HIST 134 Exam 2

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton? * Skilled workers * Precision parts * Contacts with government officials * Capital and skills in salesmanship.

Capital and skills in salesmanship.

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe? * The prevalence of the extended family structure * The fear of overpopulation * The availability of premarital sex * It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.

It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement? * Olympe de Gouges * Mary Wollstonecraft * Abigail Adams * Émilie du Châtelet

Mary Wollstonecraft

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851? * Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth. * The large increase in wages resulted in a vast increase in personal consumption. * Average consumption per person decreased as industrial work drove down wages. * The large growth in population caused the gross national product to remain stagnant.

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to * punish France for its role in the recent wars. * extract war reparations. * avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France. * create a number of new nation-states.

avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.

The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate * a bunch of rabble-rousers. * the true strength of the French nation. * those who adhered to liberalism. * the business and professional elite.

the true strength of the French nation.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was * a government-sponsored response to urbanization. * usually a response to the wishes of the families. * replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. * outlawed by the Combination Acts.

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize? * A call for greater tenderness toward children * Continuation of the practice of swaddling babies and using corsets to mold their bones * An expansion of foundling hospitals * Warnings against women nursing their own children

A call for greater tenderness toward children

How did industry grow in continental Europe? * Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production. * Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production. * Russia industrialized very rapidly once the serfs were emancipated in 1861. * Austria-Hungary made almost no progress in industrialization in the nineteenth century.

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century? * Family members increasingly adopted new machines that reduced the time of household labor significantly. * Husbands became more involved in managing the household. * Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages. * Family members increasingly scattered to diverse places of employment, rarely working together.

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years? * Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message. * Initially confused by the claims of the revolutionaries, they came to embrace most of their ideas as representing solid Enlightenment thought. * Initially fearful of the revolution's chaos, they came to support the effort to implement needed reforms in France. * Initially pleased by the revolution's embrace of Enlightenment ideas, they came to fear the idea of nationalism spread by the revolution.

Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.

Who invented the spinning jenny? * Richard Arkwright * Samuel Crompton * Andrew Ure * James Hargreaves

James Hargreaves

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France? * The sans-culottes committed the September Massacres. * Napoleon was driven from Russia. * Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly. * The Reign of Terror executed 30,000 people.

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments? * The Directory had an ideological commitment to liberate all of Europe from aristocratic domination. * The Directory feared that without French intervention, Russia would dominate the continent. * The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed. * The Directory gave in to demands of the nationalistic populace.

The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.

Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century? * Children were seen as beloved by God and not to be harshly rebuked. * The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will. * Children were largely undisciplined until they reached the age of education, around seven years of age. * Both Protestant and Catholic law forbade striking a child for any cause.

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.

What did Henry Cort develop? * The first locomotive, after much experimentation * The first commercial steam ship, initially used in North America * The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke * The steam engine, which became a major factor in the Industrial Revolution

The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society? * They believed that machine technology dehumanized industrial workers. * They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments. * They believed that industrial society separated humans from the rhythms of nature through which the human spirit was continually restored. * They believed that industrial society promoted a meaningless consumerism that was corrosive to human values.

They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments.

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns? * They were social outcasts condemned for their immoral behavior. * They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor. * They were seen as spiritually corrupted members of the community who had to be eliminated when identified. * They were respected individuals praised for their willingness to challenge conventional standards.

They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse? * To make fun of traditional values that the young men rejected * To ridicule the church and its leaders for their failures * To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards * To call for a renewed dedication of Christian holiness

To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men? * Same-sex relations among women were considered a youthful indiscretion that carried no particular stigma or condemnation, while those among men were harshly condemned as an attack on manly virtue. * Same-sex relations were encouraged among unmarried women and men as a way to squelch sexual passions. * Same-sex relations among men were accepted in imitation of Greek and Roman models, but those among women were harshly condemned as unnatural. * While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood? * Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry. * The new industrial pollution began to destroy traditional old-growth forests. * The vast expansion of the British navy in the wars against France led to a problem of deforestation. * The widespread building of canals and roads required large amounts of wood and had caused many forests to be cut through.

Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by * allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically. * attempting to remove his rightful son as his successor and name one of his illegitimate children as heir to the throne. * refusing to take Holy Communion because the Catholic Church claimed that he had illegally seized church property. * granting freedom of worship to Protestants and Jews, in violation of Roman Catholic law.

allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically.

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established * through electoral victories and control of legislatures. * by violent revolution. * by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation. * through the efforts of enlightened rulers.

by violent revolution.

During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would * face the same sexual exploitation that threatened girls. * be permitted to marry while training. * earn little money and work hard. * become a master after seven years of training.

earn little money and work hard.

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to * disprove the value of folk wisdom in their promotion of Enlightenment rationalism. * find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture. * identify fundamental stories and themes that could be used by governments to manipulate the population. * demonstrate the superiority of their culture over other cultures.

find the unique greatness of every

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in * all aspects of the economy. * industry but not in agriculture. * the economy as little as possible. * agriculture but not in industry.

the economy as little as possible.

The romantic movement was characterized by * a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination. * the application of the scientific method to the study of nature. *. an emphasis on reason. * a life that was restrained and orderly.

a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination.

What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit? * The use of Irish laborers in English mines * Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten * Night work in the mines * Work shifts longer than eight hours

Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice? * Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property. * All adult males would be eligible to vote for representatives. * Only members of the hereditary nobility would be eligible to vote for representatives. * The clergy would not be eligible to vote.

Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland? * France lacked trained and experienced financial officers, supported by accounting and bookkeeping staffs, who could direct state credit systems. * France's economic and political elites lacked a large pool of available capital from which the government could borrow. * France lacked a central bank and paper currency. * France failed to adopt the use of bonds to arrange for long-term debt, believing that such financial instruments demonstrated government weakness.

France lacked a central bank and paper currency.

Composers in the romantic movement * adopted folk music as the foundation for classical symphonies. * decreased the size of orchestras to small, intimate groupings that could better complement each musician's emotions while performing. * abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions. * developed a series of key models and structures in order to create an emotional repertoire in their music.

abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.

In the seventeenth and the eighteenth century, foundling homes * were closed by governments to force families to care for children. * were dissolved by the church to try to force women to refuse premarital sex. * only accepted children from single women in ill health. * had extremely high death rates.

had extremely high death rates.

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because * of a love of Greek classical culture. * they saw the liberation of Greece as a Christian crusade. * their merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade. * they believed they could try out utopian ideals in a liberated Greece.

of a love of Greek classical culture.

Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that * the productivity of the Industrial Revolution would result in a rise in the standard of living. * population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence. * government programs are necessary to prevent distress. * capitalism will prevent distress through an increase in productivity.

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the * coded identification of social norms designed as a puzzle to be solved. * spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility. * light and airy demonstration of wit meant to express social conflicts. * structured use of rhyme and meter to clarify the expression of ideas.

spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility.

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that * wages always move in proportion to productivity in the workplace. * the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence * wages of the working class always rise as a percentage of the wages of the upper classes. * population growth creates more highly talented people who produce greater profits.

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence

The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that * eliminated women's right to hold property. * made divorce more difficult. * broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property. * declared all men and women to be equal.

declared all men and women to be equal.

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 * established a free trade zone within the German Confederation and offered economic privileges to member states. * created a legislature that united all of the German states but left real decision-making authority with local rulers. * defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values. * required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.

defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed * the abolition of monopolies, guilds, and workers' associations. * religious toleration to French Jews and Protestants. * elimination of all barriers to trade within France. * equality before the law.

equality before the law.

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by * high infant mortality rates. * church doctrine. * Enlightenment philosophy. * economic pressure on new migrants to the cities.

high infant mortality rates.

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because * sexual activity prior to marriage was extremely rare and harshly punished by the church. * poor nutrition dramatically diminished women's ability to become pregnant and to carry a child to term. * unmarried pregnant women commonly aborted their fetuses. * of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.

of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought * to demonstrate that widespread economic growth could be achieved through agricultural development without having to develop industry. * to develop a private academy that would train engineers for industrial production. * to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense. * to lead a revolt by artisan craftsmen against the introduction of machine technology.

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

A young woman entering domestic service could expect * to be protected against abuse by municipal and state laws. * to work hard on an endless array of jobs. * to attend weekly religious lessons at the local church. * to have a great deal of free time in which to enjoy town life.

to work hard on an endless array of jobs.

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris? * The peasants involved in the Great Fear * Several thousand Parisian women * The rioters of the Bastille * The National Assembly

Several thousand Parisian women

What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850? * Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior. * The decline of traditional moral standards owing to the Enlightenment * Decreasing availability of birth control in the countryside * The sexual exploitation of poor girls by wealthy men

Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by * calling up army and militia units to suppress the rebellious peasants. * promising to reestablish the control on bread prices. * reducing taxes on agricultural products. * abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.

abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s? * The rising cost of increasingly elaborate court ceremonies forced the government to seek tax increases on all its territories. * After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies. * British merchant shipping to the colonies was under increased attack from pirates and hostile forces, requiring the British to provide expensive naval convoys. * Great Britain sought to prepare the colonies for eventual independence by establishing local governments with existing systems of taxation.

After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies.

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe? * As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence. * Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire. * Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism. * Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

How did cotton transform the textile industry? * Cotton provided a more secure source of raw material for textiles than wool or flax, since it was less susceptible to yearly changes in weather or environment. * Cotton was far less expensive than wool or flax, permitting a significant decrease in the cost of new textiles. * Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production. * Cotton could be produced in far greater quantity than flax or wool because it could be grown in many of the British colonies.

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of * Austria, Prussia, and Russia. * Austria. * the Netherlands and Great Britain. * Great Britain, France, and Russia.

Great Britain, France, and Russia.

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates? * It took no action because many delegates believed slavery would end in the near future as it became less and less profitable. * It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. * It decided that slavery would not be permitted in new states formed after the Constitution's ratification. * It decided that a new state would make the decision whether to permit slavery itself before seeking admission to the Union.

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution? * Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine * The development of the internal combustion engine * The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery * James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.

James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.

How did railroads affect the nature of production? * The speed of rail travel required manufacturers to adopt more regularized work routines. * Railroads permitted factories to be established anywhere, without concern for access to other resources. * The availability of raw materials became more secure, supporting greater investment in machinery. * Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service? * Increased risk of contracting infectious diseases * Reduced chances of marriage on returning home * Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served * Malnutrition from subsisting on a city diet

Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era? * As a consequence of the Reformation, the number of schools for common people declined. * Under the absolute monarchies, national school systems were created to educate nearly all of the children of commoners. * Schools remained largely unpopular because of their requirements that all children learn Latin. * Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.

The attack on the Bastille had what political effect? * The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work. * The National Assembly dissolved the monarchy and arrested the king for treason against the nation. * The peasantry revolted in the Great Fear and attacked noble manors across France. * The Parlement dissolved the National Assembly until the people of Paris returned the Bastille to royal control.

The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.

What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820? * Their willingness to allow the establishment of constitutional monarchies as long as male suffrage remained limited to the elite * Their agreement to send Austrian troops to crush the revolution in Spain * Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened * Their refusal to allow France to intervene in the revolutions in the Spanish colonies in Latin America

Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists? * Several of them were of noble birth. * They underestimated the intelligence of the working classes. * Central economic planning was inefficient. * Their utopian schemes were not realistic.

Their utopian schemes were not realistic.

Wet-nursing practices included * working women typically sending their babies to a wet nurse in * the neighborhood. rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system. * upper-middle-class women nursing their own children to prove their motherly devotion. * weaning a baby from nursing within the first year.

the neighborhood. rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system.

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies * were guided by the principle of the balance of power. * resurrected the Holy Roman Empire. * treated France harshly. * established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon.

were guided by the principle of the balance of power.