Hist.152 UH Manoa - Final Exam study guide

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

"The father of modern-day China", went to school at Iolani school here and became a medical dr. here in Hawaii, founded the Kuomintang (Nationalist) Party of China, and ruled China very briefly in 1912.

Treaty of Versailles

(1919) ended war between Germany and the Allied Powers (the Great European War of 1914-19 or WWI). Ordered Germany to demilitarize and pay huge reparations for the damage the war had caused. They also had to give up large areas of land. Later, there would speculation the treaty played a part in German resentment and the vulnerable morale of the people which gave way to the rise of the Nazi Party.

Erich Maria Remarque

A German novelist who was considered an influential postwar writer who created many works about the terror of war. Works such as "All Quiet on the Western Front" in 1929 which contained images of meaningless death and suffering.

Adam Czerniakow

A Polish-Jewish engineer and senator, and head of the Warsaw Ghetto Judennat. A day after the commencement of mass extermination of Jews, he committed suicide by swallowing a cyanide pill.

Mensheviks (1904)

A Russian political party which emerged from disagreeing factions of the Russian socialists (other faction came to be the Bolsheviks). Supporters of Julius Martav, believed Russia had to experience a more wide-spread revolution of the people and period capitalistic development before socialism could ever be properly implemented.

Auschwitz (1941-1944)

A concentration camp and major site of Hitler's "Final Solution" to the Jewish "problem". Delivered by train, prisoners were inspected, 10% kept for work related to extermination and 90% sent to the gas chambers. Stripped off their clothes, they were crammed into rooms and then gassed for 10-30 minutes until dead with the bodies still up like pillars. Then searched for jewelry or gold teeth before disposed of. Nazi's called these "mercy killings".

ubermensch

A concept originally presented by Nietzsche, a superior generation of men who could rise above traditional religious values to implement their own values. Hitler used this concept, in part, to justify the rise of his Aryan race above others and to rebut religious morality.

"Peace, land and bread" (1917ish)

A famous slogan of Lenin and the Bolshevik party which spoke to the people's desire to end the war and have stability in the country. It also helps to explain the fall of the Tsar and the aristocracy, to the rise of communism and Marxism led by the Bolsheviks.

Viet Cong (1960s)

A group of Nationalists of North Vietnam who carried out the TET Offensive of 1968 which began with the attack of the new U.S. embassy in South Vietnam. 36 gov. capitals and buildings were attacked in 100 cities, leaving ⅛ of the population left homeless due to the offensive. The U.S. allied with S. Vietnam and were shaken by the campaign.

The Salt Marches (1930)

A large protest and demonstration of civil disobedience in India in 1930 that was led by Mahatma Gandhi. 50,000 people marched to the sea where they made "tax-free" salt, which was against colonial law. Gandhi argued that God had gifted salt to India so how could Britain tax it. He was arrested and imprisoned by colonial authorities. Fueled the Indian Independence Movement.

Leon Trotsky

A leader of the Bolshevik party (along with Lenin) who would eventually come to power as a result of the Russian Civil Wars. He did a lot of writing on Marxist thought and was a part of the Soviet Union government.

Shanghai (1927)

A massacre which occurred in the capital of Shanghai when Chiang Kai-shek succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Nationalist party. He broke the "alliance" the Soviets had contrived between the parties and ordered all Communists be killed (wanting to eradicate them from China). Many Communists fled to the rural southeast, including Mao Zedong. Would lead to civil war in China.

Viet Minh

A national independence coalition formed in 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. Initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from the French Empire. After WWII, Viet Minh opposed the reoccupation of Vietnam by France and later opposed South Vietnam and the US in the Vietnam War

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A peace treaty signed in March of 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire), the ended Russia's participation in WWI

Shandong Peninsula

A peninsula in Shandong province in easter China. The Empire of Japan received the territory from the German Empire after WWI.

Shandong Peninsula

A peninsula in eastern China which was given to the Japanese by Germany after WWI.

Atlantic Charter of 1941

A policy statement which outlined the goals of the Allied Powers for a post-WWII world. It included Woodrow Wilson's concept of self-determination, the right of a people to govern their own nations and determine their own future. Though agreed to, France and Britain later backed down from this pledge saying they did not want to end colonial rule of their territories. Ho Chi Minh hoped to gain support from the U.S., citing self-determination as evidence for Vietnam's right to be self-governing.

Anti-Semitism

A prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic or historical group. Some European Christians viewed Jews as killing Jesus. There was also resentment of Jews being successful bankers and business men, rumors they worshipped money and drank the blood of Christians. Anti-Semitism had a history in France and other places, not Germany, but Hitler would use this brand of racism to fuel his anti-Semetic campaigns among Germans.

The Duma

A provision of the October Manifesto which was intended to create a legislative body to represent the common people of Russia in the gov. However, the Tsar (Nicholas II), retained ultimate power so it did not succeed in creating a more democratic gov., but remained an Aristocracy.

Balfour Declaration (1917)

A statement made by the British government in support of the establishment of a Jewish home-state in Palestine, but with no prejudice toward the non-Jewish populations already residing there.

charkha

A traditional Indian spinning wheel, Gandhi called the people to boycott British goods and to return to the charkha, used also as a symbol of India's own ingenuity and self-identity as a people and a nation. One of many peaceful protests meant to keep the Indian people pure as they fought their own oppression from the British.

Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909

Acts passed by British Parliament which raised the qualifications of voters in India and greatly limited local participation. Representatives elected to rep the people had to be land owners and have a certain amount of money and education (conservatives) meaning the people were not actually represented. Qualifications were also higher for Hindus than they were for Muslims and it also gave Britain final veto power.

The Will of the People

An American ideal of the U.S. Founding Fathers which greatly contrasts Parliamentary government. It basically calls for the people to have the final say and for the government to be the servants of the people. Another one of the reasons Ho Chi Minh was sure the U.S. would understand his movement for a free Vietnam without French rule.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak

An Indian nationalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and an independence activist. He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement.

Lucknow Pact (1916)

An agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League of India. It began to unify efforts for self-governing. The British had used the historical strife between the two groups to pit them against each other, so an agreement like this was very intimidating to the British.

Geneva Accords (1954)

An agreement which separated Vietnam into two territories: the North (under the leadership of the Viet Minh and Ho Chi Minh, and the South (lead by the emperor Bao Dai who many believed to be a figurehead/puppet for the West).

Triple Entente (The Allied Powers)

An alliance between France, Great Britain and Russia in the Great European War of 1914 (WWI). Their opposition was the Central Powers which was an alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. These mass alliances are sometimes considered possible reasons for the magnitude of WWI and how/why it happened.

Central European Powers

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey), and Bulgaria which opposed the Allied Powers in WWI after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. These mass alliances, as well as racial tensions among European nations, may have been the real cause of the war.

Sarajevo

Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a compact city on the Milijacka River and surrounded by the alps. It was largely restored in the 1990s following the Bosnia War. In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated here which ignited WWI.

The Long March (1934-?)

Chiang Kai-Shek (Yat-Sen's successor) had expelled all Communists, the party fled to the Southeast. Mao created local communist gov.s who helped defend them. The "Red Army" fought off constant attacks from the Nationalist gov. as they marched 6,000 miles from Jiangxi to Shaanxi, where Mao began to rebuild his forces. Considered a great victory for the party though many died on the way.

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

Considered a significant part of Hitler's first phase. At an annual rally in Nuremberg in 1935, the Nazis announced a new set of laws which stripped Jews of their citizenship in the Reich. It made it illegal for Jews to hold gov. positions or practice law and limited the number of Jewish students in schools. Basically, it disenfranchised all German Jews.

cultural relativity

Cultural Relativity: the understanding of a particular people and their culture as a unique, distinct, worthy and local expression of human life among many other unique, distinct and worthy expressions.

Satyagraha

Developed by Gandhi, a political strategy which combined politics with a sense of spirituality (Hindu values). Satyagraha, meaning soul-voice, courageous acts of non-violence, converting one's enemies, Gandhi fasted, remained abstinent, did not eat meat, called for non-violence against all living things as part of this larger belief.

Indian National Congress

Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume. Enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus and Muslims, at first stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to India, but after the Great War the congress pursued that goal in opposition to the British.

T-4 (1939-1944)

Hitler gave the order that all children with mental disabilities or physically disabled be taken. T-4: deception was key, 80-100 thousand people (dubbed "uselessly insane") were gotten rid of, but when the German people found out about this program the outcry was so strong, it was shut it down.

Judenrate

Judenrate were traditional Jewish councils, but the Germans used them to capture, confine and control the Jews in their own regions. Local Jewish counsels which had previously acted as community leaders, but were then used by the Nazis. They were forced to give lists of names and try to "deliver" Jews or the Nazis would take them. Some tried to save as many as they could by cooperating so they wouldn't take everyone, but it was an impossible situation.

Rowlett Acts

Originally meant to weaken the support of the war effort during war-time. They forbid public gatherings and allowed political criminals be imprisoned without a trial. In 1919, the Imperial Legislative Council of British India, re-imposed the Rowlett Acts which had not before, but now, greatly offended the people of India.

Alexander III

Reigned from 1881-1894, he reversed many of his father's (Alex III) reforms. His father had begun to eliminate serfdom in Russia and side with some of the populist thinkers who were starting to believe in educating the masses, as well as realizing Russia was behind other European nations when it came to industrialization. However, after his assassination, Alex III stopped most of the liberal reform programs. He was succeeded by Nicholas II.

Rasputin

Russian for degenerate - actual name was Father Grigori Efimovich - a wandering holy man from Siberia who had encountered the Khlysty who fused sexuality with spirituality. He gained great favor with the czar and wife Alexandria after supposedly curing their only son of his hemophilia. Many of the Russian nobility disapproved and plotted to murder Efimovich by poisoning his food, then shooting and castrating him before rolling him in a rug and throwing him in the river (autopsy said he had drowned to death). He had threatened the czar and czarina, if he was to be killed, they and their son would have the same fate.

October Manifesto (1905)

Signed by Nicholas II after the Russian Revolution of 1905. It was the beginnings of a constitution, it sought to give the Russian people basic rights and a say in government affairs. However, Nicholas II, under pressure from the wealthy gentry, rescinded his promise for a less autocratic gov. the following year.

Amritsar (April 13, 1919)

Site of a large massacre which would fuel the Indian Independence Movement. A group of Seeks (Hindu sect) gathered in a square (Jallianwala Bagh) to celebrate a religious festival which was banned by the reinstatement of the Rowlett Acts. The Brig. General Reginald E.H. Dyer ordered them to disband, but they did not. None of the participants were armed, there was only a single entrance/exit and without warning, he ordered the soldiers to fire. This killed 379 and injuring over a thousand people (men, women and children).

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)

Succeeded Sun Yat-Sen in leading the Kuomintang (Nationalist) party ruling China. He wanted to purge China of communists and ordered all communists killed or flee to exile. His anti-communist stance was so firm, he neglected to pay more attention to the threat the Japanese posed because he was so focused on fighting the communists who had fled to the south.

Kal-El

Superman's birth name on the planet Krypton. It translates to "all that God is" in Hebrew and many speculate this is another indicator Superman was/is a Jew. He came from a foreign planet, had to escape in a ship, often fought Nazis in his comics during WWII, both of the creators were sons of Jewish immigrants and Superman's fight for justice could be interpreted as fighting for equal human-rights for all.

swadeshi

Term which came to refer to the goal of total independence of India. After the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh square (Amritsar), the movement went from swaraj (self-rule) to swadeshi (total autonomy). Essentially, the idea that a community should be ruled by its own people, similar to self-determination.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

The Bosnian Genocide took place throughout the 1990s, targeting Muslim men and boys. It involved murder, rape and the explosion of many others. The "ethnic cleansing" was later deemed a crime against humanity much like the Holocaust.

Bolsheviks

The Russian socialist party lead by Lenin and Trotsky, believed in a bourgeois revolution (rev. led by a small group of the elite). The party came into power after the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Dien Bien Phu

The battle of Dien Bien Phu was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries and The French Union. Occurred between March and May in 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations of the future of Indochina at Geneva.

Islamism

The faith, doctrine, or cause of islam, and a popular reform movement advocating the recording of government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. The reassertion of Islamic values in Muslim politics, and was reinstated as a reaction to the US and Soviet interference in southwest Asia and north Africa.

Revolution of 1905

The first of three major revolutions in Russia, took place in the capital of St. Petersburg and lead to troops opening fire on protestors. The revolt came from dissatisfaction with work and financial conditions under the absolutist rule of the tzar (Nicholas II). It resulted in the Constitution of 1906 which created the Duma (a representative body for the people) and was supposed to lead to more democracy. Also, called "the beginning of the end" for Nicholas the II.

The Tet Offensive (1968)

The newly built U.S. embassy in South Vietnam was attacked by the communist forces of North Vietnam which came to be known as the Viet Cong (1968). This was followed by attacks on over 36 gov. buildings and more on civilian areas, in 100 cities. 1/8 of the population in S. Vietnam left homeless due to the offensive.

Brahmo Samaj

The societal component of Brahmoism, a monotheistic reformist and renaissance movement of Hindu religion. It was founded by Rammohan Roy in 1828, and gave a concrete expression to his concept of Universal Worship.

Lebensraum

The term Hitler used in his auto-biography to refer to the additional "living space" Germans required. He looked toward the east - Poland, Ukraine and Russia - for Germany to acquire, saying the Slavic peoples were also "sub-human" in comparison to Aryans.

tsar

The title given to the Emperor of Russia prior to the aristocracy being abolished in 1917, also indicates divine right, as well as the idea of the tsar being a father to the country, knowing what is best for the people regardless of their opinion

"Fire in the lake" (1940)

The title of the first book by an American (Frances FitzGerald, journalist) on the Vietnam War. It points out the U.S.'s arrogance and lack of understanding the long history of war in Vietnam and the fundamental differences in values. The U.S. supported the Saigon gov. saying they were "defending freedom", but had no real understanding what they had stepped into. The title also refers to a Chinese proverb regarding Eastern philosophy and the idea of chaos and destruction sometimes being unavoidable for balance to be restored.

Ho Chin Minh

Vietnamese Communist leader (continue...)