History 131 - Exam 2

The American Revolution succeeded because

Moderates and radicals reversed previous attitudes toward class and political conflict and maintained an effective alliance.

How did New Englanders react to the fighting at Lexington and Concord?

More than 20,000 militia gathered in Boston to evict General Thomas Gage and his troops.

According to the Treaty of Greenville, signed August 3, 1795,

Native Americans ceded most of modern Ohio and part of Indiana in return for a federal annuity.

Between 1675 and 1763, when war was more common than peace,

Native Americans took more than 1,600 New England settlers as captives.

The War of Jenkins's Ear primarily represented a British effort to

expand into Spanish territory and markets in America.

Almost all states adamantly asked for amendments guaranteeing what basic rights?

freedom of religion and freedom of the press

In colonial America, work was organized by

gender

In the eighteenth century, people on both sides of the Atlantic developed an interest in a lifestyle known as

gentility

The most successful method of keeping Native American groups pacified was

gifts of trade goods

The growing British Empire and its wars brought threats of

greater control over the colonies.

Social activity in colonial cities was

greatly stratified yet brought people of all classes together.

Southern states accepted Secretary Hamilton's plan for handling the debt issue in return for what?

moving the capital farther south to a site on the Potomac River

Most of the increase in the slave population in America came from

natural increase

Because of colonial opposition, the Stamp Tax was

never enforced

England's use of mercenary troops was

the norm rather than the exception.

When President George Washington appointed his first group of advisors, his selections reflected his circle of friends and what other influence?

the political clout of large states

How did France and England attempt to strengthen their grip on the Ohio territory?

they built as many forts as possible

The French dominated the first phase of the French and Indian war because

they had four times as many troops in America.

Why did France become involved in the American Revolution?

to break up the British Empire and reestablish France as the most powerful nation in the world

What was George Washington's goal in international affairs?

to extend commercial relations with other nations but limit political involvement

What was Washington's basic tactic during the Revolutionary War?

to lead the British on chases because he lacked sufficient soldiers to confront them

What was the primary purpose of Prime Minister George Grenville's legislation imposing new taxes?

to pay a portion of expenses for Britain's large army

According to the philosophy Thomas Jefferson expressed in the Declaration of Independence, what was the primary responsibility of government?

to protect the natural rights of people

What was England's strategy in the first part of the American Revolution?

to punish and isolate Boston because England believed resistance to English policy was centered in New England.

What was Parliament's purpose in legislation permitting the British East India Company to send tea directly to America?

to save the company from bankruptcy

Why did General Thomas Gage order British troops to march to Concord in April 1775?

to seize military supplies stored there by colonial militia

The chief cash crop among southern colonies was

tobacco.

The Enlightenment was a belief that

understanding and improving the universe could be achieved through the human mind.

British troops sent to Boston in 1768

were supposed to maintain order and enforce customs regulations.

The Quakers, Baptists, and Methodists

were the first to speak out about slavery

Colonies that welcomed the widest variety of immigrants

were the most prosperous

Generally, rates of taxation in the colonies were low

except when wars had to be financed.

Following the depression of the 1780s, American merchants

- redirected their interests to China

By the end of the colonial period, what portion of the English merchant fleet had been built in America?

1/3

Approximately how many amendments to the Constitution did state ratifying conventions recommend?

200

97% of the American people lived on family farms in 1790. Most families occupied how much?

50 to 100 acres

What military action mostly ended Indian resistance to settlers in the Old Northwest?

Anthony Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers

Who led Congress's diplomatic effort to secure recognition and assistance from France during the American Revolution?

Benjamin Franklin

An indication that England had gained the upper hand in the French and Indian War could be seen in

Britain's capturing Fort Duquesne and renaming it Fort Pitt.

The American Revolution grew out of

Britain's ineffective effort to govern the enlarged empire it gained after victory over France in 1763.

Thomas Paine authored a pamphlet titled _______ early in 1776 to argue that the American colonies should declare independence from England.

Common Sense

_______, a free black sailor, was one of those killed in the Boston Massacre.

Crispus Attucks

What important lesson did the British learn from their experience in the battle on Breed's Hill?

Do not make frontal assaults against fortified positions.

The American and French Revolutions

Each statement is accurate.

As a consequence of the Peace of Paris, 1763,

France lost its American empire except for its sugar islands.

Who led efforts to free Saint Domingue from French control?

François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture

Slaves in coastal areas of the Carolinas spoke a dialect called

Gallah

The "face" of the Great Awakening was

George Whitefield

_______________ was founded as a philanthropic venture and a military-commercial outpost.

Georgia

What was a significant change in governments in America produced by the Revolution?

Greater participation was exercised by more ordinary men.

How did Miami chieftain Memeskia react when English traders from Pennsylvania reached the Ohio River valley?

He welcomed them because their trade goods were better and cheaper than French goods.

In addition to British soldiers, English commanders also used mercenaries known as against American rebels.

Hessians

What title for the president of the United States did a Senate committee recommend?

His Highness the President of the United States and Protector of the Liberties

How did the departure of 80,000 loyalists as a consequence of the Revolution affect America?

It enhanced democracy and reduced the conservative element in society.

In addition to his military experience, George Washington's appointment to lead the Continental army had what benefit?

It helped solidify the alliance between New England and the South.

Why did President George Washington decline to assist rebels in Saint Domingue?

It was a slave rebellion, and he did not wish to encourage slave rebellion in the United States.

The election of 1796 was won by

John Adams.

No colony did more to support imperial war efforts in North America than

Massachusetts

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

each statement is accurate.

What significant change in British military policy occurred in 1763?

Parliament decided to maintain a large army even in peacetime.

The largest number of immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century were

Scots-Irish

Why did the incident known as the Boston Massacre occur on March 5, 1770?

Soldiers panicked when a mob formed and a scuffle broke out.

Opposition to Secretary Hamilton's fiscal proposals was led by

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

The French and Indian War began when

Virginians led by George Washington attacked a French scouting party near the Forks of the Ohio.

A change in British imperial policy occurred in 1757 when

William Pitt became prime minister.

What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?

a dispute between westerners and the federal government over collection of the excise tax

By the 1790s, Philly was

each statement is correct - nation's capital., largest city, home to the nation's largest free African American population

The rate of population growth of Africans in colonial society was

even more dramatic than that of Europeans

Madison favored what kind of amendments to the Constitution?

affirmation of human rights already within the structure of the Constitution

What was the driving force of colonial population growth during the first half of the eighteenth century?

an unquenchable thirst for labor

Colonists in South Carolina wanted a colony founded south of its location

as a buffer between themselves and Spanish Florida

How did most white Americans regard slavery by 1790?

as an immoral institution, even if they were not prepared to embrace a racially mixed society

What enabled George Washington's victory over Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown?

assistance from French soldiers and the French fleet

Child mortality among slaves was

between 25 and 50%

Most Scots-Irish settled

between English settlers on the seaboard and Native American communities .

The economy of colonial America was shaped by shortages of land and

capital

What was the status of most slaves when Europeans traded for them in Africa?

captives of war

President Washington faced lots of problems in his first term in office, but the most basic problem was

creating a government strong enough to gain the loyalty of its citizens but not so strong as to alienate them

By late spring of 1776, most members of Congress

desired a declaration of independence or thought it inevitable.

Moderate members of the Congress in the spring of 1776

did not favor independence but did agree to prepare for war.

How did planters keep their slaves busy all year?

diversifying crops

James Madison

helped write the US Constitution, worked on the Bill of Rights, and attended Princeton

Disagreements between the United States and Spain over ownership of land located west of the Appalachian Mountains

ignored Native Americans' claims to the territory.

Prime Minister Charles Townshend decided to test the colonists' protests against "internal taxes" such as the Stamp Tax by taxing

imports such as glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea.

What did Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton suggest the government do to secure needed revenue?

impose tariffs on imported goods and an excise tax

German immigrants tended to settle

in the backcountry from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas

Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence,

later claimed that the document contained nothing new or innovative.

Between 1775 and 1780, each of the 13 states had adopted a new written constitution. The constitutions tended to

limit the powers of state governors, limit the governor's terms, restrict governor's appointment powers

A principal reason for the general increase in colonial population was the

lower age of marriage for women and more women marrying.

What was the greatest challenge facing the Second Continental Congress when it met in Philadelphia?

maintaining consensus of purpose among the delegates

Increased prosperity in the colonies enabled

mass consumption of luxury items such as sugar and tea.

Yale College was founded in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1701 as a

means to guarantee a proper Calvinist education for ministers.

Time that Africans spent aboard ship en route to enslavement in America was called

middle passage

In the 1790s, residents of western portions of the states generally

mistrusted the new federal government to protect their interests and often disregarded federal policy.

Southern states mostly opposed Secretary Hamilton's plan to settle previous debts because

most had paid their debts and did not want to pay debts of northern states as well.

The term "industrious revolution" refers to

people producing more so they would have more income to spend.

When asked by the British government to supply money to support imperial wars, colonial assemblies usually

printed paper money as their contribution.

Most colonial men whose wives died

remarried quickly to have someone to care for the household and children.

The Great Awakening in the 1740s was a

revival movement with an emotional appeal.

The average family in colonial America had

seven or eight children.

Secretary Knox argued that Indian tribes

should be regarded as foreign entities.

Between 1619, possibly when the first African slaves reached Virginia, and the elimination of the international slave trade in the United States in 1808, approximately how many Africans arrived?

slightly over 500,000

Working people in colonial cities

sometimes resorted to mob action to assert their political views.

When the French Revolution began in 1789, most Americans

supported the revolution, partly because France had helped the United States in its revolution against England.

President and Mrs. Washington believed all of the following statements about Ona Judge except

that liberty was Ona's conscious choice and not something pushed on to her by someone else.

James Oglethorpe hoped his new colony would produce

wine, olives, and silk