History 2610 Chapter 2

Why did the Dutch and English planters create a partnership in 1640?

To successfully cultivate, refine, and sell sugar in Europe The cultivation of sugarcane promised to be a very lucrative business. Whereas English planters had the knowledge and capital to establish sugar plantations, the Dutch knew how to cultivate and refine sugar.

The painting of Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary shows that Puritans typically migrated to New England as

families. Puritans typically migrated as families, and those who were single soon formed families of their own. The family structure promoted rapid population growth and community stability over time.

What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

It was the first written constitution in North America. The Mayflower Compact's significance lies in the fact that it was the first written constitution to be adopted in North America. Challenge

Who led a Spanish force that attacked Pueblo villages in 1598?

Juan de Oñate A member of a wealthy mining family, Oñate and his soldiers seized corn and clothing from Pueblo villages and murdered or raped those who resisted.

Better economic conditions in England in the second half of the seventeenth century led to which of the following developments in the Chesapeake?

Less indentured servitude and more slavery With better economic prospects in England, fewer people were willing to sign indentures to work in the Chesapeake. More slaves were brought to meet the demand for labor.

What was one effect of the fighting in New England that the English called King Philip's War?

A quarter of the Indian population in New England had died. Because Indians fought on both sides of the war and because noncombatants as well as fighters died, their losses were catastrophic. As many as 4,500 men, women, and children perished during King Philip's War.

What was the significance of Anglo-Dutch cooperation in Barbados in the mid-seventeenth century?

A robust sugar industry developed on the island. The Dutch provided financing and expertise in sugar refining that the English did not possess, while the English provided the land to cultivate sugar, which the Dutch, with their small colonies, did not possess. Together, they made sugar production in Barbados profitable.

What did Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams have in common?

Both challenged Puritan leaders' authority. Contravening Puritan orthodoxy, Hutchinson argued that God spoke through her rather than exclusively through properly appointed male ministers. Williams preached that not all Puritan leaders were Saints.

What did the English systems of indentured servitude and slavery have in common in seventeenth-century Virginia?

Both were ways to meet the demand for labor. With the explosion of tobacco cultivation, Virginia farmers demanded more and more workers during the seventeenth century. Both indentured servitude and slavery were used to meet that demand.

Why did Samuel de Champlain provide military aid to the Huron?

Champlain aimed to enlist the Huron as allies and trading partners. By helping the Huron defeat their enemy, the Iroquois, Champlain cemented the French relationship with the Huron, securing access to furs.

Using John Smith's Petition to the Governor and Council as an example, how did masters treat their indentured servants?

Cruelly Smith's petition details the cruelty of masters toward their servants. Smith and his fellow servants swore their master had not fed them properly.

What does the fact that many of the men the Virginia Company recruited to sail to North America in the early seventeenth century were gentlemen and skilled artisans show about the Company's original goals? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Getting rich quickly was most important. Some of the men that the Virginia Company recruited as colonists were gentlemen who hoped to get rich through the discovery of precious metals. Even more skilled artisans and laborers were recruited to launch the settlement, though many of them also hoped to become wealthy.

Why didn't Chief Powhatan attempt to destroy the Jamestown colonists in that colony's first years?

He wanted to trade with them. Powhatan desired cloth, iron hatchets, and guns from the colonists. He wanted to establish trade between his people and the new settlers.

What was the major source of conflict between colonists and Indians in New England in the seventeenth century?

Land Land was the major source of conflict between the settlers and Indians in the seventeenth century. Europeans moved onto and expanded into Indian lands with very little regard for native land claims.

What system of labor first developed in the wake of John Rolfe's success in growing Orinoco tobacco in Jamestown in the early seventeenth century?

Indentured servitude To recruit laborers to work the tobacco fields in the early seventeenth century, Virginia developed a system of indentured servitude, whereby an individual worked for a period of time to earn passage to America and, possibly, land.

What can be surmised from the fact that the first twenty Africans who arrived in Jamestown in 1619 were servants?

Slavery was not race based in 1619. Slavery was not race based for the entire first half of the seventeenth century in North America. African workers labored alongside Irish and English workers.

How did the Council of Trent change Spanish expansion in the sixteenth century?

Spain increasingly emphasized its religious mission in the New World rather than its economic purpose. The Catholic Counter-Reformation embodied in the Council of Trent rededicated the Catholic Church to its essential religious mission. Spain, a Catholic country, was influenced to alter its work in the New World as a result.

What was an effect on the situation in the Americas of the English and Dutch defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

Spain lost its dominance of trade and settlement in North America. With the defeat of the Spanish Armada, English, Dutch, and French exploration and settlement in North America was made possible.

Which nation sought to expand into North America primarily for economic motives and had little interest in spreading Christianity?

The Netherlands The Dutch were primarily traders and sought wealth in North America rather than the conversion of Indians.

Why did the Puritans attack the Pequots in 1636?

The Pequots opposed the expansion of Puritan settlements. The Puritans used the death of two Englishmen in 1636 as a pretext to justify a military expedition that would diminish the Pequots' ability to oppose continued expansion.

Why were the Virginia indentured servants who became free in the 1660s and 1670s disgruntled?

The Virginia government ignored their poverty and the threat of Native American attacks. As the population of former indentured servants moved into freedom, they found themselves struggling economically and, for many, abandoned on the frontier amid hostile Susquehannock Indians. Governor William Berkeley ignored their struggles and taxed them to support the trade of the wealthy.

What caused German theologian Martin Luther to challenge the Catholic Church?

The sale of indulgences Luther challenged the Church's claim that one could pay church officials to remit punishment for sins. He fundamentally disagreed with the underlying logic of indulgences.

Why did English colonists and the Iroquois form the Covenant Chain in 1677?

To ensure the continuation of the fur trade Following the carnage of King Philip's War, the colonists and Iroquois met in an attempt to forestall any tension that could derail the fur trade.

Why did Virginians seek to gain more land after 1612? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Tobacco cultivation proved enormously profitable. John Rolfe began to experiment with tobacco in 1612, and production quickly soared in Virginia. As production increased and prices fell, the best way to increase profits was to obtain more land and laborers.

The engraving of New Amsterdam depicts a prosperous man and woman in front of a view of the city. As depicted in the image, how are the couple likely to have made their fortune?

Trading New Amsterdam was a thriving commercial center that connected the backcountry hinterlands to the world's markets. It is implied that they are bringing goods to market. Numerous ships can be seen in the background, as if poised to carry out trade.

When the Dutch governor of New Amsterdam demanded tribute from the Algonquians in 1639, what was the result?

Years of warfare as the Dutch attempted to eliminate Algonquian opposition to their presence in North America. Dutch governor William Kieft demanded an annual tribute in wampum or grain, touching off two decades of warfare that ended in the defeat of the Algonquians.

Why were French relations with Native Americans better than those of the Spanish with Native Americans?

the French emphasized trade, which relied on good relations. The French were less exploitative because their goal was trade, not land nor gold. Trade depends on good relations with your trading partners.

Although it lacked a cash crop such as tobacco, the Puritan economy nevertheless thrived in the seventeenth century due to

the export of local resources. Without a cash crop, the Puritans instead turned to commerce. They traded codfish, lumber, pork, and cheese for manufactured goods from England and rum and molasses from the West Indies.

The Dutch sought a relationship with Mohawks based on

trade for beaver furs. The fur trade was the basis of Dutch relations with the Mohawk, who not only traded furs that they had trapped but also provided the Dutch access to other Indian trade networks in the Iroquois Confederacy.

What was the core of Martin Luther's message for his fellow Protestants?

Christians, through faith, possessed a direct line to God and salvation. Luther believed that faith led to salvation, which eliminated the need for salvation to be managed by the Catholic hierarchy.

Why did King James I take control of Virginia by nullifying the Virginia Company charter in 1624?

Continuous turmoil between the colonists and Indians James intervened in Virginia in the midst of terrible conflicts between the colonists and Chief Powhatan's brother and successor, Chief Opechancanough. Opechancanough and his men had killed almost a third of the colonists in 1622, prompting a violent reaction from the colonists.

What characterized the so-called middle ground found in the Great Lakes region in the first half of the seventeenth century?

Cultural exchange and mutual adaptation The middle ground describes a place in which French traders, Jesuits, and Native Americans encountered one another on a level of parity characterized by intermarriage, successful commerce, and cultural acceptance and exchange.

What did Puritans believe to be the cause of the economic downturn and the concomitant rise in famine and crime that struck England in the early 1600s?

God's anger Puritans believed that the failed harvests, famine, rising prices, increase in the number of beggars and vagrants, and rise in crime and taxes were all signs that God was punishing England and its people for their sins.

Why did Chief Metacom move to unite disparate groups of Indians in 1675?

He believed that Indians would vanish if they did not compel English settlers to leave. Metacom realized that the English were growing stronger as the Indian population was increasingly vulnerable. He wanted to unite tribes to force the English out of New England.

Why did Roger Williams welcome men and women of other faiths to Providence?

He believed that Saints were few and that one must live among the damned. Williams and his followers believed that salvation was rare and that one had no choice but to live among those who were not Saints. The separation of church and state in Rhode Island made a multifaith community possible.

Why did Massasoit, like so many Indian chiefs before him, assist European settlers?

He believed that a military alliance with Europeans would benefit him. Like many Indian chiefs before him, Massasoit hoped to gain ascendancy over neighboring tribes by allying himself with Europeans and their superior firepower.

Metacom believed that the Wampanoags had to resist the Puritans because

Metacom believed Wampanoag survival depended on forcing Europeans out of New England. Seeing the escalating tensions between Puritans and Wampanoag Indians, Metacom believed that he had to lead a resistance against further Puritan encroachments if the Wampanoags were to survive in the long term.

According to a new Spanish policy in 1573, which group was to direct new settlements in the Americas?

Missionaries Following the Council of Trent, Spanish officials emphasized the spiritual aspect of colonization by putting missionaries such as the Franciscans in charge of new settlements, including in areas such as New Mexico.

How did the Protestant Reformation impact settlement in the Americas?

Political conflicts rooted in religious tensions pushed many people to leave Europe. Religious tensions were manifest in political and class conflict in the seventeenth century. As a result, many Europeans chose to or were forced to leave Europe for America.

The engraving of Pocahontas in English-style aristocratic clothes was likely intended to achieve which purpose?

Promote settlement in Virginia by showing Indians as friendly to English ways Pocahontas married an Englishman, John Rolfe, traveled to England, and took the name Rebecca. The image was produced by the Virginia Company, as if to suggest that since Indians were open to English ways, settlement in Virginia was safe.

Using Spain, France, and the Netherlands as examples, what can you infer about the role of religion in exploration?

Protestant countries were less likely to try to convert Native Americans. In contrast to the Catholic French and Spanish, the Dutch did not bring missionaries with them to North America, nor did they pretend to have any intentions to convert their new trading partners.

How did the Protestant Reformation accelerate the decline of Spain's dominance in the New World?

Protestant nations such as England and the Netherlands forged closer ties to challenge Catholic Spain's dominance in the Americas. English Queen Elizabeth I sought closer political and economic ties with the Netherlands so that their combined force could better oppose Catholic Spain.

What caused the Pequot War in New England in the 1630s?

Puritan fear of a pan-Indian alliance The Pequots had been allies of the English for several years. Yet some Puritans feared that the Pequots, who opposed the colonists' continued expansion, "would cause all the Indians in the country to join to root out all the English."

How did shared religious beliefs help structure the Puritan community?

Puritans felt a strong sense of unity. Because of their common religious affiliation, Puritans generally felt a strong sense of community and common purpose.

What was the focus of Puritanism in the early 1600s?

Purity of church and community The focus of Puritanism was the cleansing or purifying of the self, the community, and the church.

Why, despite their alliance with the Mohawks and lucrative fur trade, did the Dutch willingly surrender New Amsterdam to the English in 1664?

Successive and violent conflicts had occurred with Indians. While the Dutch in New Amsterdam made allies of the Mohawk and Iroquois, they also made enemies of the local Algonquians. After conflicts over land rights and tributes led to the murder of eighty Algonquians, intermittent warfare continued between the Dutch and Algonquians for two decades, leaving the Dutch ready to yield the colony.

Why were the Dutch insistent about religious tolerance in New Amsterdam, their settlement on the island of Manhattan?

The Dutch did not want religious tensions to hamper trade. In the face of considerable religious tension in both Europe and America, the Dutch decided to neutralize the tension by urging toleration. In this way, they hoped to maintain a smooth flow of trade and profits.

Why did the French settle in Louisiana in 1681?

The French needed to keep moving to keep the fur trade lucrative. French traders and missionaries moved across Canada and down the Mississippi River into Louisiana in search of new pelts to sell so they could maintain the gains they had enjoyed from the fur trade.

How did Dutch traders change life for the Huron in the seventeenth century?

The Huron faced increased danger from their enemy, the Iroquois, when the Dutch began supplying the Iroquois with guns. Dutch arms enabled the Iroquois to conduct a series of devastating assaults on Huron villages.

Why did local Indians finally surrender power to the English crown in 1646?

The colonial population had grown too large. Once the English population grew too big to eliminate, Native Americans were faced with perpetual warfare or submission. With the capture and murder of Chief Opechancanough, they submitted and thus were forced to pay tribute on lands that had been theirs for generations

How did the second influx of Jamestown colonists represent a change in strategy for the Virginia Company?

The company recruited settlers willing to work the land to grow crops. The Virginia Company started selling seven-year joint-stock options to raise funds and recruited new settlers to produce items for export since the search for precious metals had failed.

Why did the Pilgrims settle in Massachusetts rather than near Jamestown?

Their ship was blown off course, but they decided to settle where they had landed. Battered by storms, the ship veered off course, landing at Cape Cod in present-day Massachusetts in early December. With winter closing in, the exhausted passengers decided to disembark.

Why did new leaders in Jamestown decide to attack local Native Americans in 1610?

They wanted to intimidate Native Americans in the area. Jamestown's new leaders thought that aggression and violence would scare area Indians into submission and convince them to obey English demands for food and labor.

How did John Calvin's version of Protestantism differ from Martin Luther's?

Calvin believed that human actions did not impact one's chances of salvation; Luther believed they did. Calvin and his followers believed in predestination, the idea that God predetermined who was saved and who was damned before the world began. Luther believed that faith was the path to salvation.

Why were the Wampanoag Indians of Massachusetts unable to force the Pilgrims off their land?

Disease had killed almost 90 percent of the Wampanoags around Plymouth prior to the Pilgrims' arrival. In the previous two years, a smallpox epidemic had decimated the local Wampanoag population, leaving only 10 percent of the tribe alive in 1620 and thereby rendering them too weak to launch an assault on the Pilgrims.

Why, in the 1660s, had colonists in the Chesapeake Bay region begun to turn to slave labor?

Economic conditions in England had improved, dampening willingness to settle in America. Improved economic conditions in England meant that fewer men and women signed up to be indentured servants to work on the tobacco fields in Virginia and Maryland. As fewer English workers arrived, the colonists turned to other labor sources, primarily African laborers.

Why did the successful cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown in the early seventeenth century change relations between the colonists and the local Native Americans?

It increased competition between the English and local Indians for farmland. The land that the English were giving to servants to farm had been Indian land. As tobacco fields sprouted up all over the colony, local Native Americans saw more and more of their land being claimed by the English.

What was the significance of the Dutch trading post on the Hudson River in present-day New York?

It was the first Dutch settlement in America. The 1609 trading post marked the beginning of a Dutch presence in America.

What is significant about Quebec?

It was the first permanent French settlement in North America. Samuel de Champlain settled at Quebec in 1608, and the colony lasted. Other settlements had been established earlier but had been abandoned.

What was the significance of the 1660 decision by the House of Burgesses to allow the enslavement of Africans?

It was the first step toward codifying race slavery in North America. When the House of Burgesses passed the act that allowed Africans laborers to be enslaved, they made the fateful first move toward full-blown racial slavery in America.

What aspect of the Puritan migration helped them ensure the long-term viability of their New England settlement? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Multigenerational families crossed the Atlantic together. The Puritan settlement was representative of a healthy society, with young, middle-aged, and older members. The gender and age structure ensured that the colony would be able to procreate beyond its first generation.

What did the Puritans call visible signs of God's hand in the world?

Remarkable providences Puritans saw God as active in their lives, as evidenced by events such as comets and eclipses.

What caused the English Civil War, which broke out in 1642?

Tensions had been building between Parliament and the Crown. Tensions over religion, taxes, and the authority of the British crown led to a break between Parliament and King Charles I. Oliver Cromwell and the English Parliament won the civil war, and Cromwell maintained control of England as a military dictator until his death in 1658.

Why were the Puritans eager to form good relations with the Massachusetts Indian tribe?

The Puritans believed the Massachusetts Indians might be converted to Christianity. Conversion of Indians, especially the nearby Massachusetts tribe, was a prime goal of the Puritans in New England. They established schools to teach Indians to read the Bible.

What was the significance of King James's move to establish and empower the Privy Council and tax property owners to benefit the Church of England when he took over the Jamestown colony?

The power of the Privy Council and the tax structure he established became a model for royal colonies in North America. These arrangements became a model for colonial government; royal colonies throughout British North America replicated the local government and tax structure.

Although Bacon's Rebellion died out by 1676, what was one important consequence?

The rebellion prompted the Virginia elite to restrict the place of Africans in the colony. Nervous that the poor whites and blacks in Virginia would join together in support of Bacon, Virginia elites moved to separate the races by denigrating the place and power of black Virginians.

How did Puritans interpret the smallpox epidemic that killed thousands of Native Americans in 1633 and 1634?

They believed that God's favor toward the Puritans was evident. As thousands of Native Americans perished around them, the Puritans believed that God was showing his favor by opening the land of the Massachusetts people to the Puritans.

What do Anne Hutchinson's trial and expulsion show about the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay?

They closely guarded male power. Women were not treated as equals in the Puritan community, and Hutchinson's challenge to this power was deeply unsettling.

Why did most Spanish settlers leave New Mexico around 1600?

They fled to safeguard their lives. Following Juan de Oñate's pillaging along the Rio Grande and the massacre of over 800 men, women, and children at Acoma pueblo, most Spanish settlers left the region because they feared that the Pueblo Indians would exact revenge. The Spanish returned a decade later.

Why did investors set their sights on the West Indies in the seventeenth century?

They wanted to diversify their exports by using land there. Even though tobacco remained profitable, investors looked toward the West Indies for other lucrative exports. The West Indies seemed like a logical avenue because the English, French, and Dutch already held settlements on several West Indian islands.

Why did the Puritans flee England for North America in the early 1600s?

They wanted to save themselves from God's anger. Puritans believed that various calamities that had struck England in recent years were all signs of God's punishment of England for its corruption. They wanted to escape his wrath and illustrate that a pure church and society could be constructed in North America.

How did the Pilgrims recover from their first debilitating winter?

They were aided by the local Indians. Like so many European groups who came before them, the Pilgrims survived their first months in the New World with the aid of local Indians. In the Pilgrims' case, Massasoit and his people supplied them with seeds, fishing gear, and other goods that allowed them to take advantage of the short growing season and the abundant fish and wildlife in the region.

Why did the Pilgrims set sail from Plymouth in 1620?

They wished to separate from the Anglican and Catholic churches by moving to a new land. The Pilgrims, so called because their mission was religious, were Separatists. They wanted to break from, or separate, from Anglicanism, Catholicism, and European cosmopolitanism.