HISTORY 1110 Kisner UNIT 1 USU

How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?

It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups.

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Several thousand Parisian women

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by

abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.

In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation.

Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

Cesare Beccaria

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles 1 imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

City and regional officials might side with the rebels.

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

Who predicted in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny?

Edmund Burke

The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or

Estates.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?

France lacked a central bank and paper currency.

Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was

France.

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralised French state

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts

What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach.

The glorious revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defence in the second treatise of civil government by

John Locke

How did the peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history

Large-Scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

Lous XIV selected councillors from the

Newly Ennobled or upper middle class

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments

Reduced taxation

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg.

One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by

Stenka Razin

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?

The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Which of the following characterises the English Revolution of 1688

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the PARLIAMENT, WHICH ONLY REPRESENTED THE UPPER CLASSES.

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

The subordination of all institutions to the monarchy

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

They were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs.

Source-Based Questions Choose the letter of the best answer. In Primary Source 19.1, what does Abigail Adams want John Adams to do when she asks him to "remember the ladies"?

To grant women full political rights

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Treaty of Paris.

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?

Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

Source-Based Questions Choose the letter of the best answer. In Primary Source 19.5: Napoleon's Proclamation to the French People, Napoleon claims to be

a soldier of liberty.

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

become landless rural wage earners.

Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,

believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.

By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

consolidation of serfdom.

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt.

Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population

doubled.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism.

The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included

everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.

According to Olympe de Gouges,

men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

Typically, French classicism

presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity

In the Netherlands, tension were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of

the House of Orange

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of

the Pyrnees

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

the right of the church to regulate economic activity in order to promote virtue and righteousness.

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at

Poltava

The string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-94 owed largely to

patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft.

How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists

Which of the following correctly identifies Napoleon Bonaparte's background?

He won brilliant victories in Italy in 1796 and 1797.

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?

An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He offered the Junkers the exclusive right to sit in the royal councils.

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was

London.

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

The Junkers were

Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state.

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?

The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

In Primary Source 15.3, how does Olearius view Russians as a people?

They are naturally tough and born for slavery.

Source-Based Questions Choose the letter of the best answer. In Primary Source 17.1, Arthur Young, writing at the end of the eighteenth century on the benefits of enclosure, believes that

enclosures will increase the amount of employment compared with open fields.

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

more wars and likely fewer people.

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.

The spinning of thread for the loom

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

the Atlantic economy.

Source-Based Questions Choose the letter of the best answer. "Guard yourself, my son, whichever side you take in this dispute among the philosophers, against the inevitable obstinacy to which the spirit of partisanship carries one. . . . The search for truth is the only thing in which the love of your country must not prevail, and it is surely very unfortunate that the opinions of Newton and of Descartes have become a sort of national affair." This quotation from Primary Source 16.3: Foundations of Physics refers to

the controversy concerning whether Descartes' or Newton's systems should be considered the superior method of scientific investigation.

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to

the size and strength of British naval power.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.