history

Why was Rhode Island founded?

After dispute with Massachusetts Bay Colony, Roger Williams and his followers founded Rhode Island in search for religious freedom and separation of church and state.

How did enslaved persons show resistance?

Burned capital at Jamestown, plundered enemy plantations, offered freedom to indentured servants who'd join them. Bacon's Rebellion.

Who were important people to the development of Jamestown?

Captain John Smith: president of Jamestown colony from 1608 - 1609 Pocahontas: daughter of Powhatan. May have saved John Smith from execution. Married John Rolfe, possibly to establish alliance between Powhatan and English.

What were the causes and impact of the French & Indian War?

Cause: French and British fought the war because they both wanted to expand to the Ohio River Valley territory. Impact: Doubled British debt, causing them to impose several acts and taxes onto American colonists to pay for troops. Native Americans were now in deep trouble, because before the war they could choose between the French and British but now they were just being pushed around by British. In the Treaty of Paris, British gained most of France's land in America, and they chose Canada over Caribbean colonies.

What were the causes and impact of Bacon's Rebellion?

Causes: Bacon and former indentured servants believed that the government weren't doing enough to protect them from the Native Americans. Impacts: There was a increase in popularity of slave trade, because now planters were afraid of white indentured servants rebelling on them. Demand of black slaves went up.

Why did Jamestown originally fail?

Colonists focused more on finding gold and silver than working while Jamestown lacked valuable materials. Also, disease, and conflict with the natives made survival difficult.

How did the economies of New England, Middle, and Southern colonies compare? Use examples. (Political, Economic, and Social)

Economic Motivation between New England and South (Jamestown residents wanted to find gold which attracted a mainly male population whereas Massachusetts was populated with families who had fled there.) Political:different colonial colonies (charter vs royal-southern regions) Economic: Social:religious freedom importnat for ??? Similarities: Economic: transatlantic trade (slavery ) in all three regions, they have it in common. Later slavery decreases in northern colonies, states, still financial connection to slavery (cotton that was harvested in south was being shipped through northern shipping company.) Motivations: Religious basis for all regions (massachusetts bay for new england, rhode island for southern, maryland catholics for southern)

Why is the settlement of colony of Georgia unique?

Georgia only colony that temporarily prohibited slavery because the founders didn't want a workforce that would compete with the debtors they planned to transport from England. Settlers illegally imported slaves into Georgia, forcing proprietors to abandon the idea of a slave-free colony. The labor that is used in Georgia is much different than the other colonies. If you were in debt, and you couldn't pay it off, you were imprisoned (Debtor's Jail/Prison) and treated like a criminal. Now some of your property can be taken or if you have nothing to be taken you can declare bankruptcy and you don't have to go to jail. In england debtor prisons became very overpopulated James Oglethorpe and other business partners decided they want to start a settlement/colony in north america and come up with idea to use the people in debtor's prison as workers. They can come to georgia to work their debt off and if they chose to, start a new life in georgia. In the beginning of settlement, slavery was prohibited not because they thought it was wrong, but because they wanted to make sure the use of debtors over to america. Debtors rather than slavery because they wanted to keep debtors coming to America. Later, slavery flourished.

What were the causes and impact of the Great Awakening?

Great Awakening represented reaction against growing dampening of religious favor Anglican church: could not satisfy populations spiritual and emotional needs (neither could other churches) Contributed to growth of a common American identity. Contributed to splintering American Protestantism New Lights: supporters of revivalists Old lights: opponents of New Lights Takes place in same time period as the zenger trials. Period of religious revival. Particularly lots of puritan, anglican, christian communities start to notice that as colonies increase population and more diverse people (not all englishmen), population more diverse not only from different places, but different religions. (quakers, jews, baptist etc. ) But as colonial society became more diverse and economically successful people noticed there was societally a movement away from religious practices. Some people saying there is issues with drinking, gambling, prostitution, use of foul language, lots of sinful behavior. In protestant religion you have the Old Lights and New LIghts. New Lights want revival of religion.. Back on religious moral path. Instead of doing traditional sermons of just reading bible passages, they wanted to make sermons more emotional and more engaging to audience not boring and monotone. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield travel around colonies telling sermons so people can come and here sermons. Different from reverends in puritan church who stay in one church, one community. New lights more entertaining. Jonathan Edwards scares people into being religious in a sermon, if you're leading a sinful life "god's just holding u above a (guy) fieri pit of hell" Great Awakening to revive religious practice to get more followers, these preachers not associated with the government. Preachers would travels so they accepted donations for traveling. Old Lights accused them of having economic motivation and being greedy. But they had no political motive or any back agenda. They entertained and influenced them. Impacts : Revived religion. Also is example of colonial unity. People that attended the revivals would be of all different classes, religions, communities. A place a lot of people met from different backgrounds. That's important because debates and idea exchange (good).

What led to success of the Jamestown colony?

Ideal place to grow tobacco and it was in high demand. When John Smith took leadership he had a "no work, no eat" policy that made colonists work.

What was the motivation for the colonization of Massachusetts Bay?

John Winthrop: landowner served as governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Puritan but not separatist. Rather than try flee from corruption, hoped to establish pure church in New England that offered as a model for churches in England. Religious freedom but only for themselves-puritans. Puritans persecuted in england for wanting to reform anglican church. Children becoming too dutch in netherlands so came to north america to establish city upon hill for purely puritan community. Even though they fled England seeking for religious freedom, they don't grant religious freedom for other religions. If u wanted political power/vote u had to be member of puritan church.

Why is it considered a turning point?

Marked the start of the road to revolution.

What was the motivation for settlement in Maryland?

Maryland first colony to say baptism does not make a slave a free person. Motive for settlement: Settled as refuge for Catholics that were being persecuted in England. Mary queen of Scotland catholic queen that's where name comes from. Settled at first for refuge, then catholics are outnumbered by protestants, colonial government passes Acts of Toleration- which allows people of christian faith the freedom to worship in maryland. Unique because out of southern colonies it has religions motivation for settlement rather than economic

What colonies were settled because of a religious motivation?

Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.

Although the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies were all settled by the people of English origin, by 1700 the regions evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur?

Reasons such as geographical differences impacting their needs and economy. Also their initial motivation for colonization impacted them. Ex: what they ate, what products were manufactured...

Who is Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson? Why are they important?

Roger Williams: minister. Massachusetts bay colony banished him for claiming government can't force people to worship a certain way. He argues colonists should be fair and have treaties and pay for land. Doesn't agree with puritan ways. Doesn't think he's being represented. He says he lives there too he should be able to vote and be represented just by living in that community not by having to be puritan. Anne Hutchinson- She was in massachusetts bay and she held what we consider bible study at her house., people came together and discussed bible passages and different interpretations. Banished and expelled from mass bay for doing this because she was a threat to the puritan church hierarchy where leading ministers were to be the ones to interpret bible for the community. Anne was threat to their power. They worried that their power and influence over community would diminish. Puritan dissenters. Goes against puritan church and officials and expelled because of this.

What is the middle passage?

The Middle Passage refers to the part of the trade where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies.

What was the cause and significance of the Zenger Trial?

The importance of the Zenger Trial was that it was the first significant victory for freedom of the press in English colonies. Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger during the trial, where he was tried for seditious libel, because he publicly criticized William Cosby, New York's royal governor. Cosby participating in corrupt practices like rigging elections. People of colonial ny didnt like this. They wanted to get truth out about what he was doing. Cosby had control of lots of colonial newspapers in NY. people approached printer john peter zenger and asked if he would anonymously print (he was not author just printer) articles people wrote that exposed him and his corrupt practices- they were true . Zenger agrees to do this. Cosby is mad that this happened and orders that Crosby be imprisoned and charged with libel. IN order to be charged with libel u had to say something that opposed the government and whether it was true or false didn't matter. Cannot publish things that openly criticize the gov. (back in the day). Right now people can only sue publications if they were false. Back in 1700s whether it was true or not didn't matter. He was imprisoned for 8 months. One of rights of englishmen is to be no excessive fines, and cruel or unusual punishment (sitting in jail for 8 months for an article u didn't even write and he wasn't wealthy so can't afford bail seems like going against this right) he went on trial for libel. They defended him by admitting that he printed but it was truthful and that should matter. Law about libel is a bad law, people should be able to print the truth. Idea of freedom of the press. Jury finds him not guilty of libel (important because he was guilty of libel during this time. Shows jury has power of jury nullification. Meaning if someone is guilty of law but law is unfair, jury can find person not guilty and nullify law.) shows importance of freedom of the press in colonial america in 1730s. Showed that colonists were willing to fix an old historical practice they thought was unfair and limiting their liberties. Proud that they are englishmen and they are given the right to nullify in this case (don't want independence yet). Right to trial by jury was taken away later on 1760s,70s.

What was the motivation for the colonization of Jamestown?

The ultimate motive was to find great fortune (find gold, silver, and profit) and return rich.

What was the purpose for the settlement of Connecticut and New Hampshire?

Thomas Hooker and his followers founded Connecticut for religious and political freedom after a dispute with Massachusetts Bay Colony. New Hampshire was founded by John Mason for farming. Expansions of puritan ideals. On one hand, puritan city upon hill expanding into other colonies, other hand, people against that like roger williams, founded rhode island on bases of separation between church and state. Importance of religion dictating policies on right to vote and such, massachussetts bay had to be church member to vote. some places had to own property. Everywhere they had to be a white male to vote.

What were the Navigation Acts?

a series of Acts passed in the English Parliament in 1651,1660, and 1663. The colonies represented a lucrative source of wealth and trade. The Navigation Acts were designed to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect duties (taxes) in the Colonies.

What is mercantilism?

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.