history 7B chap 15

Identify the groups the Ku Klux Klan targeted.

*African-Americans who in one way or another defied the norms of white supremacy. *blacks who became landowners *white Republicans

former slaves' views of landownership during this era (Reconstruction, 1865-1877)

- It allowed for the development of black communities independent of white control. - They were entitled to land because of their unpaid labor.

Why did northern Republican support for Reconstruction diminish in the 1870s?

- Many of the Radical Republicans who had established the Reconstruction plan had died. - Many believed that the federal government had created the conditions of freedom, and success was now up to blacks. - Many northerners believed that the South should be able to solve its own problems.

the election of 1876

- The disputed electoral votes were in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. - Samuel Tilden, the Democratic candidate, won the popular vote.

From A Sharecropping Contract (1866), in what ways does the contract limit the freedom of the laborers?

- The freedmen are contractually obligated to "obey" the landowner. - The freedmen are required to compensate the landowner if they miss work for a day.

What arguments did the black petitioners make when urging President Johnson to allocate land to them?

- The freedmen had worked the lands and therefore deserved ownership. - Land ownership was a vital element of citizenship.

Identify the statements that describe sharecropping

- a compromise between blacks' desire for landownership and whites' desire to discipline their labor force - preferred by former slaves because it allowed them to work without white supervision - required farmers to divide the crop with the landowner at the end of the year - guaranteed planters a stable labor force

the Reconstruction amendments.

- consisted of three amendments, which ultimately led to the incorporation of black Americans into society as citizens - served as the constitutional basis for the civil rights movement of the 1960s (The Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment established citizenship for all people born in America, except for Native Americans. The Fifteenth Amendment attempted to give African-American men the right to vote.)

15.2 Identify the provisions of the Radical plan for Reconstruction.

- creation of new state governments - temporary division of the South into military districts - the Fourteenth Amendment - state guarantees of black men's right to vote

Identify the factors that contributed to the weakening of northern support for Reconstruction.

- northern journalists' depictions of the failure of southern black leadership - the economic depression of the early 1870s - the growth of Democratic power in Congress - the Supreme Court's failure to fully uphold the rights of blacks

white Republicans in the South during Reconstruction

---carpetbaggers Their name suggests they packed all of their belongings in a suitcase and left their homes eager to take advantage of opportunities in the South. Northern whites relocated to the South after the Civil War. Southern whites believed they had come simply for economic gain. ---scalawags Southern whites supported the Republican Party and were believed to be traitors to their race by many southern whites. These were wartime Unionists who cooperated with the Republicans to prevent "rebels" from returning to power.

Why did southern planters and merchants oppose Reconstruction and the new state governments?

-Reconstruction governments were corrupt. -Southern whites could not accept the idea of blacks' equality. -Poor southern whites did not experience the improvement to their economic situation as they had hoped.

Why was education so important to freed blacks during this era?

-They wanted the opportunity to take part in politics. -They wanted to prepare to participate in the economic marketplace. -They wanted to be able to read the Bible.

Identify the components of Andrew Johnson's plan for Presidential Reconstruction.

-abolition of slavery -pardon nearly all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the Union -refusal to pay Confederate debts -state conventions to establish new, loyal state governments -appointment of provisional governors -repudiation of secession

Identify the statements that describe the Civil Rights Bill of 1866.

-defined all persons born in the United States as citizens -ensured all citizens enjoyed a set of basic rights

Identify the statements that describe the objectives of the Freedmen's Bureau.

-establish schools for blacks -settle disputes between blacks and whites -secure equal treatment for blacks before the courts -provide aid to the poor and aged -reorganize abandoned and confiscated land in the South into forty-acre plots to allocate to former slaves

The competing visions of Reconstruction between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans brought forth the nation's first impeachment charges.

1/ Congress authorized the Tenure of Office Act in March 1867. 2/ Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. 3/ The House of Representatives initiated impeachment charges.

How did Congress attempt to eradicate the power of the Ku Klux Klan?

Enforcement Acts. Congress passed three versions of this law that outlawed terrorist societies and authorized the government to use military force against them. They defined crimes against the rights of citizenship as federal crimes rather than state law.

The United States was the only major society to experience problems with labor during the transition from slavery to freedom. (T/F)

False Across the Western Hemisphere, nations that had formerly practiced slavery struggled to ensure an adequate labor force while respecting the needs of the former slaves.

The Republicans in Congress were unified in their vision for Reconstruction. T/F

False Radical Republicans sought to fully embrace the expansion of federal power that occurred during the Civil War, while moderate Republicans sought to work with the president to modify his Reconstruction plan.

The new state governments under the control of Republicans failed to improve life in the South during Reconstruction. T/F

False The new state governments successfully established free public education, passed civil rights legislation that prohibited racial discrimination, helped to protect the growing population of sharecroppers, and promoted economic recovery.

States that cast their electoral votes for Republican candidate Ulysses S. Grant in the election of 1868.

Grant's native state, Ohio, cast its twenty-one electoral votes for Grant. Alabama cast its eight electoral votes for Grant. California cast its five electoral votes for Grant.

Why did Congress bring articles of impeachment against Andrew Johnson?

He violated the Tenure of Office Act. (he removed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton without Senate approval. This provided an excuse for Radical Republicans to demonstrate to Johnson their power and stop his attacks on Radical Reconstruction.)

different political offices black men filled during Reconstruction.

More than 2,000 African-American men held public office during Reconstruction. They were elected into positions at all levels of government, including the House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and as governor of Louisiana. This represented a fundamental shift in power in the South

type of labor system used during Reconstruction

Sharecropping - Tenants rented a portion of land, and the crop yield was divided between the tenant and owner. task system - Workers were assigned daily tasks that, once completed, ended their daily responsibilities. crop lien - Tenants used a portion of the crop as collateral to pay for supplies.

the new systems of labor that emerged in the South.

The (task system) survived in the rice kingdoms of South Carolina and Georgia, while (wage labor) was preferred in Louisiana's sugar plantations. (Sharecropping) came to dominate in the cotton and tobacco regions of Virginia and North Carolina.

Horatio Seymour, the 1868 Democratic nominee for president, carried the state where he had previously served as governor. Samuel Tilden, the 1876 Democratic nominee, had also been governor of the same state. Select the state on the map.

The New York governorship has long been a stepping-stone to high national office. Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin Roosevelt all served as New York governors.

the different visions of freedom in the Reconstruction South.

The former slaves defined freedom as the right to mobility, education, political participation, and landownership. Southern whites defined freedom as a privilege, not a right. Northern Republicans believed freedom was the right of labor to compete and advance in society.

15.3 How did the new state constitutions drafted during Radical Reconstruction expand public responsibilities and provide for equal rights?

They created state-run and state-funded institutions like orphanages, prisons, and homes for the insane. They established a state-funded free public education system.

How did the Black Codes attempt to regulate the lives of former slaves?

They denied blacks the right to serve in state militias. They did not allow blacks to vote. They denied blacks the right to testify in court against whites. They prohibited blacks from serving on juries.

How did the Reconstruction amendments change the Constitution?

They expanded the definition of citizenship to include non-whites. They established the federal government as the protector of rights.

events of Reconstruction

Thirteenth Amendment - Civil Rights Bill of 1866 - Fourteenth Amendment - Ku Klux Klan established - Enforcement Acts

the first state that gave women the right to vote.

This was less of a matter of a belief in universal suffrage than (a desire to attract women settlers) in an area where men outnumbered women five to one. (Wyoming) entered the Union in 1890, becoming the first state since New Jersey in the late eighteenth century to enfranchise women.

The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship for all persons born in the United States and empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. (T/F)

True

The Fifteenth Amendment divided the women's movement. Some of its leaders were disappointed that it didn't include women, while other leaders acknowledged the amendment's limitations but believed it represented an important step toward national suffrage. (T/F)

True In 1869, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who opposed granting black men the right to vote when white women could not, established the National Woman Suffrage Association. That same year, Lucy Stone, who supported the Fifteenth Amendment, established the American Woman Suffrage Association. The two organizations remained divided until 1890.

The Ku Klux Klan was a racially motivated terrorist organization that spread throughout the entire South during Reconstruction. T/F

True The Ku Klux Klan effectively served as a military arm of the Democratic Party and used its members, who came from the South's so-called respectable citizens, to terrorize anyone who supported the Republican agenda, regardless of race.

The Liberal Republican Party began to side with Democrats in believing that the federal government's power had grown too much during the war and needed to be curtailed. T/F

True The Liberal Republican Party believed that much of the corruption in the Grant administration was due to an expansion of federal power and the manipulation of voting. They soon began to apply these beliefs to Reconstruction as well.

The Bargain of 1877 decided the election of 1876 in favor of the Republicans, while the Republicans promised to recognize Democratic control of the South, essentially ending Reconstruction. T/F

True The close outcome of the popular vote in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana left the election's outcome in doubt. Congress appointed an Electoral Commission to decide the outcome, and the group, made up of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, decided in favor of Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.

The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race. (T/F)

True The protection of the right to vote established in the Fifteenth Amendment not only established black voting rights in the South but also forced northern states to extend the right to vote as well.

Former slaves worked to reunite and stabilize their families in the Reconstruction period. T/F

True Black families became a key piece of postwar black communities.

Former slaves believed that their political freedom should include the right to vote. T/F

True Frederick Douglass commented in 1865, "Slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot."

"Practical Illustration of the Virginia Constitution" (ca. 1870)

Whites feared that Reconstruction would result in integrated schools and blacks having representation in the court system, including sitting on juries.

Identify the functions of the black churches in the Reconstruction South.

a house for schools a political gathering spot a place for social gatherings a place of worship

Identify some of the ways in which blacks demonstrated their freedom following the end of the Civil War.

by locating and reuniting with loved ones from whom they had been separated under slavery by attending mass meetings and religious services by traveling