Historical issues in psy. (100%)

A __________ is a group that is seen as different from the larger population in some characteristics. A. veritable B. control C. majority D. minority

d

A bias is an inclination to hold or present a certain perspective. t/f?

true

Ethnocentrism is the practice of viewing male behavior and cognitive processes as the norm for explaining all human behavior. t/f?

false

The majority of early psychologists were all of the following except __________. A. European B. male C. lower class D. white

c

Explain the contributions Mary Whiton Calkins and Inez Beverly Prosser made to psychology.

Mary Whiton Calkins was a leading American psychologist who is best known for two things: being the first female president of the American Psychological Association and for being denied a doctoral degree at Harvard because of her gender. However, she made significant contributions to psychology that include establishing the first psychology laboratory at a women's college, inventing the paired associate technique to study memory, and developing a theory of self-psychology, which makes the self the primary focus of psychology. Inez Beverly Prosser was the first African American woman to receive a doctoral degree in psychology in the US. She studied the academic development of children in integrated and segregated schools. She also published many articles on teaching English.

Who conducted the doll experiment, and how did this experiment contribute to the civil rights movement in the United States?

The doll experiment was conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark. Their experiment suggested that, due to segregation, African American children preferred white dolls, attributed more positive characteristics to white dolls, and felt inferior. This experiment played an important role in the desegregation of American schools and was even cited in the landmark US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, which was an important event in the civil rights movement.

Which of the following is not a way in which psychological research can be culturally biased? The questions that are asked may only concern issues and interests relevant to one culture. The participants used in the research are representative of several cultural groups. The researcher's culture can lead to the misinterpretation of the behavior of another culture. The tasks used during the research may be foreign to certain cultural groups.

The participants used in the research are representative of several cultural groups.

Explain two ways in which early psychological research was biased and give an example of this bias in psychology.

The predominance of white, middle-class males in early psychology caused some research to be biased. Some research was gender biased or androcentric, which means that research was viewed from a male perspective and used as the basis to study cognitive processes and behavior. One example of androcentrism is Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which he developed by only studying males. Some early psychological research was also racially biased, affecting the topics researched and the interpretation of research findings. For example, R. Meade Bache conducted research on the reaction times across three racial groups and interpreted that Caucasians have the slowest reaction times because they're less primitive and more intellectual and contemplative than other racial groups.

Explain two reasons why women and minorities were excluded from psychology.

Women and minorities were excluded from early psychology for a variety of reasons. One reason that women were excluded was due to social expectations. Women were expected to conform to a female role that entailed learning domestic skills, getting married, and having children. Another reason why women and minorities were excluded is because of limited academic opportunities. Numerous schools did not allow the admittance of women or minorities into their graduate programs.

All of the following were barriers to female and minority participation in psychological research except __________. A. desegregation B. perception C. academic opportunities D. career opportunities

a

Which of the following statements is not true about minorities in psychology today? A. Minorities make up half of the population earning degrees in psychology. B. Despite increases, minorities are still underrepresented in psychology. C. Several programs have been implemented to attract more minorities to psychology. D. The number of minorities in psychology has increased steadily over the last century.

a

__________ is best known for his influential studies on racism and its effects on child development, and for becoming the first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association. A. Kenneth Clark B. Francis C. Sumner C. J. Henry Alston D. Richard Suinn

a

_____ was the first person of Asian American descent to be elected president of the American Psychological Association. A. J. Henry Alston B. Richard Suinn C. Francis C. Sumner D. Kenneth Clark

b

A psychologist conducts research on life span development by interviewing numerous men and then uses the research findings to describe the different stages of development that both men and women experience. This is an example of __________. A. ethnocentrism B. ageism C. androcentrism D. racism

c

A team of psychologists study personality development in the United States and generalize their research findings to describe personality development in China, Japan, and Korea. This is an example of __________ bias. A. gender B. Western C. cultural D. social

c

In the 19th century, women were expected to conform to a certain role that entailed __________. A. gaining domestic skills and establishing a career B. going to college and getting married C. getting married and having children D. graduating from college and being a housewife

c

Of the following, who is the first female to earn a doctoral degree in psychology in the United States? A. Mary Whiton Calkins B. Leta Stetter Hollingworth C. Margaret Floy Washburn D. Francis C. Sumner

c

The belief that race indicates certain traits and capacities and that one's own race is superior is called __________. A. ageism B. sexism C. racism D. feminism

c

During World War I, mental tests were administered to army recruits. The results of these tests were wrongly interpreted to suggest that Caucasians were superior to minorities. This is an example of __________ bias in early psychology. A. sample B. testing C. gender D. racial

d

Early psychologists were predominately all of the following except __________. A. white B. male C. European D. wealthy

d

Leta Stetter Hollingworth conducted pioneering work on __________. A. identity development in ethnic minorities B. cognitive processes in animals and humans C. racism and its effects on child development D. adolescent development and gifted children

d

The doll experiment conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark studied the effects of _________ on African American children. A. education B. poverty C. feminism D. segregation

d

The psychologist known for being the first woman of Mexican descent to receive a doctoral degree in psychology in the US and for helping establish the National Hispanic Psychological Association is __________. A. Mamie Clark B. Margaret Floy Washburn C. Mary Whiton Calkins D. Martha Bernal

d

Which of the following did the doll experiment not suggest? A. African Americans attributed more positive characteristics to the white dolls. B. African Americans had feelings of inferiority because of school segregation. C. African Americans preferred to play with the white dolls when given a choice. D. African Americans felt more secure and positive because of school segregation.

d

Despite valid research, in the late 1900s, women and minorities were thought to have a higher level of intelligence than white males. t/f?

false

J. Henry Alston was the first African American to publish his research findings on the perception of heat and cold in a major US psychology journal. t/f?

true