HIST 2610 Learning Curve Chapter 1

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[When the natives saw that we were firing muskets without any result] . . . they cried out determined to stand firm . . . shooting so many arrows and hurling bamboo lances, charred pointed stakes, stones and mud at the Captain [Magellan] that he could scarce defend himself. . . . And so great a number came upon us that they pierced the right leg of the Captain with a poisoned arrow, wherefore he ordered that they gradually retreat. . . . [But] they had so many spears, darts and stones that they [the soldiers] could not withstand them, and the artillery of the fleet was so far away that it could not help them. And our men withdrew to the shore, fighting all the while. . . . They [the natives] recognized the Captain and so many assailed him that twice they knocked his sallet [helmet] from his head. And he, like a good knight, continued to stand firm with a few others, and they fought thus for more than an hour. . . . An Indian threw his bamboo spear into his [the Captain's] face and he immediately killed him [the native] with his own spear. . . . And the Captain tried to draw his sword and was able to draw it only half way, because he had been wounded in the arm with a spear. . . . The Christian king [a rival chief who converted to Christianity] would have helped us but . . . the Captain bade him not to leave the ship. . . . When the king learned that the Captain was dead he grieved much, and not without cause." According to Antonio Pigafetta, who attempted to aid the Spanish in their battle against natives in the Philippines?

A Christian chief

Which of the following contributed to Portugal's rise to leadership in international trade in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

A program of exploration, observation, and shipbuilding Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator gathered information from experts across the maritime trades to launch a campaign of exploration, observation, shipbuilding, and long-distance trade that revolutionized Europe and shaped events in Africa and the Americas.

In general, what enabled societies across the Americas to develop into settled and more complex civilizations?

An agricultural revolution As societies adopted methods to farm land and grow enough food to feed the population, Native Americans were able to settle down and build communities and, eventually, cities and empires with complex religious and political systems.

How did a drought around 800 C.E. affect the Mayan civilization?

An economic crisis began that contributed to the decline of the Maya.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians, as it appeared to me that they had no religion. I, our Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for your Highnesses, that they may learn to speak." In Christopher Columbus's description of his first encounter with Indians, how does he plan to make his desires known to natives in the future?

By bringing back some natives to learn Spanish

What economic system began to develop across Europe in the fifteenth century as a result of an expanded population, increased trade, and emerging urban centers?

Capitalism

Why did the Mississippian culture decline several hundred years ago?

Collapse of trade networks Trade networks remained intact in the eastern part of North America.

What was the key to the success of the Inca empire?

Cultivation of fertile mountain valleys The key to the success of the Incan empire was the cultivation of the fertile mountain valleys

What enabled people living in the Americas thousands of years ago to forsake seasonal migrations in favor of stable settlements?

Development of horticulture

What was one effect of the Crusades of the eleventh and twelfth centuries?

Enhancement of the wealth and commercial role of Italian merchants While the goal to reclaim Jerusalem and other sites associated with Jesus was not realized, the Crusades did benefit Italian merchants who used the Crusades to establish trading routes to the East and outfitted those who took part in the Crusades.

What did Christopher Columbus's encomienda system have in common with the slave trade in western Africa?

Europeans exploited the labor of other people with no regard for their rights.

Why did Martin Waldseemüller and Mathias Ringmann depict India in greater detail than North America in their 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia?

Europeans had explored India more often than they had explored North America when the map was made. Europeans had known about India since antiquity. North America, however, was a recent discovery, and comparatively little was known about its geography.

What was one effect of the decimation of the Native American population as a result of the Columbian exchange?

Europeans turned to Africa for laborers.

In the fifteenth century, why were Europeans more familiar with North Africa than with West Africa?

Europeans were involved in the extensive trading networks that reached through North Africa. In the fifteenth century North Africa featured large kingdoms, well-developed cities, and an extensive network of trading centers.

Why did the expulsion of the last Muslims from Granada and a newly unified Spain help Christopher Columbus in his Enterprise of the Indies?

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain were ready to expand their empire.

What trend found in Renaissance Europe is represented by the rule of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain?

Formation of powerful national monarchies

Which of the following factors allowed Hopewell people to develop towns with thousands of inhabitants?

Forming extensive trade networks

They stimulated a desire for adventure and exploration of new lands beyond Europe. Although the campaigns largely failed, the Crusades unintentionally created new interest in the world outside Europe. Crusaders came in contact with Muslims, who shared their knowledge of technologies far more advanced than those known in Europe.

He wanted to find a path to India. Prince Henry sought a path to India so that the Portuguese could benefit from trade with the East and could also challenge Muslim power.

Why did Prince Henry of Portugal launch a systematic effort to modernize sea exploration and long-distance trade in the fifteenth century?

He wanted to find a path to India. Prince Henry sought a path to India so that the Portuguese could benefit from trade with the East and could also challenge Muslim power.

A form of agriculture in which people work small plots of land with simple tools is known as

Horticulture. Horticulture refers to a type of agriculture in which people work small plots with simple tools. Horticulture developed between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E in present-day Mexico.

How did innovations in printing technology help advance European exploration?

Improved printing technology spread word of Portuguese and Spanish exploration throughout Europe. Mechanical printing helped information spread more quickly than before, allowing other European nations to learn about the activities of their Spanish and Portuguese rivals.

After the bubonic plague subsided early in the fifteenth century, what combination of factors fueled a European resurgence of trade with other parts of the world?

Increased birthrates and an upsurge of productivity Following the subsidence of the bubonic plague, Europe experienced increased birthrates and a warmer climate led to increased productivity across the continent, which boosted trade.

Why was Ferdinand Magellan's voyage significant?

It increased Spanish wealth and European knowledge. Magellan's lone ship was loaded with valuable spices, his venture allowed Spain to claim the Philippine Islands, and his journals provided cartographers with vast amounts of knowledge about the world's oceans and landmasses.

What was the significance of Bartolomeu Dias's journey around the Cape of Good Hope in the 1480s?

It showed that one could sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. Dias's journey around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean was significant because it proved that one could make it from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean by sea.

What explains why the Renaissance began in Italy?

Italian merchants grew wealthy and sponsored the cultural rebirth. The Renaissance, which began in the Italian city-states and then spread across Europe, was rooted in the increased wealth of the fifteenth century, much of which went into paintings, sculptures, music, and literature.

Where in Europe did the Renaissance originate?

Italy A cultural rebirth arose first in the Italian city-states of the fifteenth century and then spread through Europe.

Why did Spanish and Portuguese leaders seek out oceanic routes for trade with the East in the fifteenth century?

Italy controlled most of the important trade routes. The Italian city-states controlled most of the important trade routes to the East, forcing Spain and Portugal to seek alternatives.

What was a result of Europeans constructing negative propaganda about Africans starting in the sixteenth century?

Justification for the enslavement of Africans Europeans likened Africans to Canaan, a biblical man who was condemned to a life of enslavement, to justify their brutal treatment of those whom they enslaved.

What was an immediate effect of Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas?

Many explorers followed in his path.

Why did the image of Africa change in the European imagination over the course of the sixteenth century?

Negative images of captured African slaves circulated around Europe. As European traders returned to Europe with stories of naked and terrified Africans in captivity as well as the slaves themselves, Europeans began to think differently about Africans. Woodcut images and prints of Africans who looked more like apes than humans buttressed the emerging negative stereotyping of Africans.

Who were the first Europeans to discover lands in the western Atlantic Ocean?

Norsemen Scandinavians were the first to discover lands the western Atlantic.

Where were female slaves highly valued?

North Africa Muslim traders in North Africa and Asia valued female slaves more than males.

What was the source of most of the Africans who were sold to Europeans along the western coast of Africa beginning in the sixteenth century?

People conquered by other groups Because the slave trade was lucrative, it fueled raiding parties that would seek out men, women, and children to sell into the slave market. Entire communities were conquered and then sold into slavery.

In the early sixteenth century, what was the relationship between Portuguese traders and Arab merchants in the Indian Ocean?

Portuguese traders supplanted Arab merchants. By the early sixteenth century, Portuguese traders wrested control of the India trade from Arab fleets.

Which of the following items were introduced to Europe for the first time as a part of the Columbian exchange of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries?

Potatoes Potatoes were not native to Europe and were cultivated for the first time in Europe after being brought from South America.

What two cultural characteristics did the Aztecs and Inca share?

Practicing human sacrifices for religious rituals and drawing on accomplishments of earlier civilizations The Aztecs and Inca sacrificed human life to prevent defeat in combat and natural disasters, and both cultures adopted and utilized the achievements of cultures that preceded them.

In addition to the creation of maps, how did innovations in printing impact Europeans in regards to exploration in the sixteenth century?

Printers publicized new knowledge gained by explorers. The printing press enabled the Europeans to learn about exploration in the Americas, spreading the knowledge gained by exploring these lands.

The fifteenth-century campaign launched by Ferdinand and Isabella to expel Jews and Muslims from Spain is known as the

Reconquest. Although driving Jews and Muslims out of Spain had long been a goal of the rulers of Spain's various, fragmented kingdoms, it was only when Ferdinand and Isabella united their kingdoms through marriage that they had sufficient power to expel Jews and Muslims from Spain.

What characteristics describe Mayan, rather than Aztec or Inca, civilization?

Settlement in the rain forest, occupation of multiple large cities, abandonment of cities The Mayans lived in the rain forests of the Yucatán peninsula and Guatemala; they built several large cities, and they declined as a result of an economic crisis.

How was the plague introduced to Europe in the fourteenth century?

Ships trading with Asia brought rats with fleas carrying the disease back from Asia. Increased trade with Asia inadvertently exposed Europeans to epidemic diseases such as the Black Death beginning in the fourteenth century.

How was Christopher Columbus's Enterprise of the Indies proposal to the Spanish government well timed in 1492?

Spain was growing more powerful, and its leaders were looking to expand their empire abroad.

How did the growing power of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella change Spain's interest in exploration?

Spanish leaders became eager to expand their trade networks. With their political power solidified at home, Spain's rulers were able to undertake new ventures, including building trade in North Africa, the Indian Ocean, and eventually across the Atlantic.

What evidence is there to prove that race-based ideas about Africans were not fully developed in Europe in the sixteenth century?

The behaviors associated with African slaves were also associated with other groups of people. Wealthy Englishmen viewed both African and Irish laborers as ignorant and unruly.

What was the Columbian exchange?

The circulation of animals, plants, and diseases between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas The Columbian exchange transformed life in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas by exchanging animals, plants, and diseases around the world.

What led to the dramatic population growth among the Mississippian groups in the sixth century?

The development of corn as a staple crop The development and adoption of corn as a staple crop enabled the population to expand. As a result, increasingly complex political and religious systems emerged along the Mississippi.

What was an effect of the political unification of Spain under Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand?

The promotion of Catholicism and persecution of nonbelievers

What allowed Native American hunter and gathering societies along the Pacific Ocean to develop permanent societies several centuries ago?

The ready and abundant food sources The abundant food sources along the Pacific coast enabled hunter and gathering societies to settle into more permanent societies. This stability distinguished them from their counterparts on the plains who had to follow their food.

What aspect of Aztec society depended on the conquest of neighboring peoples?

The religious system

How did some Europeans' belief that Africans were the "sons of Ham," as described in the Bible, affect attitudes toward the western African slave trade in the sixteenth century?

The slave trade became more acceptable because it seemed to be sanctioned by the Bible.

What was a distinctive characteristic of the Pueblo people who inhabited present-day Utah and Colorado more than a thousand years ago?

Their adobe houses built in cliffs

What was the background of the slaves who were taken to European forts along the African coast to be traded in the mid-sixteenth century?

They came from communities that had been raided or conquered by more powerful groups.

Why is it reasonable to say that Europeans benefited most from the Columbian exchange?

They gained nutritious crops and wealth and did not suffer as much as other groups. The Columbian exchange resulted in the arrival in Europe of nutritious crops like corn and potatoes and of large amounts of gold and silver. Meanwhile, Europeans did not suffer the precipitous population losses of Native Americans or the difficulties of slavery imposed on African Americans.

Why were the people of western Africa more vulnerable to becoming captured by Europeans as slaves in the sixteenth century than the people of North Africa?

They lived in less powerful, more rural societies, making them easier to seize. North Africa was a highly complex society with unified kingdoms, highly developed trade networks, cities, and Islam. Western Africa had communities that lived by hunting and subsistence agriculture.

Why did Plains societies generally remain small and widely scattered?

They needed a large expanse of territory to follow migrating animals. Plains societies depended on the bison as their major source of food and followed the animals' migration patterns.

How did the Crusades change European culture?

They stimulated a desire for adventure and exploration of new lands beyond Europe. Although the campaigns largely failed, the Crusades unintentionally created new interest in the world outside Europe. Crusaders came in contact with Muslims, who shared their knowledge of technologies far more advanced than those known in Europe.

How did population changes in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries affect the European economy?

With more people, cities grew into important commercial centers. As the population grew, more people sought economic opportunities in cities, which became hubs for international trade.

Between 500 and 1500 C.E., increasingly complex societies emerged in the equatorial region of the Americas on account of

highly developed systems of agriculture.

The Americas were conquered by Spaniards in the sixteenth century principally as a result of

the high death toll among natives from disease.

Inca priests engaged in human sacrifice to

ward off natural disasters and military defeat.