HIST 1450
The modern era, with its concept of rational and free society in which individuals could realize their potential, would emerge in the period from the Renaissance to the l8th century Age of Enlightenment.
1. Economic and social thought were freed of a religious frame of reference. 2. Science became the great hope of the future. 3. Enlightenment thinkers rejected the Christian idea of humanity's inherent sinfulness and held that the individual was basically good but exposed to the corrupting influence of faulty institutions, poor education, and bad leadership.
The modern world is linked to the Middle Ages in a number of ways:
1. European cities, the middle class, the national state system, English common law, and the universities--all had their origin in the Middle Ages. 2. Advances were made in business practices during that period. 3. The modern mind could never have evolved without the writings of the Greek and Arabic thinkers that were preserved, translated, and commented on by medieval scholars. 4. There were numerous connecting strands between the scholastics and early modern philosophers.
You should understand the chronology of the history of the German Franks in the early middle ages in the old Roman province of Gaul
1. the consolidation of power by the Frank King Clovis 2. the use of the position of "Mayor of the Palace" (major duomo) by Pepin and his son Charles Martel to consolidate power and reunite the Franks. 3. the creation of a vast Germanic "empire" by Charlemagne 4. the rise of the improvised political institution of "feudalism" following the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West.
Despite the numerous elements of continuity, the characteristic outlook of the Middle Ages differed greatly from that of the modern age #1
1.Religion was the integrating feature of the Middle Ages, where science and secularism determined the modern outlook. 2. Medieval scholastics believed that ultimately reason alone could not provide a unified view of nature and society. a. A rationale soul had to be guided by divine light. b. The natural order depended on the supernatural order for its origin and purpose. 3. In the modern view, both nature and human intellect are self-sufficient. a. Nature operates without divine intervention. b. And no divine assistance is necessary to comprehend either nature or society. 4. The medieval philosopher arranged nature, society and knowledge in a higher archical order.
Medieval Views on Religion
During the Middle Ages, Europeans began to take the lead over all other nations in the uses of technology. a. Christianity was in part responsible for this by maintaining that God created the world for human beings, so that medieval people felt free to devise means to relieve human drudgery. b. The belief that God was above nature, not within it, meant that Christians did not have to face the type of spiritual obstacles to exploiting nature that existed in other religions. 6. Medieval philosophers, by maintaining the superiority of God's law, provided the theoretical basis for the belief that both ruler and ruled are bound by a higher law, which would become a principal element of modern liberal thought. 7. The Christian stress on the sacred worth of the individual in the higher law of God has had a permanent influence on western civilization. Social reform has been permeated with these ideals of the Judeo-Christian tradition.
Gregory VII
"investiture controversy" Pope Gregory VII, the Great He dramatically forewarded the case for papal supremacy, as much through his actions as with his words. Ex. He took over the day-2-day administration of Rome, reorganizing estates and managing them in ways to generate extra revenue to feed the poor. When the Lombards invaded the peninsula, Gregory directed the defense of the city and negotiated the truce. He wrote letters to settle disputes and offered financial assistance to distant churches. Because of him popes of the 8th century and beyond were prepared to claim influence throughout the western Christendom (although not as much as the 13th century).
Gregory Innocent III
(1198-1216) By the end of the thirteenth century popes claimed that they presided over a universal Christendom, and one of the moist powerful was Innocent. He was able to exert control over the princes of Europe: he reprimanded the kings of England, Aragon, Portugal, France, Poland, and Norway and insisted that they obey him. He vigorously fought heretics and wanted to clarify Christian belief and to do this he had the fourth Lateran council. The council identified the seven sacraments and reaffirmed their essential role in reaching salvation. They also identified the qualifications for priesthood to monastic life and veneration of relics. With the clarity expressed by the council, the medieval church was firmly defined; the church had become an empire that superseded all other empires.
Who was Muhammad, when did live, what did he do, why is it significant?
(570-632) An orphan who grew up with his uncle in Mecca. He was a merchant, happily married, had seven children, and was known as a good and honest man. At 40, he began to have visions. The angel Gabriel appeared to him and told him to "recite" and told Muhammad to be a apostle to his people. He received 114 more revelations over the next 20 years. These were recorded as the word of Allah after Muhammad's death in the Quran. It was the same God as the Christians and the Jews. 5 Major Prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Muhammad is known simply as a prophet. This religion became Islam, and it's followers are Muslim. He is significant because it is through him that the Qur'an was revealed and sparked this major movement.
Otto I (The Great)
(936-973) he restored the title of emperor and resembled Charlemagne. He was a warrior king who stopped the advance of the Magyars and won further conquests in northern Italy. He fostered a revival of learning in Germany in which literature and art flourished. This German king marched into Rome to receive the crown of Roman emperor from Pope John XII just as Charlemagne. He is elected as king of the Germans. He has himself crowned emperor of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. He claims the legacy that Charlemagne started in 800. This starts a long legacy of the holy roman emperor. Reestablishes the name emperor.
w Dr. Schuerman's definition of "Feudalism" and how and why it developed in the 9th and 10th centuries (the Early Middle Ages) after collapse of Charlamagne's empire.*
Feudalism is the relationship between and among the members of the aristocratic class of warrior knights of Europe which evolved at the end of the early middle ages. Germanic tribes saw themselves as loyal to their chief which was a personal tie that bound fighting men togehet. It developed out of Charles Martel's innovation bound men together in a series of mutual obligations, but what set it apart from other bonds of loyalty was the linking of loyal service with land. Charles valued men on horseback and had an abundance of land so this relationship naturally evolved.
Who is the "Pope"? What is the Pope's claimed status and on what is this claim based?
In these tumultuous centuries, the bishops of Rome began to claim earthly as well as spiritual authority and, in doing so, established precedents that would reach well into the future. Many bishops during the early church period were called popes, based on the Latin word "father", but bishops of Rome began to claim exclusive use of that title to set themselves apart from other bishops. In the early-fourth-century, Pope's based their status on their claimed primacy because Rome had been the capital of the entire empire. Then as the imperial city began to fade importance, the popes began pointing to biblical writings to justify their leadership of the church. They claimed that Peter was the first bishop of Rome so they are in charge of Heaven's keys.
Papal Primacy
The claim that the Roman Pope held "primacy" over all of the other Christian popes which eventually evolved into the idea that the pope was supreme in the church when it came to defining church doctrine. It caused conflicts between church and state throughout the Middle Ages. This doctrine was also made to combat claims of the patriarchs of the eastern church. They said that the popes should have primacy because Jesus told Peter in the Gospel of Matthew that he would build the church upon him and that they are in a direct line of succession from Peter, known as the Petrine Doctrine. This caused controversy and contributed to the split of the church in 1054. This is significant because as a result of Papal Primacy there was the great iconoclasm which split the Christian church into the Catholic west and the Orthodox east.
Germanic cultural traditions that formed the new society that replaced the fall of the empire in the west.
The combination of roman and German culture created a whole new culture of the medieval west. The urban life that had characterized Roman culture was the first thing to go. The violence of the times crippled the towns, and the Germanic preference for rural living shifted attention to the countryside. The urban tax base shriveled as powerful Romans began to refuse to pay taxes in Rome, and the Germans were not vigilant in collecting them. The roads ad bridges that connected the empire fell into despair and the people's focus narrowed to the local level. Slowly Germanic pagans concerted to Orthodox Christianity. The Germans began to speak Latin.
Charlemagne
he was the Carolingian King Charles, later known as Charlemagne who represented the high point in the process of the combining of classical, Germanic and Christian cultural elements. He conquered all of the Germanic people who took over in the old provinces as well as the people east of the Rhine and north of the Danube and formed the Carolingian Empire. He built the empire and then governed it by dividing it into territories called counties where he left the Count in charge. When he conquered the Lombards he secured the land for the pope and soon the pope crowned Charlemagne Emperor of Rome on Christmas day in 800. Charlemagne dominated the late eight and early ninth centuries. He is significant because once again a Roman emperor ruled the west (independent of Byzantium), and he reigned by the might of his armies and with the blessing of God. This is the artful integration of God and politics.
Liege lord:
a lord who could claim unreserved loyalty. Kings were able to enforce this with mixed success- the kings of England were successful, but not the kings of Germany.
You should know the names of the major Germanic tribes that conquered the western empire and identify the major regions/provinces of the former empire over which they ruled
a. East Goths (Ostrogoths). Italy b. West Goths (Visigoths) Spain c. Burgundians: modern day Burgundy d. Franks- North Western Gaul e. Saxons, Angles, Jutes-- Britain f. Vandals: North Africa
You should understand the establishment of seven major, separate kingdoms in the former Roman province of Britain by the German Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
a. East Goths (Ostrogoths). They were Arian Christians. Set up kingdom in Italy b. West Goths (Visigoths) Spain c. Burgundians: modern day Burgundy d. Franks- crossed the Rhine River. Made up modern day France. e. Saxons- Came across the north sea into Britain. f. Vandals: North Africa g. Angles
What are the five "Pillars of Islam"?
a. The profession of faith b. Prayer c. Almsgiving d. Fasting e. Pilgrimage
Justinian
came from humble background and rose to be the Byzantine Emperor who had the dream of reuniting and reconnecting with the empires old homeland in Rome, though this would never happen. In the beginning of his reign, shortly after the Nika Riots, Justinian and his wife Theodora took on the fast of rebuilding Constantinople, the most impressive was the Hagia Sophia. Justinian also made the first codification of Roman law in the twelve tables, called the Justinian Code. He conquered much of the territory in Italy that would be conquered by Ostrogoths and regained the eastern and the southern part of Italy for the Byzantine Empire. He lived during the sixth century. He is significant because the Hagia Sophia is monumental architecture characterizing civilization and it is showcasing Byzantine engineering and the blend of cultures that marks this region. He is also significant because this is the first codification of Roman law and it continues to influence western legal systems today.
The spread of Christianity as the singular religious and unifying force in the West
The Church was the unifier. Christian religion as the one unifying aspect of all of these dispersed and warring cultures such as the Germanic tribes.
The rise of the improvised political institution of "feudalism" following the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West.
As early as the eighth century, Carolingian nobles began to develop mutual contracts that bound people together in personal relationships. This social order was defined by connections rather than a degree of freedom. This system of obligations brought social order that was not a product of rational planning but instead developed slowly over centuries- and the chaos of the tenth century escalated the development. This kept society from disintegrating altogether in the face of invasions and decentralization of the ninth century.
Despite the numerous elements of continuity, the characteristic outlook of the Middle Ages differed greatly from that of the modern age #2
5. The modern thinker regards the universe as one and nature as uniform. 6. The modern west also broke with the rigid division of medieval society into three classes in favor of a stress on a quality of opportunity and equal treatment under the law. 7. The modern west rejected the personal and customary character of feudal society and gradually established a system whereby law assumed an objective and impersonal character. 8. In the Middle Ages, religion made the place of men and women in the universe intelligible and purposeful. To many intellectuals today, the universe seems unresponsive to human religious impulses, and the purpose of life is sought within the limits of earthly existence.
Who was Charles Martel, when did he live, what did he do and from what power base did he operate and why was he important?*
Charles Martel and the Carolingians- he was one of the mayors of the palace and took his fathers unifying power of the franks. He uses the threat to reunify the Frankish kingdoms. He introduces a new type of warfare. He invented the cavalry, the knights. He stops on 732 at the battle of tours Charles Martel the spread of Islam and drives them back into Spain. He stops the invasion into Europe, thereby keeping Europe Christian. From that point on this dynasty is named after Charles Martel... the Carolingians. Pepin is the first to be called king of the franks. Pepin's son is Charles the great. He lived 686-741. **** HE IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE HE IS THE REASON WHY THE WEST IS NOT ISLAMIC.
You should understand the factors contributing to the growth of towns and the development of a new "Burgher", "Bourgeoisie" or "middle class"*
Burghers and town charters BURGERS ARE To escape he many realities imposed on village serfs, towns negotiated charters with the lords on whose lands the town stood. Towns were like islands of freedom in a tightly ordered worlds and in return for these negotiations lords received money from the prosperous bergs. Burghers are people who live in the towns.
You should understand the principle foundations upon which Europe would rise out of the ashes of the Roman Empire.*
By the middle of the fifth century, Rome had lost the rich tax shipments of grain and oil that had come in a steady steam from North Africa. Struggling with this and other territorial losses, the empire in the west was slowly disintegrating. The Roman Empire did not exactly fall but it had undergone a major transformation. The empires declining population played a part in this transformation. The shrinking population left plenty of room for the Germanic tribes to settle without severely dislocating residents.
the use of the position of "Mayor of the Palace" (major duomo) by Pepin and his son Charles Martel to consolidate power and reunite the Franks.
By this time the power of the kings had deteriorated and frequently young children inherited the throne. Real power began to be exerted by the "mayors of the palace" an office controlled by another noble family, the Carolingians. The family of the Carolingians includes Charles Martel and his father Pepin. . They were a family who controlled the office- "mayors of the palace". Charles Martel- won a great victory in 732 to save the land. Son- Pepin the Short- he wanted more than to rule, he craved the royal title. The Carolingians had a series of weak leaders and armed with the support of the church, the vigorous new dynasty was now in a position to bring centralized order to Western Europe. FROM THAT POINT ON THIS DYNASTY IS NAMES AFTER CHARLES MARTEL... THE CAROLINGIANS. PEPIN IS THE FIRST TO BE CALLED KING OF THE FRANKS. PEPINS SON IS CHARLES THE GREAT.
You should be able to define and explain the terms "Caesaropapism" and "Papal Primacy" and generally date the origins of these terms
Caesaropapism and Papal Primacy: The bishops of Rome never accepted the institution of "Caesaropapism," the state control of the church which even involved emperors imposing solutions concerning doctrinal quarrels. In the fifth and sixth centuries, the bishops of Rome or "Popes" developed the concept of "papal primacy"--the position that the Roman pontiff held "primacy" over all other Christian bishops which would eventually evolve into the position that the Pope was supreme in the church when it came to defining church doctrine. This idea was radically different from the continuing Caesaropapism of the east. It was destined to cause repeated conflicts between Church and State throughout the Middle Ages. The doctrine of papal primacy was also conceived to combat the competitive claims of the patriarchs of the eastern church. Pointing to Jesus' words to Peter in the Gospel of St. Matthew (16:18), the pope claimed to be in direct succession from Peter as the "rock on which the church was built". This doctrine would cause much controversy and ill-feeling between the western and eastern churches and contributed to the break in 1054.
You should understand the concept of "Chivalry" and how it idealized and rationalized the violence and brutality of feudal warrior class.
Chivalry idealizes violence and it justifies violence. They say that their fighting is in the name of God and that He created knights to protect the church, the weak, and the virginity of women. So therefore to be a knight is a pretty good thing to be. This glossed over the reality of a brutal and violent life and called it chivalry. It created a culture; they had contests where they fought for women which glorified fighting. It became the feudal world of chivalry. After two attempts to quell violence in the Peace of God and the Truce of God, the code of Chivalry was created. It was made in the 12th century and by this time the feudal tie had become interwoven with an elaborate code of values and symbolic rituals that served somewhat to tame the violent world of warriors. This code and culture of the ruling class was called chivalry, and its values became evident in church writings, romantic literature, and treaties. A knight should be strong and disciplined yet use his power to defend the church, the poor, and women in need. Military prowess while being loyal, generous, and courteous.
Who was Clovis, when did he live, what did he do and why was it important?*
Clovis is the great warlord who unified the Frankish kingdoms into one kingdom so he calls himself king of the Franks. He converts to Christianity and with his conversion all of his people instantly become Christian. He converted to not only Christianity but ROMAN Christianity. This transformed the Germanic culture through influence of the Roman Church. WHEN HE DIES, THE KINGDOM IS DIVIDED UP AMONG HIS SONS INTO THE MEROVINGIAN KINGDOMS. He lived from 466-511 ***The Franks and the Church: It is significant to note that the Franks were not converted to Christianity until the reign of Clovis (ca. 496). The conversion is controversial but the relationship between the Franks and the Church was very symbiotic. The Franks as converts to Nicene Christianity (as opposed to Arian) provided protection for the church and in turn received sanction in their victories over other tribes and appropriation of desired territory. By the time of Charlemagne, the church was totally dependent upon the protection of the Franks against the eastern emperor and the Lombards. The coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800 has been viewed as an attempt by the pope to gain stature and assert leverage over the king. It was no victory for the pope, however, as Charlemagne was unrestrained in his Caesaropapism.
According to your text, what were the significant factors contributing to the fall of the empire in the West?
Declining population, economic/social problems, plagues, warfare, arable land abandoned.
understand how the concepts of vassalage and "homage" permitted members of the feudal aristocracy to be both the vassal of many lords and the lord of many vassals and how the reality of these complex relationships played against any "hierarchical" neatness of the feudal order.
Feudalism the relationship between and among the aristocratic warrior ruling class of Europe. Europe is ruled by local warlords. Dukes, counts, barons , earls... they are fighting each other for land because land is the symbol is status, power, position, and wealth. Complex system of relationships. is a general system that slowly developed that was based on the exchange of land for military service. This formed the political structure of the elites in military society. all people in the middle ages were connected to people either above or below them in a contractual of mutual obligations. In the Middle Ages social order was defined by connections rather than degree of freedom. This slowly developed over centuries and the chaos of the tenth century escalated its development. Historians disagree on how formal or influential these bonds are. The feudal bonds kept society from disintegrating in the face of invasions and decentralization in the ninth century.
You should understand the role and structure of medieval guilds and the role they played in the governance of medieval towns.*
Guilds are organizations to protect their interests and control the trade and manufacturing within the towns. They regulated quality of products like gold, shoes and bread. Guilds of students and guilds of masters were established on the guild model to protect their self interests against church and town authorities. They grouped themselves into guilds in order to organize their lives. The warriors had feudalism and the church had a hierarchy. The guilds made standards and training for their trades. They decided what kind of standards people could expect. To train the people they had apprenticeships under masters of a trade. If they showed themselves diligent and dependable and learned the craft, they would be given a test. They would then become a journeyman. During this time you go from town to town and be hired by someone who has a shop for a wage. You can go wherever you want and sell your services. Then you could become a master craftsmen and own your shop. This is after apprenticeships and perfecting your trade. Then presenting to the guild a piece of your work and demonstrate that you should be a master, this was called your "masterpiece". The guilds took over and shared the governance of the town. They would elect the burgher miester, later called the mayor. The guild system would compete with each other to build the most impressive floats. They would support the great buildings in the towns.
Muhammad
He was an orphan who grew up with his uncle in mecca and he became a merchant, was married and had children. At the age of 40 he began to have visions of an angel who told him to recite and then the angel Gabriel who told him to be an apostle to his people. He received 114 revelations which were recorder as the perfect word of Allah in the Qur'an. Muhammad considered himself a prophet who the same God as the Christians and the Jews decided to speak through. He lived from 570-632. He is significant because he founded the religion of Islam which continues to greatly influence the world today. Because of the influence of Muhammad one can see how the spread of Islam continues to have influence on lands in the Mediterranean world today.
You should understand the rise of Charlemagne, what he accomplished as a warrior leader and as a ruler, how he ruled.*
HE WOULD CONQUER ALL THE GERMANIC PEOPLE WHO TOOK OVER IN THE OLD PROVINCES AND THE PEOPLE WHO NEVER CROSSED THE RHINE even the people east of the Rhine and north of the Danube. He is sort of like the new alexander. . HE DEFEATED ALL OF THEM. HE FORMS THE GREAT NEW EMPIRE→ THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE. He represented the high point in the process of combining the classical, Germanic, and Christian cultural elements. He dominated the late eight and early ninth centuries. He sent traveling agents (counts) throughout his empire to examine his territory and to make sure everything was running smoothly. He also required nobles to attend two assemblies per year to discuss how things were going in the empire. His political order had close links to his politics. The pope crowned Charlemagne emperor on Christmas day in 800, which is significant because once again a Roman emperor ruled the west (independent of Byzantium), and he reigned by the might of his armies and with the blessing of God. This is the artful integration of God and politics. CHARLEMAGNE LIVED AROUND 800.
Who was William the Conqueror, when did he live, what did he do and why is he significant.*
Harold was also claiming the Rome of England. William, the Duke of Normandy found that he should rule England. William crosses the English Channel to invade England from the south. Harold goes and meets William at Hastings in 1066 in the south of England. Not far from the coast. Between King herald of England and William and his Normand's. William and the Normans defeat Harold and Harold was killed. WILLIAM BECOMES THE KING OF ENGLAND. AS THE DUKE OF NORMANS HE WAS A VASSAL TO THE KING OF FRANCE SO HIS ALLEGIANCE WAS TO THE KING AND AT THE SAME TIME IS A KING OF ENGLAND IN HIS OWN RIGHT AND IN FRANCE HE IS DUKE AND A VASSAL TO THE KING OF FRANCE. He was the cousin of Edward the Confessor. He did a large-scale invasion of England and sailed across the English Channel and became the king of England and reined as William the Conqueror. He brought a highly controlled feudal system to the island as he redistributed the Anglo-Saxon nobles lands to his Normal followers. HE SPLIT UP ENGLAND INTO DOMAINS SO THE FEUDAL VASSALS CANNOT BECOME MORE POWERFUL AND WEALTHY THAN THE KING. ENGLAND IS THE ANGLES, SAXONS, DANES AND NORMANS—THE MODERN ENGLISH STATES OF PEOPLE. He sends auditors to account for everything he controls as king of England. This is one of the greatest primary pieces of information—THE DOMESDAY BOOK. In France and Normandy he is still a vassal, though he is king in England.
What was the battle of Hastings, its exact date, and significance?*
Harold was also claiming the Rome of England. William, the duke of Normandy found that he should rule England. William crosses the English Channel to invade England from the south. Harold goes and meets William at Hastings in 1066 in the south of England. not far from the coast. Between king herald of England and William and his Normand's. William and the Normans defeat Harold and Harold was killed. William becomes the king of England. As the duke of Normans he was a vassal to the king of France so his allegiance was to the king and at the same time is a king of England in his own right and in France he is duke and a vassal to the king of France. This battle is significant because without it, Herald would not have been killed, and Duke William would not have become William the Conqueror and have the impact that he would have.
the creation of a vast Germanic "empire" by Charlamagne
He departed from the Anglo-Saxon model and, in a strikingly new departure from traditional Germanic practice, sought to maintain a personal, centralized control over his unwieldy kingdom without appointing administrators. Charlemagne's empire consisted of Brittany, Spain, Saxony, Italy, and the Kingdom of the Lombards. Charlemagne conquered all of the Germanic people who took over the old provinces and the people who never crossed the Rhine. He even conquered the people east of the Rhine and north of the Danube. He is sort of like the new Alexander. He defeated all of them. He forms the great new empire→ the Carolingian empire. He represented the high point in the process of combining the classical, Germanic, and Christian cultural elements. He dominated the late eight and early ninth centuries. HE HAS BUILD THIS EMPIRE NOW HE HAS TO GOVERN IT. HE DIVIDES IT UP INTO TERRITORIES CALLED COUNTIES AND PUTS SOMEONE IN CHARGE OF THE COUNTYS CALLED THE COUNT. In conquering the lombards he secures the land for the pope so he strikes a deal with the church and the bishops in the various counties to check the power of he counts- they are the eyes and ears Charlemagne.
Who was Benedict of Nursia when did he live, what did he do, and why was it significant?
He formulated a rule. A written rule of how men, who wanted to remove themselves from the world, would live together. This was a very moderate way of life. The RULE OF BENEDICT. They would come together and live in combination of work, prayer, community, and reflection. Reasonable amounts of sleep and eating. They would be self-sustaining. All members would take a vow of poverty, chastity, obedience (the the leader- the abbot), and celibacy. Other monks elected the abbot. It was a moderate way to live a religious life in a community. It was an attractive way of life. These monasteries spread throughout Europe. It was attractive because it was safe, secure, place to sleep, clothes to wear, guaranteed meals everyday, brotherhood, family and communities. Followed the Benedictine rule. Centers of religious beliefs in the countryside. MONASTERIES BECAME A SYMBOL OF CHRISTIANITY. They were places of education. People could go to church there. They were symbols of Christianity. He is the father of communal monasticism.
You should understand how henry ii became the most successful of all medieval English kings in strengthening the power of and expanding his vast feudal domains--despite the fact that the fruits of his efforts did not last long after his death. also, how does henry exemplify the complexity of the feudal structure of Europe in the 12th century.*
Henry II of Anjou (the Plantagenets) He was the count of Anjou. Through inheritance and marriages and his ability as a feudal warrior, he will also become count of other places. He marries Ellen of Aquitaine. HE WILL BUILD A VAST FUEDAL POWER IN THE WESTERN PART OF FRANCE AND BECOME MUCH MORE POWERFUL THAN THE ACTUAL KING. WITH ALL OF THE TITLES HE HOLDS SUCH AS COUNTS, HE IS STILL A VASSAL OF THE KING. THROUGH HIS MOM HE CLAIMS THE MONARCY OF ENGLAND, THEN WHEN THE KING DIES, HENRY NOW BECOMES KING OF ENGLAND AND CONTROLS VAST DOMAINS IN FRANCE. THIS WAS DURRING THE EARLY EVEN HUNDREDS, 12 CENTURY. He became a strong monarch who took over after the death of Henry I and he left a strong impact on the government and law of England. He led legal reforms that led to controversies with church courts, but they strengthened the power if the king. He increased English holdings in France.
You should know the story of Thomas Becket and Henry II and the role of "jurisdiction over the clergy" played in this conflict.*
Henry II of Anjou appointed him archbishop of Canterbury because he thinks that this will make it so he will not have resistance from the church. He thinks that because he and Thomas Becket are friends, that he will not get any objection from the church. He no sooner becomes bishop of Canterbury and becomes religious and says his loyalty is to the papacy. This leads to a falling out with his friend and then henry goes berserk. He was with his knights and he says will no body relieve me of this priest. At the end of beckets evening prayers, the knights go and kill him at the foot of the alter. He wore a horse hair shirt. The people of the church started to call him a martyr. He is now forced to submit and beg forgiveness of the church. Henry then goes off and has an affair with a young woman. Eleanor and his son's conspire against then. Henry finds out and sends Eleanor away in exile for 10 years. He forgives his four sons. The domain he builds in France slowly dwindles away.
You should know who the "Capetian" monarchs were (particularly, who started this "dynasty" of kings) and the significance of this dynasty for the development of the French monarchy.*
Hugh Capet was a lord who was elected by the nobles to the French throne. The church legitimized his rule and a new dynasty was in place in France. The rule of the Capetians involved a long history of slowly reasserting control over the great nobles of their lands. The kings also wrestled with the problem of extensive English holdings in France. They were fortunate enough to have sons to continue their throne. Phillip II quadrupled the income of the French monarchy. Louis XI forwarded the fortunes of the Capetians and was considered the greatest of medieval kings. He was proclaimed a saint by the church. The next was Phillip IV created an estates general which was the started in 900 and will last 300 years. SLOWLY AND PEACEFULLY GAINING POWER. He says my son will rule instead of having to try to find a new ruler. This was the end of the tenth century. Over the next 300 years, the Capetian kings will slowly consolidate their power and they will gain control over other powerful dukes and counts. Slowing building a powerful French DYNASTY.
You should the term "manorialism" and its relationship to feudalism.*
It was the economical base of feudalism. The fortified manor is the local residence of the lord. In the center is the manor. Outside is where the peasants live. The lord owns everything. They work the land and support and serve the lord. The land is broken up into growing lands and fallow lands. They provide everything the lord and his loyal retainers need. The peasants lived in huts. Their lives are brutal, nasty, and short. The peasants were 90% of the population. Only relief they got was from the church. Forgetabbouttit you will go to heaven after this anyway and it also gave them rest on Sundays. ***Feudalism vs. Manorialism: Feudalism refers to the military and legal relationship between lord and vassal manorialism concerns the relationship between lord and serf and other facets of the working of a manor. The term "feudal society" combines both of these concepts. Manorialism is self sustaining.
You should understand Justinian's defeat of the Ostrogoths in Italy and how he briefly reclaimed Italy and other territory in the West for the empire.*
Justinian wanted to reconquer the Western territories that had fallen to Germanic tribes. He wanted to recapture lost revenues and also wanted to resurrect the Roman Empire to its past glory. He only succeeded in taking North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths. Justinian's quest was destructive and costly. Although the North African welcomed his rule because it was better than Arian Vandals, it was not welcomed by Italians who were governed by tolerant Ostrogoths. Justinian's regime brought more taxation and violence. Justinian also had to rely on German mercenaries to win these battles, which lead to the Lombard's conquering of Italy. In the end, Justinian could not keep a firm grip on the western provinces, and the constant battling drained the empire of it's resources.
Who was Justinian, when did live, what is the "Code of Justinian"*
Justinian, 6th century He was an eastern emperor who stood out as an exception to this tendency and turn his attention again to the west. His wife Theodora was influential in the emperor's court after the Nika Riot. During this riot much of Constantinople was burned, so Justinian and Theodora rebuilt, and build the Hagia Sophia. Hagia Sophia (Saint Sophia) This means Holy Wisdom. The dome is 101 feet, the largest structure of its kind. When the Muslims captured the city they turned it into a mosque. Today it is a museum showcasing Byzantine engineering and the blend of cultures that marks this region.
What was the Byzantine empire, how long did it last?
The Byzantine empire lasted from 400-1000 CE. By the 8th century the eastern Roman Empire changed so much that historians call it the Byzantine Empire to distinguish it from the Latin Roman Empire that it succeeded. This represented not a sudden break from the past, but simply another aspect of the Roman Empire's transformation. They distanced themselves from the concerns of the west and turned its focus north and east instead. The Byzantine empire was centered in Constantinople. They were the continuers of the Roman empire. Over the next 1,000 the Byzantine empire will get smaller and smaller and smaller.
You should know the meaning of the term "reconquista", and the implications of the "reconquista" for the power of Spanish Christian monarchs.
The Christians wanted to reconquest the Muslim lands. Kings then consolidated their hold on new lands by establishing Christian settlers and building castles on the borderlands. The peninsula became a hub for the fertile exchange of ideas among the religious cultures. They reconquered about half by the time of the 12th century. In the 15th century the Christians conquered all of Spain and drove out the last of the Muslim kingdoms. In the high Middle Ages about half of Spain was reconquerd.
Who was Eleanor of Aquitaine, when did she live and why was she significant?
She was married to Henry II and was a great heiress who brought land to her marriage through her extensive family estates in France. She was married to the king of France, but she didn't produce him any sons. She is also a great patron of chivaic poetry. Her court is renowned for this poetry. THEY GET THEIR MARRIAGE ANNULLED, LIKE IT NEVER HAPPENED. SHE GOES OUT AND MARRIES HENRY II OF ANJOU AND RIGHT AWAY PRODUCES HIM 4 SONS. 1/3 TO A HALF OF ALL THE PROPERTY IN ENGLAND IS CONTROLED BY THE CHURCH. she was twice a queen and the mother of two kings.
You should know what the Summa Theologica is, what it did, who wrote it and when and why it is significant. *`
Summa Theologiae was meant to be comprehensive of all of the knowledge at the time. It was written by Thomas Aquinas. He wrote it from 1265-1274.It was a systematic exposition of all the principle questions of Christian thought and ethics. It covered every question explored by medieval theologians and became the standard theological textbook for centuries and the most authoritative statement of Church doctrine until the 1960's.
You should understand who the Franks were.
The Franks were people who were ruled by the Merovingian family, the most famous of that family was Clovis.
the consolidation of power by the Frank King Clovis
The Merovingian's PETTY KINGDOMS. THE LOCAL WARLORD CONTROLS THE LAND REALLY. The most famous Merovingian was Clovis, a brutal man who murdered many of his relatives to consolidate his rule. In this territory Christianity made significant strides through the efforts of a number of royal women who founded monasteries and supported education. By the 7th century the authority of kings deteriorated. PEPPIN BEGAN TO REUINIFY THE FRANKS. HIS SON IS CHARLES MARTEL.
You should understand how, under the descendants of Charlemagne and the division of his vast "empire", the authority of Frankish "kings" was only nominal and how the real power in any local or region was held by the powerful feudal lords whom kings were not in a position to control./*
The Treaty of Verdun effectively destroyed Charlemagne's creation of a western Europe. His two sons separated the empire into the Kingdom of Charles the Bald, the Kingdom of Louis of the German and they shared the land in between called the Kingdom of Lothair I. In the 10 Century Carolingians lost control over areas west of the Rhine. The Capetian Dynasty was now in control of France. FRANCE IS THE KINGDOM OF THE WEST FRANKS. They usually got the weakest of the feudal powers because they did not want a strong and powerful kings. They elected a count of the Franks to rule, this was Hugh Capet. He says my son will rule instead of having to try to find a new ruler. This was the end of the tenth century. Over the next 300 years, the Capetian kings will slowly consolidate their power and they will gain control over other powerful dukes and counts. Slowing building a powerful French DYNASTY.
To what event and date do historians typically ascribe "the fall of the Roman Empire" (in the West)
The fall of the empire in the West Borders of the empire began to break down. Barbarian (Germanic) invasions: Germanic tribes invaded Britian. They allowed the goths to come across the border to the Danube. Everything on the other side was considered Barbarians. They were of militaristic warrior culture. They let them come into the armies. They were allowed to come across the danube and settle. ROME TREATED THEM LIKE ABSOLUTE CRAP. The Barbarians allialated Rome. Germanic tribes were pouring over the borders into Rome. Rampaging. They were lead by chiefs or warlords. THE ROMAN EMPIRE IS BEGINNING TO FALL. In 410 ROME IS BURNED TO THE GROUND. NO LOGNER THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE IN THE WEST. BY THE END OF THE FIFTH CENTURY. ROME IS ESSENTIALLY ALL GERMAN. A GERMAN EMPEROR IN ITALY UNSEATS THE YOUNG EMPEROR (Romulus) AND SAYS I NOW RULE THE WEST 476. 476 THE ROMAN EMPIRE OFFICIALLY FELL IN THE WEST. Started at the end of the second century at the end of the Pax Romana. Diocletian and Constantine tried to bring back power and order. It began and ended with Romulus.
Medieval Feudal System
The feudal aristocracy continued to enjoy power and privileges for centuries. a. Aristocratic notions of duty, honor, loyalty, and romantic love have endured into the 20th century. 9. Feudalism contributed to the history of liberty. a. Feudal theory established limits on royal power and defended rights of the kings' vassals. b. The tradition gradually emerged in the Middle Ages that law should resolve from the collaboration of the kings and his subjects. c. Development of representative institutions, notably British Parliament, is related to this tradition.
You should know who Thomas Aquinas was, what he did, when he lived, why he is significant.*
The greatest of the medieval scholastic philosophers was Thomas Aquinas (1225-1271). A Dominican monk who taught at the University of Paris and then Naples, he sought to reconcile Aristotle's philosophy with Christianity. His major work was the Summa Theologica is one of the greatest works of Christian thought. It was a systematic exposition of all the principle questions of Christian thought and ethics. It covered every question explored by medieval theologians and became the standard theological textbook for centuries and the most authoritative statement of Church doctrine until the 1960's.
What was the "Hagia Sophia" and what is it's date?*
The name Hagia Sophia means "holy wisdom" and has a dome with the diameter of 101 feet. It was first built in the 4th century by Constantine and then destroyed twice and Justinian I built the current building. It was a Roman Catholic Cathedral and was converted to a mosque when Muslims captured the city in 1453; they added spheres with Arabic calligraphy. Today it is a museum showcasing the impressive Byzantine engineering along with the blend of cultures that marks this region.
the unifying role of the Latin Church and the role of the Papacy at the start of the Early Middle ages in the wake of the civil and political disorder throughout Europe.
The people who lived in these monasteries were symbols of Christian virtue. He formulated a rule. A written rule of how men, who wanted to remove themselves from the world, would live together. This was a very moderate way of life. The RULE OF BENEDICT. They would come together and live in combination of work, prayer, community, and reflection. Reasonable amounts of sleep and eating. They would be self-sustaining. All members would take a vow of poverty, chastity, obedience (the leader- the abbot), and celibacy. Other monks elected the abbot. It was a moderate way to live a religious life in a community. It was an attractive way of life. These monasteries spread throughout Europe. It was attractive because it was safe, secure, place to sleep, clothes to wear, guaranteed meals everyday, brotherhood, family and communities. Followed the Benedictine rule. Centers of religious beliefs in the countryside. MONASTERIES BECAME A SYMBOL OF CHRISTIANITY. They were places of education. People could go to church there. They were symbols of Christianity.
The memory of the "Roman Empire" and its Greco Roman heritage
The urban life in that characterized Roman culture was the first thing to go. The roads and bridges that connected the empire fell to despair, roman clothing of the togas disappeared. The Germans were much influenced by the Romans. The pagan Arians converted to orthodox Christianity and began to intermarry with romans. Germans began to speak the local Latin-derived dialects instead of their native gothic. The Germans also became literate and began to produce written texts. The Germans were influenced by the Romans and slowly, Germanic pagans and Arians converted to orthodox Christianity. They also influenced their language. Southern European languages- Romance languages. They changed from tribal units to kingdoms.
An important concept to understand under this topic is the granting of charters, either by the local feudal lord or by the king to the "burghers" of towns and cities, granting them specific freedoms and rights in return for the payment of rents and a share in revenues from markets, trade fairs, etc.
There was a huge boost in population so not everyone is needed to work the land which people start concentrating on things they were good at: differentiation of labor. This included stone masons, working iron, artisans, craftsmen. There is now a surplus of food so they can start trading for other things- goods and services. This was the development of a trade economy. There were markets and bartering and the peasants lives got a little bit better. This all caused villages to start growing into towns. Coins can be used to buy things, a new kind of economy is developing. This new class of working people fits in the middle they are called bourgeois!! banking begins. A system of promissory notes. There were contracts in latin—written by lawyers. people who keep accounts—accountants. Bankers, lawyers, accountings, insurance industry. in some places these towns grow into cities. merchants traders accountants bankers, craftsmen, artisans. these new professions made these people pretty rich. double entry book keeping. charters... the lord grantes the people freedom and they have to return a pile of money to the lord. the lord loves it because he now has money .
The social and cultural traditions of the Germanic tribes
These Germanic tribes, like the ancient Greeks cherished the heroic ideals because warfare played a central role in this society. This is embodied in the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf. Their settlements were based on clans- families joined in kinship groups.
what was a "serf"
They are peasants who are semi-free in this way- that is, personally free yet not free to move from their village. They lived on their lords land and were divided into goods and labor. They had to give the lord a portion of the food and goods that they produced. Serfs had to plant his crops, build his roads, erect walls or buildings, dig ditches, and do anything else the lord ordered- fighting was a privilege of the nobility. It is an exchange of labor for safety. Some were forced into servitude.
Fief:
This is what the vassal would receive which was usually land or something else that would generate income to support the vassal. Fiefs overtime became hereditary possessions.
You should understand the medieval view of the world by the later part of the early middle ages and the three kinds of people God created.*
Those who fight - the aristocratic, feudal warrior class (knights and the world of vassals and lords which they made) Those who pray - the clergy (clerics, monks, priests, bishops, abbots, abbesses, Pope and other members of the Church hierarchy) Those who work -the peasants who made up 90% of the population, particularly "serfs".
You should have an understanding of the Viking invasions, when they occurred and the impact of the Viking peoples upon feudal Europe. Who were they? Where did they come from. *
Viking invasions occurred from 800-950. These people remained pagan when Charlemagne forcefully converted the Saxons to Christianity. The people living in lands known today as Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland remained pagan. These northern peoples- the Scandinavians were Germanic, so their way of life resembled that of Germanic tribes who had earlier invaded the Roman Empire. They had a passion for revenge. Invasions from the north, south, and east brought sporadic violence to western Europe for 200 years. The Vikings disrupted the newly established order that had reigned in Europe for more than a century. These invasions accelerated the disintegration initiated by the emperor's feuding descendants, and the central authority envisioned by Charlemagne could not hold. Learning suffered and people paid more and more attention to war (though monks and nuns helped to preserve knowledge). Order in the church crumbled under the tenth century turmoil. In the eleventh century Scandinavians converted to Christianity.
You should understand what happened to Charlemagne's empire within a generation of his death.*
When Charlemagne died his emperor collapsed. It didn't last past his grandsons. After he dies it gets separated up into three different empires. After this collapse the Europe suffers more barbaric invasions. The Norsemen→ The VIKINGS. All of Europe will be ruled by a local war lord.
You should understand "medieval scholasticism"
o Medieval Scholasticism was the form of medieval philosophy that grew out of the new universities and was the attempt to reconcile "reason" with the religious "doctrine" of the Church. Scholasticism was the application of the tools of classical philosophy (reason and logic) to explain and clarify Christian teaching and doctrine. The medieval scholastics used reason in service to Faith--not to challenge it.
Saul of Tarsus
who we call Paul, was a Hellenized Jew and a Roman citizen who came to be known as apostle to the gentiles. He originally persecuted Christians and then had a conversion experience. He saw a vision of the risen Jesus and he converted and took up the mission of bringing the Christian message to the world of the Roman Empire and beyond. He traveled to the eastern part of the empire and established Christian communities. His influence was immense and his letters became apart of Christian scriptures. He lived from 5-64 CE. He is significant because he is the second founder of Christianity and with out him Christianity would not have spread.
Student dominated universities
were exemplified by the University of Bologna. a. In these types of universities the students were normally older and more mature involved in "professional" studies such as law and medicine.. b. To protect themselves against the masters and townsmen, students formed guilds called "universitates". They used their power to negotiate rents, food prices, local taxes, exemptions from military service, the right to appoint teachers and prescribe procedures for presentation of material. c. Masters retained the right to give examinations, admit members to their own guild, grant degrees signifying admission to their professions. d. Bologna became the model to be followed by student dominated universities in Europe.
Charles Martel
is sometimes called Charles the Hammer, he was a member of the Carolingian family who won a great victory against the Muslims in 732 and saved the land. He was also a great general and during the battle of Tours he lead a large force and the battle was fierce but Charles won a decisive victory. The remaining Muslim forces retreated across the Pyrenees and the Islamic Conquests in the west were halted. Charles Martel lived from 686 to 741. HE STOPS ON 732 AT THE BATTLE OF TOURS CHARLES MARTEL THE SPREAD OF ISLAM AND DRIVES THEM BACK INTO SPAIN. HE STOPS THE INVASION INTO EUROPE, THEREBY KEEPING EUROPE CHRISTIAN.
Caesaropapism
is the concept of having the same person rule the state and the church. This happened in the east as a result of the question of who would rule the church, and self-styled emperors rose to lead both the church and the state. The bishops of Rome never accepted this institution because the state control of the church which even involved emperors imposing solutions concerning doctrinal quarrels. Emperors such as Constantine and Marcian have called councils to discuss the human and divine natures of Christ. Ceasaropapism took place during the Byzantine empire which was from 400-1000. This is significant because there is no separation between church and state so a single power is in charge. This is significant because it caused Marcian to call the Council of Chalcedon in 451 to discuss the human and diving nature of God.
Benedict of Nursia
is the father of communal monasticism who formulated a written rule of how men, who wanted to remove themselves from the world, would live together in a very moderate way of life called the Rule of Benedict. They would come together for a combination of work, prayer, community, and reflection with reasonable amounts of food and sleep. This was an attractive life and it became a symbol of Christianity which spread throughout many regions. Benedict of Nursia lived from the late fifth into the sixth century. He is significant because is the most influential founder of monastic life which symbolized Christianity.
Feudalism
is the relationship between and among the aristocratic warrior ruling class of Europe. This is a complex system of relationships and is a general system that slowly developed that was based on the exchange of land for military service. This formed the political structure of the elites in military society. This slowly developed over centuries and the chaos of the tenth century escalated its development. This is significant because the complex relationships of mutual obligation found in feudal bonds kept society from disintegrating in the face of invasions and decentralization of the ninth century.
The major factors contributing to the expansion of agricultural lands, the increase in agricultural productivity, the diversification of diet, the rise of populations by the end of the early middle age, including the two major technological advances that were, in major part, responsible for this expansion. *
o Technological advances took place after 1000 because power helped fuel expansion of population, commerce, and political power in western Europe. o grain mills: Water mills ground grain with incredible efficiency and this technology spread rapidly across Europe. o mouldboard plow o padded horse collar allowed horses to work 50 percent faster and two hours longer. This harness rested on the animals shoulders and made it possible for horses to be used for heavy plowing and pulling. o Agricultural techniques o three field system plots of land were divided into thirds: one third was planted in the spring, the other in the fall and the others were left fallow. This stimulated growth of new crops and boosted production. They began to plant legumes which boosted villages diets and helped pregnant women and menstruating women because of the iron.
Guilds
o insured standards of workmanship o provided training for the next generation of craftsmen/tradesmen and a hierarchy of proficiency (apprentices, journeymen, "master" craftsmen) o provide support and services for widows, orphans of deceased members.
You should know the major architectural components of the medieval Gothic Cathedral and understand their design and structural significance and the origins (including the person to whom this new design is attributed) of the Gothic style
pointed arches instead of round arches, stained glass windows, and flying buttresses (large braces that supported the outside of the buildings). Rib Vaulting, arches ribbed together. Open up the walls to let light in. This is attributed to Abbot Suger of the Church of St. Dennis near Paris.
Lords:
provided things that required a large investment of capital: mills, barns, ovens, large draft animals, and the life. The lords primarily offered justice and protection to the serfs in times of war. The lord could be a king of any other man with land to bestow. They were nobles whose main function was warfare.
Battle of Tours
took place in the summer of 732 when the forces of Islam drove into the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks. This was after the growth of Islam had taken over the Persian Empire, shrank the Byzantine Empire, and conquered the Vandal and Visigoth Kingdoms. Charles Martel was the great general of the Merovingians who won a decisive victory. This battle took place in 732. This battle is significant because if it was not won by the Merovingians, Islam would have spread into Europe which would make it Islam. Because of this battle, the west is predominantly Christian.
Master dominated universities
were exemplified by the University of Paris. a. In these types of universities the students were young (as young as 14), less mature, and concentrating in the study of theology and philosophy and other of the "arts liberales" or the "liberal arts". b. Masters were in a dominant position over the much younger and less dependent students preparing for careers the church and secular administration. c. Masters organized guilds and organized themselves into the specialties of their particular fields of studies, called "faculties". They prescribed such things as the curriculum, academic dress, etc. d. The university of Paris became the model to be followed by the master dominated universities in Europe. e. Universities spread throughout Europe and England (see map on lecture outline) as learning and the rediscovery of knowledge became a major force in the High Middle Ages.
Vassal:
under Charles Martel the noble men came to be the lords vassal who was bound to him for life. They later took on titles like duke or baron. They owed their lords "aid and council"
