HIST 2110 Exam 1

Holy Roman Empire -began -first emperor -purpose

Began in 800 AD Carlemagne was the first emperor of the HRE, granted by the pope Purpose was to defend the Christendom from internal and external threats. He would raise an army of people who were with him and fight whatever battle needed to be fought to protect the Pope and Christendom.

Anabaptists -who they were -where they got their name from -key beliefs

Believe in adult baptism Preached allegiance to the Bible and only to the Bible, would not follow a ruler who challenged a Biblical belief. Criminals in the eyes of others, did not have the support of leaders

Mercantilism

Believed that there is a limited amount of resources in the world, and if you control those resources, then you control the world. The problem with mercantilism and why it doesn't hold sway is because new resources are always showing up that become important. (Oil important now but not back then.) Even though there are a limited amount of resources, people have a knack for finding new resources of things. Controlling the known resources and finding new resources is a constant battle. Idea drove Louis to battle to be in control of all trade

Importance of "right religion" during this time

Getting it right was so important to them that they would throw aspects of the religion, have confrontation, and forced conversion. They tried so hard to get it right that they actually got it wrong.

Henry VIII -Who he was -Catherine of Aragon -Why Henry thought he couldn't have a son -what he wanted from the pope -what his solution was -Act of Supremacy (1534)

Henry VIII inherited the throne from his brother. Also inherited his brother's wife, Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess). Important marriage diplomatically for England. Royal families did not want to mix with blood that wasn't royal. Henry wanted a son so there would be stability for ruling, having a boy and not a girl. Did not think he could have a son because he thought God was punishing him for marrying his brother's wife. He went to the pope and asked for a divorce, and the pope said no because he did not want to get farther on Charles V's bad side (Charles is the nephew of Catherine of Aragon) (Charles is the Holy Roman Emperor and has the pope on house arrest already). Henry took away power from the Catholic Church. Created a separate English church, which granted Henry a divorce. Henry remarried and had another daughter, then later on had a son. Act of Supremacy (1534): king is supreme head of the church of England

Hugenots -who they were -group size -group importance -1534, anti-Catholic posters

Huguenots were French Protestants. They were about 5-10% of the population in France, but because alot of reform depended on reading the Bible for yourself (mainly the rich could read), this small group tended to be a powerful group because they were apart of the top 1/3 of the population. Violence in Paris caused the first group of Huguenots to flee in 1534, including Calvin. If you fled France but did not want to go far, you went to Geneva. Geneva was a center of reform, so these people were able to freely practice their beliefs. They would smuggle information into France to convert people, and as people converted, France became more unstable.

Beliefs of the Catholic Church -penance -sacraments -indulgences -monasticism

Penance: you do something if you have sinned to make up/atone for it Sacraments: rituals you would do at different life stages (Marriage, end of life, etc.) Indulgences: You could sin to a greater extent if you had money because you could buy something bigger to cover for the sin. If you died, you would leave alot of money to church so they would pray for you. They believed this would lessen the time in purgatory. Monasticism: Men became monks, women became nuns. Where you would go and live if you wanted to devote your life to the Lord. Most of the time, they would be studying and meditating on God.

Pope and Charles V reaction to Luther

Pope Leo X burned the theses and gave Luther time to recant them. He excommunicated him and told him he was going to hell. Charles V called Luther to a meeting. He asked Luther to support the pope, but he said he could not. Charles V made him leave and go into hiding.

Zwingli -who he was -where he preached -what he did there -key beliefs

Zwingli was from Zurich Zwingli challenged the Catholic Church, saying that they were not practicing as the NT called to. Abolished monasteries, took images out of churches, said that you did not need the catholic church or pope Differed from Luther on Eucharist (Communion)...said bread and wine were symbolic, which is the opposite of what Luther said

30 Year's War and Peace of Westphalia

1618-1648 in the Holy Roman Empire. HRE becomes the location of the start of one of the worst wars of human history. Not another war is this destructive, this bad, until WW1, which was 300 years later. Not always just about religion, as sometimes it was the same religious groups fighting. Massive mercenary armies formed, marching across Europe to fight. Made up of people from all across Europe going with the side of the highest bidder. They typically came from far off lands, so they had no connection to the people they were fighting. Trample and steal crops, which leads to starvation. Steal from people. Rape women. Because they will never have to go back there again. Some villages were under siege for nearly 30 years. One village was under siege 11 times. Disease also spread easily. Volley: gun fight where groups would take turns firing at each other without fleeing. Killed a ton of people. By early 1640s, people are getting tired of fighting. Start some peace talks, and by 1648, the war is over with the Peace of Westphalia: last peace treaty signed in this war, peace for the HRE. It said that rulers can now pick Calvinism in addition to Lutheranism and Catholicism. This war impacted the thinkers of the 1600s and 1700s. They got a very bad taste of religion because of this...they saw religion bringing death. Caused a push in secularism. Wanted to take the specificity out of religion, began to worship a general God....just a creator, nothing specific. Influenced the most influential of the American founding fathers (Jefferson).

Louis XIV armies to fight for trade -army size -organization

400k He led the armies into battle himself.

Jean Calvin -who he was -where he preached -what he did -key beliefs

Calvin was born in France, and he was a lawyer before he took up reforming. Not from the Catholic Church. Fleed Paris and settled in Geneva. Published his writings here. Established alot of beliefs that made their way into Christianity today One of his beliefs was predestination. Also believed that the "elect" (those who are saved) should establish Christian Community, taking care of others. If you are in the community, you must believe the same thing. This was hard for Genevan catholics because they did not believe in what Calvin preached.

Charles V Empire -territories covered -internal and external threats -1526 Diet -Diet of Augsberg & Peace of Augsburg -"culus regio, eius religio" meaning

Charles V had lots of land (these listed are modern-day) -Spain -Germany -Italy -Mexico -Chile -Nicaragua So many threats that it's surprising that he lived as long as he did -Many people did not want to be apart of this group -Power disputes -Ottoman's at his door -Reformation 1526 Diet -Rulers could choose religion of their region. This splintered the holy roman empire. 1530 Diet of Augsburg -Some groups that split decided to call themselves Protestants -These protestant rulers created a group and went to war with Charles -Charles created a group with other rulers and they defeated the protestants -Peace of Augsburg 1555: reiterated that rulers get to choose their religion, but they can only pick between Lutheran or Calvinism or Catholicism. Problem was that Calvinism was making a mark in Germany. "Cuius regio, eius religio": whose land, his religion

"Reformation"/"Protestant"

Constantine legalized Christianity in 300 AD. Those who separated from the Catholic Church were known as "Protestants" aka Eastern Orthodoxy

Bohemia -what it was -what was its capital -Defenestration of Prague

Early 1600s, HRE shifted its main location to Prague of Bohemia (now called Czech Republic). Had a fair amount of Protestants at the time. Protestants were on board because the king said they would have many religious freedoms. When the king came to power, he began to take away their freedoms. He would do this through his agents so that the Protestants would be mad at them, not the king. In May 1618, Protestants got fed up with their freedoms being taken away. Decided to march on the palace and speak their minds. Went to a second floor room and began to argue with the kings officials. Turned into a shouting match. Protestants grab the two officials and drag them across the room. They get to the window and threw them out the window, saying "We will see if Mary will save you now." Called the Defenestration of Prague. One lands on the pavement and limps away from the scene. Other lands on pile of manure and walks away fine. Quickly turns into war, as Protestants choose new emperor who goes to war with old emperor, who gets sick and dies, then a new emperor goes to war with the Protestants. Lasted about 2 years, but turned into 30 years war as other countries saw an opportunity to join in on the war and began fighting with each other.

3 Main Ruling Families in France at this time

Guise—Catholic Valois--Rulers/Catholic Bourbon—Protestant

Louis XIV and the Catholic Church

He also wanted to tame the Catholic Church, so he started taking powers away from them. Took away the rule that people had to tithe Did not allow the pope to appoint specific religious leaders. Louis would appoint them. Did not want the pope to be his enemy, but he wanted to be more powerful. Got the pope on his side by cracking down on the Huguenots. --Tried to bribe them into Catholicism. --Revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685. ----Lost their schools, religion, etc. ----Most of them decided to stay, but go in hiding. They can no longer openly practice their religion, because now it is illegal. ----Some left and went to other European lands and North American colonies. Alot of people were freaked out by this because it reminded them of religious persecutions from before. No one wanted to go back to that lifestyle. Uncertainty if this will explode into something that affects all of Europe. It all died down, though. Overall, this made it harder to be a Protestant in France.

Louis XIV -who he was -The Fronde -symbol and nickname

He set the stage for his successors to fail, even though he was a long-serving King seen as successful. They called him "Le Diuedonne," which means "gift of God." His parents tried for a long time to give birth to an heir. The Fronde: big rebellion that was incredibly traumatic to Louie. Referred to a slingshot, trying to present the idea that this is a "child's game." People were wanting to protect their liberties from royalty changing them. Lasted 5 years. At one point, people stormed the palace and looked for Louie and his mother, planning to kill them. The two of them fled to Paris until things died down.

Martin Luther -background -troubled by -solution -"priesthood of all believers"

He was a monk in Saxony, Germany. His town was Wittenberg. He was very troubled by his own personal sin. He never really felt like he had salvation. He felt like there was never enough that he could do to be right with God. This made him angry and caused him to resent God. He did a deep dive into the Bible and came up with these ideas: --We are "justified by faith" and not by works --"Priesthood of all believers": we do not need priests to go to God. Every Christian has the ability to go to God for forgiveness and every Christian should be able to read the Bible. Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority

Peasant uprisings of 1524-1525

In Geneva. Challenged people in the Holy Roman Empire for not living as the Bible said. At first, Luther supported them. But then, Luther turned to support the rulers because he needed their support.

Catholic Church

It was a political entity. They collected taxes from the land they owned and tithes from all of Europe. Critics tried to reform it. This was not easy to do, because once a critic got a big following, they would have them killed.

Menno Simons -who he was -what he believed -what group bears his name

Leader of Anabaptists Left the Catholic Church because he believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority Came to the belief of adult baptism and nonviolence Followers became known as the Mennonites

Luther's 95 Theses

Luther's complaints against the church that he posted on the church doors for everyone to read

Henry of Navarre and Edict of Nantes

Protestant from the Bourbon family. Guy who got married the day before the massacre. Henry III decided to support Henry of Navarre, even though he knew the Guise would not like it. So, Henry III invited the top two members of the Guise family to the castle, and had them murdered. Later on, a monk killed Henry III. This put Henry of Navarre, now Henry IV, on the throne. Henry IV converted to Catholicism instead of turning France to Protestant. This upset the Huguenots. He thought about it for a little bit, then released the Edict of Nantes in 1598), which ended the French Wars of Religion. Now, it was not up to the king what religion was practiced, rather what the majority was in each town/area.

St. Bartholowmew's Day Massacre

Queen tried to unite everyone together by marrying a member of the Guise family to a member of the Bourbon family. August 24, 1572, everyone gathered together at the palace in Paris for this wedding. Kalini, leader of the Protestants, needed to talk to the king. King was so drunk, though, that he decided to wait until tomorrow. Kalini was on his way home and from a window, a sniper fires at him and hits him but it is not fatal. The King gets word of this and gets antsy...not sure who hired the sniper but he knows the Protestants will not be happy. He decides to fire at the Protestants before they can fire at him. He decides to go kill Kalini and 100 protestants who are staying at the palace for the wedding...thinking this will keep the peace. Soldier's conscience are eating at them after it is all over. They remember, though, that the King represents God on Earth and this is what he asked them to do, so they think that what they are doing is okay and need to continue to murder Huguenots. This sets off a 3-day killing spree in Paris, killing 3,000 Huguenots. Six weeks later, additional 10,000 Huguenots murdered. This happened on St. Bartholomew's Day.

Impact of the printing press on the Reformation

The printing press was how written documents were copied. It was much faster than writing. Brought mass production. This helped the spread of the 95 Theses and Luther's translation of the Bible into German.

War of Spanish Succession [1702-1713] --why did it begin --who were the major players --what was accomplished --what did the Treaty of Utrecht do

War Louie did not need to get involved in, pointless. Really bad for France...disaster for them militarily. King of Spain (Charles II) was dying. Needed a successor. Philip of Anjou (Philip V of Spain) War with England and Netherlands (Great Alliance). The guy that the English had been supporting became the Holy Roman Emperor. They decided they did not want to support him anymore because he would have too much land. They decided to throw in the towel and sign the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). Philip gets to stay on the throne. Waste of war, people died. Louie died right after the war, so he did not have to pay for any of the consequences of the war. His successors did, though. He left them with a massive amount of debt that this war added to. They were pulled further and further down into the debt.

Why might Louis be considered an absolutist? Why might he not be considered one?

Was he really an all-powerful ruler who was not controlled by anyone? On the one hand, he had alot of checks on his power. Court system, tax system, can't take too much power away from the Catholic Church and the nobility because that will create bad relationships. He has these limitations/boundaries that he has to work within. He also never said he was above the law. He always acted within the law.

How did the cities decide what religion the people practiced?

What the ruler believes and practices

Michael Servetus -who he was -what happened to him

Wrote Genevan Catholics to encourage them to keep their faith. Calvin told him to never come to Geneva. He did, and was burned at the stake.

Orthodox Church -what was it -where it was located -Great Schism

for people who did not agree with the Catholic tradition The Orthodox Church was located in Constantinople. Great Schism in 1054 AD was when the Eastern Orthodox christians broke from the Catholic Church

Louis XIV and Palace of Versailles

he had the intention of making this the largest palace, which is what happened. They were still working on it when he died. It was a small hunting lodge in the family before it became this big palace. Construction began in 1661. Everything about it is intentional. Size, design, etc. Miles from Paris, which did put some distance between him and the common people. People like to see the King, and they like for the King to see them.

Indulgences

sold by the catholic church. Piece of paper signed by the pope that would get you out of hell and purgatory. Ramped up because they were building St. Peters cathedral