves

"Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry for Americans in the war against Mexico because

so many Americans died in a battle there.

Why might a rural woman choose to do outwork instead of working at the Lowell Mills?

so that she could continue to do agricultural work at her home

The creation of interchangeable parts benefited American industry by making it possible to

speed up the manufacturing process

Before 1815, most American farmers

spent most of their effort growing enough food to feed their families.

Reformers such as minister Lyman Beecher cast the problem of intemperance in

spiritual terms

Reformers such as minister Lyman Beecher cast the problem of intemperance in

spiritual terms.

John Brown hoped that his raid on Harpers Ferry would

start a slave rebellion throughout the South

In his inaugural address, what did Thomas Jefferson describe as the proper defender of liberty?

state governments

During the 1840s and 1850s, Northern factories strongly benefitted from the introduction of

steam power

The Supreme Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland

strengthened the power of the federal government over the states.

The Supreme Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland:

strengthened the power of the federal government over the states.

The popular lithograph, The Way of Good and Evil, can be seen to reflect the views of all of the following EXCEPT

such abolitionists as William Lloyd Garrison.

Contrast the common use of the word federalism with its dictionary meaning.

technically, federal refers to shared power across the states and national However, commonly federal is thought of the national government

German immigrants differed from Irish immigrants in that they

tended to have more skills

German immigrants differed from Irish immigrants in that they

tended to have more skills.

What did the doctrine of "consecration and stewardship" require of Mormons?

that they deed their property to the church.

Jefferson's fascination with fossils reflected his interest in

the Enlightenment.

The Democratic Party under Andrew Jackson could be seen as hearkening back to what earlier political group?

the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans

Despite the Treaty of Paris, Britain continued to occupy forts in

the Old Northwest.

What tribe successfully resisted removal through the 1830s?

the Seminole in Florida

Which group would have been most likely to appreciate the aesthetic of Thomas Cole's paintings?

the Transcendentalists

Agreements in Jay's Treaty ended conflicts between

the United States and Britain.

The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed that

the United States would regard intervention in the affairs of Spanish America as a threat to itself.

After the War of 1812, which region emerged as producing much of the national political leadership?

the West

The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act led to the dissolution of

the Whig Party

What reform were the Workies able to achieve?

the abolition of imprisonment for debt

The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed all of the following policies EXCEPT:

the active American presence in republican revolutions across the globe.

What is millennialism?

the belief that Judgment Day is imminent

What was the doctrine of nullification?

the belief that states have the right to void federal laws deemed unconstitutional

What did the endurance of dueling in the South reveal about Southern white culture?

the centrality of honor in the value system

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act accomplish?

the creation of Kansas and Nebraska as separate territories and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise Line

The Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in

the decisive defeat of the Ohio Indians.

As a result of the wider availability of printed material,

the demand for consumer goods increased.

Analyze the advantage of the USA starting out as a loose-knit collection of thirteen states instead of a country with a strong, central government.

the early individual states provided a laboratory of test cases by each drawing up their own constitutions The federal combination of state and national power

Starting in 1860, Southern states began to secede in response to

the election of Abraham Lincoln

What development enabled such cities as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston to grow into large metropolises?

the emergence of mass transportation

(Multiple Choice) Besides effective military and political leadership, the greatest advantage that the rebels enjoyed was

the fact that they were fighting a defensive was on their own vast territory

How did the approach to imprisoning criminals at a penitentiary differ from earlier approaches?

the focus was on repentance and reform.

All of the following were signs that the debate over slavery was intensifying through the 1850s EXCEPT

the formation of the American Party.

Which aspect of the Compromise of 1850 proved to be most controversial?

the fugitive slave act

What was the spoils system?

the granting of government jobs to supporters of the victorious party

The Gold Rush resulted in all of the following except

the institution of slavery in the West.

All of the following are true of the Embargo Act EXCEPT that

the law resulted in a vibrant economic boom in America.

All of the following are true of the Embargo Act EXCEPT that A) the law resulted in a vibrant economic boom in America. B) the law failed to cause Britain and France to change their policies toward the United States. C) the law represented President Jefferson's policy of "peaceable coercion." D) the law prohibited American merchants from trading with Europe. E) the law reinvigorated the Federalist Party.

the law resulted in a vibrant economic boom in America.

What was the Overland Trail?

the main route West

The religious and secular utopias of the early nineteenth century were established in part as a response to anxieties about

the market economy

The religious and secular utopias of the early nineteenth century were established in part as a response to anxieties about

the market economy.

In the 1848 election, the Whig Platform focused on

the merits of its nominee

Urban populations grew rapidly in nineteenth-century America because of both immigration and

the migration of Americans from rural areas

Urban populations grew rapidly in nineteenth-century America because of both immigration and

the migration of Americans from rural areas.

What was one important factor in the rise of prostitution during the nineteenth century?

the migration of poor single women to urban areas

What contributed significantly to the United States' victory in the Mexican War?

the military superiority of the United States

What was the Common School movement?

the movement for universal public education

The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked the beginning of

the movement for women's rights.

What myth did Tennessee politician Davy Crockett cultivate to attract voters?

the myth of the frontiersman

What was Aaron Burr accused of plotting?

the organization of a private army to invade Mexico

The democrats struggled in the presidential election of 1860 after

the party split into sectional factions.

All of the following inspired the slave Gabriel to organize a rebellion EXCEPT A) the perceived weakness of the Virginia militia. B) the uprising in Saint-Domingue. C) the French Revolution. D) the American Revolution. E) the words of Patrick Henry.

the perceived weakness of the Virginia militia.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union 1865-1877

When Thomas Jefferson sent a delegation to France after Napoleon Bonaparte took power, what did he hope to acquire?

the port of New Orleans

What occurred to expand democracy in the United States in the 1820s and 1830s?

the rejection of property qualifications for suffrage

Southern congressmen told Stephen Douglas that they would approve his plan for Kansas and Nebraska if it included

the repeal of the ban on slavery north of the 3630 line.

What event led Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to focus their attention on the oppression of women?

the restrictions they faced at the international antislavery conference in London

What event led Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to focus their attention on the oppression of women?

the restrictions they faced at the international antislavery conference in London.

What did the Millerites anticipate first in March 1843 and later on October 22, 1844?

the return of Christ

Which was among the rights that free African Americans lost in the North and West during the 1820s and 1830s?

the right to vote

(Multiple Choice) Americans believed that their new national motto, "a new order for the ages," meant that in international affairs, they would stand for

the rule of law, free trade, and an end to colonialism

The Crittenden Compromise was proposed in response to

the secession of Southern states

Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl told about

the sexual predations of white Southerners on black women.

Phrenology studied the connection between a person's character and

the shape of his or her skull

Phrenology studied the connection between a person's character and

the shape of his or her skull.

In the case Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court ruled that

the state of Georgia could not enforce its laws within Cherokee territory.

In the case Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that

the state of Georgia had violated the Constitution in their treatment of Indians

Who did James Madison and Thomas Jefferson believe was the best arbiter of the constitutionality of the Sedition Act and other such acts?

the states

By 1840, which means of transportation had the greatest impact on the speed with which goods and people could move around the country?

the steam powered train

spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power "rotation in office;" Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy

Visitors to the 1853 Crystal Palace Exhibition in New York City could have seen examples of all of the following EXCEPT

the telephone

The greatest concern relating to California's desire to enter the Union was

the threat to the balance between free and slave states

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Judiciary Act of 1801?

the withholding of any new judicial appointments

What did a neighborhood like Gramercy Park reveal about the urban elite?

their desire for seclusion

According to the text, by 1880, "sporting the 'wrong' type of ornament on one's hat in the streets of Philadelphia could easily trigger a riot." What does this example reveal about citizens of the United States in its early years?

their fervent partisanship

Freemasons aroused suspicion for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that A) their organization was relatively new to the United States. B) they espoused ideals that were considered anti-Christian. C) they used secret passwords, handshakes, and rituals. D) their membership included many prominent politicians. E) they were influenced by both the Enlightenment and mystical traditions.

their organization was relatively new to the United States.

How did the market revolution affect skilled artisans?

their skills became less valued

Southerners' demands that Northerners comply with the Fugitive Slave Act contradicted

their support of states' rights.

A Boston newspaper proclaimed the beginning of the Monroe presidency as an "Era of Good Feelings" because

there had been a shift away from partisan antagonism.

Anti-Jacksonians called themselves Whigs because

they accused President Jackson of acting like a monarch.

All of the following are true of marriages among slaves EXCEPT that A) they were legally recognized. B) planters encouraged slaves to marry. C) slaves created their own marriage rituals. D) some slaves had spouses who lived on different plantations. E) spouses were often separated when one was sold.

they were legally recognized.

Which statement best represents the intention of those who supported the development of Central Park in New York City

to bring nature to urban dwellers of all classes

Which statement best represents the intention of those who supported the development of Central Park in New York City?

to bring nature to urban dwellers of all classes

What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

to explore and map the West

The American Colonization Society was formed with what purpose?

to gradually liberate slaves and transport them to Africa

For what reason did Frederick Douglass include his own picture and signature in his book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Doublass, An American Slave?

to increase the authenticity of the work

For what reason did Frederick Douglass include his own picture and signature in his book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave?

to increase the authenticity of the work

Aside from the fact that the French Directory had five members, why might the "monster" in the political cartoon The Paris Monster have been portrayed as having five heads?

to represent the French as duplicitous

Why was John Jay sent to London in 1794?

to settle a dispute with Britain over trade with France

Why was John Jay was sent to London in 1794?

to settle a dispute with Britain over trade with France

(Multiple Choice) The effect of Benedict Arnold's treachery was

to stagger previously improving American morale

What was the purpose of the Hartford Convention?

to strengthen the position of New England within the Union

Western settlement in the midst of the Gold Rush was characterized by its

transience and lawlessness

As Americans grew wealthier through the antebellum period, a greater portion of the nation's wealth was also accumulating in fewer hands.

true

As a result of industrialization, the older eastern "walking cities" expanded.

true

Dueling one's opponent rather than caning him was sign of respect for a Southerner's adversary.

true

Nat Turner's Rebellion was the largest slave revolt in American history.

true

Small farmers in the North entered fully in the economy, whereas Southern yeomen relied heavily on planters.

true

The Lowell strike of 1834 was a precursor to the development of trade unions.

true

Thomas Jefferson felt that the creation of the Bank of the United States was

unconstitutional.

The pan-Indian resistance movement of the early 1800s in the Oho River Valley focused its efforts on:

uniting Indian opposition to white settlement in the West.

The Force Bill gave Jackson the power to

use military power to collect revenues.

In "The Rights of Man to Property!" Thomas Skidmore advocated

using a large inheritance tax to equalize wealth.

Which word best describes the sentiment behind this cartoon supporting the Whiskey Rebellion?

vengeful

Rather than ride to his inaugural in an elegant coach, Jefferson

walked to the event.

What did the Indian leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa see as the path to the empowerment of their people?

warfare

Jeremiad sermons

warned church goers that their lack of piety would damn them to hell

Free-Sailers and abolitionists were outraged by the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it

was viewed as evidence that Southerners planned to extend slavery wherever possible

An inference about workers' lives that can most likely be drawn from the title page of the last issue of Lowell Offering is that Lowell workers

were educated

Most Southern states enacted laws against enclosing unused land because many Southern farmers

were not committed to exploiting land for commercial use.

The most contentious issue in the election of 1848 was

whether to permit slavery in the vast area just acquired from Mexico.

Manifest Destiny emphasized the primacy of

white American civilization

Most Southern whites were yeoman farmers who

worked their own small farms.

The Sugar Act Titled The American Revenue Act of 1764 On April 5, 1764

, Parliament passed a modified version of the Sugar and Molasses Act (1733), which was about to expire. Under the Molasses Act colonial merchants had been required to pay a tax of six pence per gallon on the importation of foreign molasses. But because of corruption, they mostly evaded the taxes and undercut the intention of the tax — that the English product would be cheaper than that from the French West Indies. This hurt the British West Indies market in molasses and sugar and the market for rum, which the colonies had been producing in quantity with the cheaper French molasses. The First Lord of the Treasury, and Chancellor of the Exchequer Lord Grenville was trying to bring the colonies in line with regard to payment of taxes. He had beefed up the Navy presence and instructed them to become more active in customs enforcement. Parliament decided it would be wise to make a few adjustments to the trade regulations. The Sugar Act reduced the rate of tax on molasses from six pence to three pence per gallon, while Grenville took measures that the duty be strictly enforced. The act also listed more foreign goods to be taxed including sugar, certain wines, coffee, pimiento, cambric and printed calico, and further, regulated the export of lumber and iron. The enforced tax on molasses caused the almost immediate decline in the rum industry in the colonies. all important destination ports for lumber, flour, cheese, and assorted farm products. The situation disrupted the colonial economy by reducing the markets to which the colonies could sell, and the amount of currency available to them for the purchase of British manufactured goods. This act, and the Currency Act, set the stage for the revolt at the imposition of the Stamp Act.

Which headline would appeared in 1828?

- "Old Hickory into the White House!"

The person most responsible for the Panic of 1837 was

- Andrew Jackson