HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

The first movable type printer made form pottery was developed by?

Pi Sheng

was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world.

Anaximander

became popular in Arabic and Ottoman lands.

Coffee House

to remove unwanted body hair.

tweezers and razor

argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles, each made of dominant substances such as water mixed with other random substances.

Anaxagoras

The science of studying the position of celestial bodies.

ASTROLOGY

- is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or rocket engine.

Airplane

studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast the seasons and predict annual flooding of the Nile River.

Ancient Egyptians

invented the alarm clock- used large, complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand). That dropped into drums which sounded the alarm.

Ancient Greeks

described the anatomy of the brain's function. He wrote the book "On the Fabric of the Human Body".

Andreas Vesalius

was based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days.

Another calendar

- is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia. The most influential Muslim intellectual contribution to the modern world was their synthesis of the scientific and technological knowledge they learned from and transmitted to the various cultures they encountered.

Arabia

performed experiments which led him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley. - invented the science of (hydrostatics)- measurement and use of waterpower. - made planetarium powered by water to demonstrate the movements of the sun and planets around the stationary earth. - discovered the concept of gravity

Archimedes

proved the importance of critical observation and systematic means to identify and classify organisms.

Aristotle

- is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation

Automobile (car)

ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)

BABYLONIA

- is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use.

Biotechnology

- is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks.

Bluetooth

had one of the most advanced systems of pharmacology- discovery of healing drugs and herbs.

CHINESE

a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.

CUNEIFORM

- a faster way to compute more complicated equations.

Calculator

- is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally, transmitted to another location or both.

Camera

authored by Avicenna, an Arab physician. It contained a good summary of the period's medical knowledge and accurate descriptions of meningitis, tetanus and other diseases.

Canon of Medicine

- a device that has at least the same functions of a standard wired telephone but is smaller and more mobile.

Cellphone or mobile phone

were held at Rome's principal stadium, the Circus Maximus, which accommodated some 300,000 people.

Chariot races and gladiatorial fights

an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer.

Charles Babbage

- also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.

Closed-circuit television (CCTV)

- the oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text

Code of Ur-NAmmu

- makes use of computer-processes combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of scanned object, allowing the user to see the object without cutting.

Computed tomography (CT) scan

- is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming. It is also used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. C

Computer

- is a payment card issued to users to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services.

Credit card

the first preparation of strong spirits of wine was made in Europe in the 12th century. As the distillation of perfumes and oil was already known, alcohol was probably produced by accident in the course of some medical preparation.

Distillation and Alcohol

the basic device used to regulate clocks.

ESCAPEMENT

located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country thriving on an agricultural economy

Egypt

- where electric current is used to energize equipment.

Electric power

- the heart of many modern technologies, is the set of physical phenomena associated with presence and motion of electric charge.

Electricity

- which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.

Electronics

nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.

Empedocles

concept of horoscope

Zodiac signs

one of the architectural innovations associated with Gothic churches. This allowed buildings to have much higher ceilings and larger windows.

Flying Buttress

founded the world's first veterinary school in Lyon, France

French Veterinarian Claude Bourgelat

made the first steps for the advancement of the science of anatomy.

GALEN

was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health.

GREAT TECHNOLOGY

is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe. - Known as the birthplace of western philosophy. Some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. - Their wise men were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed the logical development of general principles or theories about natural phenomena. Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age They designed various mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain the planetary motions and mechanical systems to explain the planetary positions and movements on geometrical determinations and logical deductions

GREECE

contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.

Gazettes

- is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.

Genomes

- is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping and editing of genomes-

Genomics

They explained how a lens could focus light rays and magnify things. The demand for spectacles gave rise to lens grinding/trading and spectacle-makers.

Grosseteste, Dietrich and Roger Bacon

appeared around the 9th century A.D, followed by vigorous development of explosive weapons from 1040 A.D about three centuries before it appeared in Europe. From fire-lance using a rocket combination and bamboo tube as close combat weapon, all barrier guns and cannon were constructed at the beginning of the 12th century A.D.

Gunpowder and Canon

- "Father of Greek Medicine "First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion. He taught that diseases have natural causes and that somehow the human body is capable of healing or repairing itself.

Hippocrates

was used for practical mathematical and observational purposes.

Zodiacal map of Sumer

allowed the horse to increase its" attractive" effort five times and for protection. This innovation came from the 7th century A.D china reaching Europe early in the eleventh century, resulting in the horse taking the place of oxen at the plough. In addition, the introduction of the horses' modes put the horse on the road for pack and wagon.

Horse Harness and Horse shoe

mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia.

India

successfully performed various operations like repair of broken limbs, complicated bone setting, amputation, plastic surgery and Caesarian section.

Indian surgeons

- is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It carries a vast range of information resources and services such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW). Electronic mail, telephony and file sharing.

Internet

the world's first iron pillar.

Iron pillar of Delhi

had become a civilization of colossal expansive and had imposed a unity of religion and culture on much of southwest Asia and North Africa.

Islamic world

was referred to as the "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting homes. It was invented by Samuel M. Kier.

Kerosene

- is a small, portable personal computer with a "clamshell"form factor having typically a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the "clamshell"and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid.

Laptop or notebook computer

- considered to be first ever public library in the world.

Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena

- is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Light Amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (Laser)

port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or imported in Egypt.

Lighthouse of Alexandria-

- is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface.

Liquid-crystal display (LCD projector)

- is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner

the ability of a natural magnet to show direction was known o the Chinese several centuries ago or about sixth century A.D before it passed to the West or Europe.

Mariner's Magnetic Compass

tells time using gears driven by weights that pull the gears at the right pace.

Mechanical clock

ordered the construction of the famous "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" and the Isthar Gate.

Nebuchadnezzar

published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres".

Nicolas Copernicus

- is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.

Nuclear power

- is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions.

Nuclear weapon

were dedicated to the Olympian Gods.

OLYMPICS

one of the world's greatest domed buildings and Colosseum, Rome's stage for individual gladiatorial contest which held 50,000 spectators.

Pantheon

an alchemist and physician of the Renaissance. Medieval alchemists worked with two main elements: Sulphur and mercury.

Paracelsus

- invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.

Pasteurization

- discovered by Alexander Fleming in September 1928, marks the start of modern antibiotics.

Penicillin

- is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants.

Petroleum Refinery

Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden wheels on axles now regarded as the greatest mechanical invention of all time.

Potter's wheel

- is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper.

Printer

After the Chinese, Johann Gutenberg developed a more reliable and way of printing using a cast type. Gutenberg utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an extract impression on paper.

Printing press

wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his ideas and summarized those of the earlier Greek astronomers about the universe. -postulated the geocentric theory of the universe.

Ptolemy-

is a gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses and fields. It is used for drinking water and irrigation of crops.

QANAT

was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.

ROMAN EMPIRE

- is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science and others. It deals with the design, construction, operation and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback and information processing.

Robotics

were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, amphitheaters and even residential houses.

Roman government

was used as commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics

STUPA

- is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. They are used for many purposes such as military and civilian Earth observation, telecommunication, navigation, weather forecast and space telescopes.

Satellites

using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.

Sexagesimal

- a variation of regular watches but coming with a whole bunch of features as your smartphone.

Smartwatches

- is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

Steam engine

- is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body.

Stethoscope

- is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It is used in military, marine science, search-and-rescue and tourism.

Submarine

was first discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi.

Sulfuric acid

an important component of the Achaemenid state administration.

Taxation system

was regarded as the most important invention that facilitated dissemination of knowledge and new ideas.

Technology for printing books

invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a way to easily maintain connection and communication with each other in real time.

Telephone

- is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white) or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment and news.

Television

perfected geometry, as a single logical system.

Thales Pythagoras Euclid

Father of Philosophy taught that nature was composed of or convertible into water.

Thales of Miletus

first map

The Babylonian Map of the World

a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world

The City of Uruk

was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics, representing individual objects or actions.

The Egyptian writing

was based on their observations of the regular appearance and disappearance of Sirius the brightest star in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the Nile River.

The earliest Egyptian calendar

was possibly devised by IMHOTEP

The first 365-day calendar

was marked by massive invasions and migrations.

The start of the Middle Ages

a bamboo tube reinforced with iron that used a charge of black powder to shoot an arrow.

They produced the first gun

Mountain of God, served as the sacred place of their chief god

Ziggurats

- also known as thumb drive pen, pen drive, gig stick, flash stick, jump drive, disk key, disk on key- is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive

By the twelfth century, these schools swelled to become universities with set of courses and teaching the seven liberal arts, philosophy and theology. The first and most famous of these was the University of Paris in 1160. In the eleventh century A.D, medical school had been existence in Salermo.

Universities and Scholastics

- is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.

Vaccine

was for the first time, truly separated from human medicine in 1761

Veterinary medicine

First described the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27BC, but evidence points towards Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor.

Vitruvius

as used primarily for blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, weaving and threshing.

WINDMILL

was developed so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers wear body armors and chainmail to protect themselves.

War Weapons such as cross bows, long bows

It was an integral part of the feudal economy. By using suitable mechanism, its rotary motion could be converted to reciprocal motion making it a source of general power.

Water mill

were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing.

Watermills

- is a technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices.

Wi-Fi

invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. It is used to transport parcels as well as people to other side of the world in less than a day or weeks.

Wright brothers

to detect earthquake occurrence

earthquake weathercock

was able to produce the first books or codex.

ancient Roman Empire

was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the patient's body with needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral organs causing the pain.

apothecaries and acupuncture

was based on geocentric model (earth-centered) described by Claudius Ptolemy.

astronomy

a simple but adequate system of double-entry accounting.

book-keeping

- is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence). It is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps and flashlights and for decorative and advertising lighting.

incandescent light bulb

The discovery of lenses resulted in the invention of spectacles in Italy around 1350 A.D. This gave impetus to the study of light or optics.

lenses with spectacles

made up of assorted botanical, zoological and mineralogical ingredients. seed plow

materia medica

came also from China. This led to the development of the sail that could be adjusted such that ship voyages could be made in rougher weather.

sternpost rudder

-is the long distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

telegraphy

a conical earthen vessel with hours equally marked off on the inside and spout at the bottom.

water clock