History 1300: Final Exam Study Guide

Who were the main combatants in the French and Indian War?

Great Britain and France

What was the First Great Awakening?

Protestant revival that emphasized emotional, experiential faith over book learning.

Under the Articles of Confederation, what power did the national Confederation Congress have?

the power to create land ordinances

According to Virginia Anderson, how did English livestock threaten traditional American Indian life in New England?

- American Indians did not have a tradition of domesticated animals so native people struggled to decide whether men or women should be responsible for husbandry. - Native Americans struggled with the idea of "property" in animals, they believe to have spirits, much like those of human beings. - English livestock encroached on native lands and destroyed Indian crops like corn and squash, critical for survival.

Anderson writes "No man was harder pressed by these developments than King Philip" (618). How did conflicts over livestock threaten King Philip as Sachem of his people?

- As sachem of the Wampanoags since 1662, he had tried to protect his people and preserve their independence in the face of English intrusion. - Englishmen from three colonies continued to trespass on Wampanoag lands and crops and local governments refused to listen to King Philip's complaints. - King Philip's own role as Sachem was threatened by English governments refusing to acknowledge his complaints and sovereignty.

Why is history often contentious, or likely to cause an argument?

- Historians interpret evidence from the past to understand how people have changed over time. - History is always an "interpretation"

Why was Powhatan's Confederacy unique in the eastern woodlands, according to Axtell?

- In 1607, a native monarchy such as Powhatan's was highly unusual north of Mexico. - Most native leaders in the east relied upon consensus because they lacked jails, police, and standing armies. -Indians on the coast were notorious individualists who tolerated only minimalist intervention in their lives.

What made the eastern woodlands culture distinct?

- Low-density populations organized around village bands. - The region has four seasons. - Good for hunting and growing crops. - Young people celebrated a masculine culture of war - Young men performed acts of courage against enemies to gain prestige in their Clans.

Explain three ways in which black men and women openly challenged the institution of slavery during the American Revolution.

- Slaves petitioned colonial legislatures for their right to freedom. - Enslaved men and women volunteered to fight for their freedom in both American Continental and British Armies. - They escaped to set up new settlements in Nova Scotia, Trinidad, and Africa!

What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence, according to your textbook?

- The Continental Congress passed the Declaration in the hopes of winning support of France and Spain. - The Continental Congress included a long list of grievances justifying colonists' independence. - The Declaration asserted that "just" nations must be ruled by the "consent of the governed."

Virginia's George Mason argued for a popularly elected chamber of government. What were his reasons for supporting the National Legislature (which is today's House of Representatives in Congress)?

- The chamber would function like the House of Commons in Great Britain, representing the popular will through elected representatives. - The National Legislature would represent different districts within each state, providing for diverse representation of regions. - The chamber would represent "every class of the people," not simply the wealthy.

According to Madison's notes from the Constitutional Convention in 1787, what TWO reasons did delegates Roger Sherman [Conn.] and Elbridge Gerry [Mass.] give for their opposition to the popular election of representatives to a "National Legislature?"

- The people "wanted information" or in other words, were poorly informed. - The people are easily misled by the false reports of designing men, by which people do not have the information to dispute on the spot. - The people in a democracy "starve their governments," or in other words, are unwilling to vote for the taxes that support their government.

Why did western Europeans stop enslaving each other during the Middle Ages? Give two reasons.

- Western Europeans stopped enslaving other Christian, making it a crime to enslave members of the Catholic Church. - Wester Europeans adopted a system of serfdom in the Middle Ages that replaced the system of slavery, meaning feudal societies did not rely on slave labor.

Explain the motivations of the English in settling the Americas. Give three explanations from class.

1) European competition for landed property and material wealth. 2) European desire to crusade and proselytize for their Catholic Christian faith. 3) Europeans sought new routes of trade to West Africa and East Asia.

Daniel Shays of Massachusetts and his allies represented which group of Americans in 1786?

A group of farmers in northern Massachusetts.

What was the protestant reformation?

A schism within the Roman Catholic Church between protesting clergy and the traditional papacy based in Rome.

How does your professor define slavery?

Condition in which one person is owned by another.

What was the significance of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation.

It promised freedom to any indentured servants, enslaved African Americans, or others held in bondage by American revolutionaries, so long as they were willing to bear arms for British troops fighting against American forces during the Revolutionary War.

In 1492, the Spanish forced which two religious groups to either convert or leave Spain?

Jews and Muslims

Axtell writes "what became the United States began in Virginia as a fierce clash of empires." What were those two Empires?

Powhatan Empire and English (British) Empire

In 1778, what was Britain's Ministers new "southern strategy" in the American Revolution?

Shifting the focus of their war in America to the south to raise Loyalist regiments and attack Virginia from the southern colonies.

Which European country established the first colony in the Americas with the arrival of Columbus?

Spain

What was the most lucrative product of the Chesapeake colonies?

Tabacco

What was the significance of the Continental Army's surprise victory over the British military at Saratoga?

The Continental Army's victory convinced the French Empire to join the American colonies in an alliance, changing the Revolution to a World War.

Explain the significance of the King's Proclamation Line of 1763?

The Proclamation Line forbid most British settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, inspiring colonists' resentment toward the Kind for siding with Native Americans.

What were the three stages of Parliamentary Action against the colonies?

The Stamp Act Crisis, the "American Program" or Townshend Acts, and the Coercive Acts

What was the "Reconquista," or "Reconquest"?

The reconquest of Portugal and Spain by Catholic Christians overthrowing Muslim Kingdoms.

To what does the term "Restoration" refer in British Colonial History?

The restoration of Charles II to the English throne.

What is history, according to your professor?

The study of human change and continuity over time

To what form of government did the American revolutionaries turn after the war for independence?

republicanism