History 7 Ch.9 L2

Council of Trent

(1545-1563); Council that Pope Paul III called + met periodically to discuss the Church's reformation. Supported Catholic beliefs but ended many church abuses (eg. indulgences). Ordered bishops + priests to follow strict laws of behavior (Protestants allowed their clergy to marry; Catholics still prohibited marriage)

Holy Roman Empire (2)

(2) The Thirty Years war (the most violent Religious war) started in this empire in Bohemia (today, a part of the Czech Republic) when Protestant nobles rebelled against their Catholic king. Germany joined the rebels + war spread throughout the empire.

Reformation (2)

(2) Zeal during this period motivated many colonizations in the Americas (eg. Pilgrims) + missionaries to be sent to other parts of the world.

Catholic Reformation

16th century movement: Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation + take back lands lost to Protestantism.

civil war

A ______ broke out in France: between the Huguenots and the Catholics

Seminary

A special school for training and educating priests. (The Catholic church set up many of these.)

King Henry IV

Also known as Henry of Navarre, he became king of France. Converted to Catholic since majority of France was Catholic ("being king of France was more important than being a Protestant"). Worked to end fighting between Catholics + Protestants; issued Edict of Nantes

mobs

Catholics revolted and formed ____ that killed Protestants and burned their homes. As a result, many Protestants fleed. Those few that stayed were led by prince Henry of Navarre.

Toleration

Europeans have seen a century of Religious conflict by 1650 and then much prefered _____: the acceptance of other beliefs, other than continued chaos and violence.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits + Spanish noble + soldier. Read about Christianity while wounded + decided he'd become a soldier for Jesus and the Church.

Huguenots

French Protestants/Calvinists. Wanted the king weakened so they can practice their religion freely.

El Greco

Greek artist whom the Spanish called _________. Painted many religious figures in exaggeratedly long size.

Tomas de Torquemada

Head of the Spanish Inquisition. Executed about 2,000 Spaniards.

Charles

Henry II's son and Francis' younger brother. Both of them died when ____ was still 10; the crown was supposed to be passed on to him. His mother ruled in place for him when he was young.

Edict of Nantes

Issued by King Henry IV/Henry of Navarre. Said that Catholicism was France's official religion, but also allowed Huguenots some religious freedoms.

Pope Paul III

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion in the Holy Roman Empire. Sweden and Denmark supported Protestants, and Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor supported the Catholics. France joined the Protestant side with the intention to gain power over neighboring states. Germany suffered the most hardships. Weakened Spain + Holy Roman Empire; France emerged a stronger nation. War ended with Roman Emperor asking for peace (1643): Peace of Westphilia.

witch hunts

Protestants + Catholics started to held many _____ in hopes to assure and attract new followers that they can provide physical protection from evil as well with spiritual. 50,000+ people accused of swearing loyalty to the devil (most were women) were killed.

Catherine Medici

Ruled in place of her young son Charles. Daughter of Lorenzo de Medici (Italian leader of Florence). Tried to keep peace in France during civil war by supporting both sides, but allowed Catholic nobles to kill Huguenot leaders later on.

Philip II

Spanish king (son of Charles V + Ferninand/Isabella's great-grandson). First supported queen Elizabeth I till her betrayal of letting Englishmen attack Spanish ships to help Protestant Dutch rebel against Spanish rule. Sought revenge by invading England himself.

1492

Spanish monarchs ordered all Jews to leave Spain this year. 10 years later, the same order was given to Muslims. Many left in response to the orders.

Teresa of Avila

Spanish nun. Reformer. Founded an order of nuns and opened convents throughout Spain. Known for writings that rank among the classics of Christian writings.

Peace of Westphilia

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated due to the English channel: narrow water made it harder to steer + the English's faster ships broke up the fleet's formation. The storm later broke up the Spanish navy even further.

Religious Wars

These wars happened 1520s-1650 im Europe

Spanish Inquisition

a religious court formed by Ferdinand + Isabella of Spain. Similar to the one the Catholic Church formed to root out the heretics, this court severely punished those who were suspected of practicing other religions + beliefs that opposed Church teaching. (eg. torture, execution)

Jesuits

known as the Society of Jesus: new order of priests recognized by Pope Paul III. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (Spanish noble). Preached to bring back Protestants to Catholic faith.

divisions

the _________ between the north and south (North-mostly Protestant ; South - Catholic) remained true in the New world as it did in Europe. As rulers chose their side on these religious _____, persecution of their subjects who practiced other religions often occured.

England

this country became the leading Protestant power in Europe under queen Elizabeth I + earned respect as defenders of Protestant faith.

Spain

this country is the leading Catholic power.

Miguel de Cervantes

wrote novel Don Quixote: about a comical knight and his peasant servant.