History Bee Questions JV and Varsity

A poem named for this location describes "brutish necessity wiping its hands upon the napkin of a dirty cause." A poem named for this place, which is dedicated to the Sicilian King Robert of Naples, features historical events such as the death of Mago Barcid. A postcolonial poem named for this place describes "Kikuyu, quick as flies" and was written by Derek Walcott. This place also titles a Renaissance epic which recounts Scipio's victory at the Battle of Zama. For the point, a poem by Petrarch is named for what continent?

Africa

After one of these incidents in 2011, the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl hockey team cancelled its season. Poor security in Sharm el-Sheikh was blamed for allowing one of these incidents, for which ISIS claimed responsibility; that event, caused by a bomb, occurred over the Sinai Peninsula. For the point, name these disasters, after which information is gathered from "black boxes," like a cockpit voice recorder.

Airplane Crash

This political cause was pseudonymously taken up by future playwright Mercy Otis Warren and supported by the William West marchers in Rhode Island. The collective pen names "Cato" and "Brutus" were used by members of this loose group, which rallied behind the quip "I smell a rat" issued by Patrick Henry. Many members of this group joined the new Democratic-Republican Party alongside their chief opponent, James Madison. For the point, name this group of people who opposed ratifying of the Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Connie Mulder tried to use government funds to internationally promote support for this policy. Opponents of this policy were targeted in the Sharpeville massacre, which led to the establishment of Umkhonto We Sizwe. Supporters of this policy allowed for the creation of Bantustans. This policy was ended after the electoral victory of the African National Congress under Nelson Mandela. For the point, name this policy of racial segregation during 20th century South Africa.

Apartheid

This action succeeded after at least three failed attempts which blew up pillows, servants, and serving trays in the Winter Palace. This action led to the Trial of the Fourteen and to the construction of the Church of the Savior of Spilled Blood on the spot where it occurred. This act was perpetrated by a "propaganda of the deed" arm of Land and Liberty known as the People's Will, and it prevented the signing of the Loris-Melikov Constitution. For the point, identify this 1881 event in which the emancipator of the serfs died.

Assassination of Alexander II

According to legend, the city of Udine was founded by this man so that he could watch the siege of Aquileia. St. Genevieve was canonized after her prayers supposedly stopped this man from attacking Paris. This man forced Theodosius II to pay him tribute, but after he stopped payment, this man defeated him and tripled the tribute. After receiving a letter from Honoria, the sister of Valentinian III, this brother of Bleda was dissuaded from attacking Rome by Pope Leo I. For the point, name this so-called "Scourge of God", a ruler of the Hunnic Empire.

Atilla the Hun

Lucius Arruntius the Elder convinced the winner of this battle to spare the life of Gaius Sosius. Quintus Dellius divulged battle plans to one side in this battle after he defected. The losers of this battle fled the Ambracian Gulf to the city of Alexandria, where they eventually committed suicide. The Roman Empire was established in the aftermath of, for the point, what naval battle in which Octavian defeated the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra?

Battle of Actium

Albrecht von Wallenstein's greatest victory took place in one of these locations named Dessau. A famous painting of the battle of Arcole shows Napoleon with a French standard at one of these locations, and the battle of Luding was fought at one of these locations during the Long March. The Earl of Surrey retreated to Berwick after being defeated by William Wallace at one of these locations named Stirling, and Harold Hardrada was killed at a battle named for one of these locations at Stamford. For the point, name these structures that include the Golden Gate.

Bridges

A letter addressed to this person hoped that General Washington would fight against the "despotism of the petticoat." This person requested straight pins in one letter, and in another, she asked her husband to "remember the ladies;" those are among the roughly 1,200 known letters between this woman and her husband. For the point, name this second First Lady of the United States, the wife of John.

Abigail Adams

This region includes the Constable Islands bird sanctuary, and its Royal Island was once connected via cable car to a site used to isolate political prisoners. A facility near this region's city of Kourou is the primary launch facility of the European Space Agency. An offshore penal colony here was the site of Alfred Dreyfus's imprisonment, Devil's Island. For the point, Cayenne is the capital of what overseas department bordered by Suriname and Brazil, and ruled from Paris?

French Guiana

During his intervention in Bavaria, this ruler was victorious in the Battle of the Rain. This man was wounded trying to cross the Vistula during a war against Poland that ended with the Treaty of Altmark. This man allegedly claimed that "the Lord God is my armor" before fighting without protection and dying at the Battle of Lutzen. Axel Oxenstierna ruled as a regent after the death of, for the point, what "Lion of the North," who fought in the Thirty Years War as King of Sweden?

Gustavus Adolphus

This man established a torture center at the Nile Mansions and created paramilitary police forces called the Public Safety Unit and State Research Bureau. This man, who was overthrown after a failed attempt to annex Kagera from Tanzania, came to power after leading an attack on King Mutesa II's palace and, five years later, seizing total power while Milton Obote was abroad. For the point, name this self-proclaimed "Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth" who expelled all Asians from Uganda.

Idi Amin Dada

One pope with this name denounced Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II during the Council of Lyon. One pope with this name denounced the Peace of Westphalia in the bull Zelo Domus Dei and is the subject of Francis Bacon's Screaming Popes series of paintings, based on works of Diego Velazquez. Another pope with this name convoked the Fourth Lateran Council and called for the Albigensian Crusade. King John was excommunicated by a pope with, for the point, what common name, meant to invoke a lack of guilt?

Innocent

Howard Gardner's Frames of Mind differentiates this concept into different modalities, including naturalistic and visual-spatial. The Flynn Effect describes the general increase over time of this concept. It is measured by the Stanford-Binet test and the Wechsler tests, which determine a "quotient" for this concept whose average is usually set at 100. For the point, identify this term for the ability to process information and express knowledge, which can also describe information gathered by spy agencies like the American CIA.

Intelligence

A temple called the Serapeum served as one of these institutions but was destroyed by a Christian mob in 391 CE. Ptolemy I was inspired by Ashurbanipal's creation of one of these to build one with hundreds of thousands of papyrus scrolls. For the point, name these cornerstones of learning, whose "Great" one at Alexandria was an ancient Wonder of the World.

Library

This man was born with the name Telemaque. He gained his freedom from slavery after winning a lottery ticket. Joe LaRoche and George Wilson provided information that led to the arrest of this man. Gullah Jack was executed for helping this man by recruiting slaves for a plot to overthrow a South Carolina coastal town. For the point, name this man who planned a slave revolt in Charleston.

Denmark Vesey

The written works that prompted this meeting include Address to the Christian Nobility and The Babylonian Captivity of the Church. This meeting occurred in response to the papal bull Exsurge Domine. This meeting was presided over by the Emperor Charles V, who later banned the possession of early Protestant texts. For the point, name this imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire where Martin Luther defended his ideas from charges of heresy.

Diet of Worms

This empire was known to the Greeks as the domain of "Sandrocottus," and it made a treaty with the Seleucid Empire that allowed it to incorporate Arachosia and Gandara. This empire was ruled by a man who set up both "rock" and "pillar" edicts following the conquest of Kalinga. This empire briefly became a source of Buddhist missionaries following the conversion of emperor Ashoka. For the point, name this Indian empire that began in the 320s BC under Chandragupta and lasted until 185 AD.

Mauryan Empire

This artist's One Nation, Indivisible, San Francisco depicts schoolgirls saying the pledge of allegiance. This artist, who chronicled the abandonment of the town of Monticello in the magazine Aperture, gave up a Guggenheim Fellowship to work for the War Relocation Authority in order to document the conditions in Manzanar and other Japanese internment camps. In one of this artist's works, several children huddle around their mother, Florence Owens Thompson. For the point, name this Great Depression-era photographer of Migrant Mother.

Dorthea Lange

Supporters of this president called themselves "Silver-Grays". Early in his career, he narrowly lost a gubernatorial election to Silas Wright, before becoming the first popularly-elected Comptroller in the history of New York. This president was opposed for re-nomination by his own Secretary of State, Daniel Webster. He lost northern support by signing the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850. For the point, name this last Whig president, who succeeded Zachary Taylor.

Millard Fillmore

This justice often assigned the task of opinion writing to his close friend and colleague, William Brennan. This successor of Fred Vinson presided over a case involving the right to a public defender for a suspect in a burglary at a Florida pool room, as well as a case that resulted in a set of rights, including right to silence, that are read to suspects in custody. For the point, name this predecessor of Warren Burger as Supreme Court Chief Justice whose decisions included Gideon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona, and Brown v. Board.

Earl Warren

This man was succeeded by Goodwin Knight as governor of California. Abe Fortas was a failed nominee to replace this man in another post. George Wallace denounced this man as unable to "try a chicken thief." This man, who was the running mate of Thomas Dewey in 1948, chaired the commission investigating JFK's assassination. For the point, name this Eisenhower appointee as Chief Justice who oversaw several desegregation cases in the 1950s.

Earl Warren

This man gained command of an army after the consuls Hirtius and Pansa were killed at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina. This ruler beat Sextus Pompeius at Naulochus and used the title princeps, or "first citizen." This man's general Marcus Agrippa defeated Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium. For the point, name this adopted son of Julius Caesar who was the first emperor of Rome.

Augustus Caesar

The "Mother" one of these buildings in Cedar Rapids, Iowa is the oldest one of these structures still used in the United States, and one of these in Yuba City, California was destroyed by arson in 1994. The planned "Cordoba House" was one of these locations that led to protests against its developer, Sharif El-Gamel, in 2010. For the point, name these religious locations, such as the planned Park51 near Ground Zero, which usually contain niches pointed towards Mecca.

Mosquesa

The oldest state park in the US is named for this geographical region. One feature named for this region includes Table Rock and Terrapin Point. The capture of a fort named for this region was led by William Johnson during the Seven Years War. One battle named for this region is also known as the Battle of Lundy's Lane. A river named for this region empties into Lake Ontario after draining Lake Erie near Buffalo. For the point, give this geographic term that names a waterfall between Ontario and New York.

Niagara

This person had Locusta poison his rival and step-brother Britannicus. After the Pisonian conspiracy, this ruler executed the poet Lucan and his tutor, Seneca the Younger. He commissioned a thirty meter high Colossus of himself in front of the Domus Aurea, a huge palace he built over the ruins of aristocratic houses destroyed by fire. His death was followed by the Year of the Four Emperors, ending the Julio-Claudian dynasty. For the point, name this emperor who supposedly fiddled while Rome burned.

Nero

A revolution led this man to issue the Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church. The Law of Guarantees attempted to appease the demands of this man, who later issued the encyclical Etsi multa, criticizing Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf as a war against the church. He passed the Quanta Cura the same day he issued the Syllabus of Errors, and this man defined papal infallibility in the First Vatican Council. The Unification of Italy led, for the point, what man and his successors to become known as the Prisoner of the Vatican.

Pius IX

In this election year, one campaign noted that "this afternoon, 6,500 young men and women will be married." In a debate during this election year, one candidate stated that he was "not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." Earlier in this year, the platform of Gary Hart was criticized using the Wendy's slogan "Where's the beef?" The campaign of the winning candidate in this election included the "Morning in America" TV commercial. Minnesota was the only state won by Walter Mondale in, for the point, which presidential election, a landslide re-election victory for Ronald Reagan?

Presidential Election of 1984

One of these institutions was reformed by Gates v. Collier, which ended the use of the trusty system at Parchman Farm. Critical Resistance is a movement opposed to the "industrial complex" involving these institutions. The "Revolving Door" ad attacked Michael Dukakis's policies on these institutions following the actions of Willie Horton. Tear gas was used to end a hostage situation in one of these places during the tenure of Governor Nelson Rockefeller. For the point, name this sort of institution where the Attica Riot occurred in 1971.

Prisons

This dynasty is sometimes named for Lagus, the father of its first ruler. The first ruler of this dynasty took the body of Alexander the Great and founded the Serapis cult. Another ruler of this dynasty ordered the execution of Pompey after the Battle of Philippi. This dynasty's capital was Alexandria. For the point, name this Hellenistic dynasty that ruled Egypt and had many queens named Cleopatra.

Ptolemaic kingdom

This event was described as a "journey for peace" in announcement televised on NBC. Winston Lord was cropped out of photographs of this event. Henry Kissinger participated in this event, which began with a handshake with Zhou Enlai and included an hour-long conversation with Mao Zedong. For the point, name this 1972 event, the first time a sitting U.S. President visited a country with the capital Beijing.

Richard Nixon's Visit to China

This city was the site of a deadly 1811 theater fire that was once thought to have killed Edgar Allen Poe's parents. An 1863 bread riot occurred in this site of the first electric trolley system in the US. It was the site of Tredegar Iron Works, a major wartime manufacturing plant. This city was the target of McClellan's Peninsula Campaign, and many of its officials fled to Danville after it fell in 1865. For the point, name this Southern city which replaced Montgomery as capital of the Confederacy.

Richmond

This country's 1938 constitution made it a one party state under the National Resistance Front. During World War II, this country's military allied itself with Horia Sima's Iron Guard. The intelligence agency known as the Securitate operated in this country, where communism was ended with demonstrations in Timisoara. One leader of this country was executed alongside his wife, Elena, on Christmas Day 1989. For the point, name this country once ruled by Nicolae Ceausescu from Bucharest

Romania

Prior to one of these events, the second husband of Licinia Eudoxia was stoned to death by an angry mob. One of these occurred after troops entered the Salarian Gates and resulted in the destruction of the Gardens of Sallust. Gaiseric perpetrated one of these events that destroyed the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and was the origin of the term "vandalism." For the point, name these events, which resulted in the eventual downfall of a certain empire around 476 CE.

Sacks of Rome

This man was known as "Raven" to the Cherokee following his adoption by chief John Jolly. This man attacked William Stanberry with a cane after being accused of corruption, and he was in executive office when the Regulator-Moderator war erupted in his state. This man resigned rather than endorse the Confederacy, decades after he led a militia that won the Battle of San Jacinto over Santa Anna. For the point, name this ally of Stephen F. Austin in the creation of the Republic of Texas.

Samuel Houston

This man was made surveyor-general of victualling during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. He used a form of shorthand known as tachygraphy, and employed several foreign languages when describing affairs with women such as Deborah Willet. He wrote about using tobacco to ward off the Great Plague and described ascending the Tower of London to witness the "lamentable" Great Fire of London. For the point, name this Londoner who chronicled everyday life from 1660 to 1669 in his extensive diary.

Samuel Peyps

A member of this group was shot and killed while assisting Leila Khaled in hijacking El Al Flight 219 in 1970. This group founded the newspaper El Nuevo Diario after the publication La Prensa criticized them. Despite this group's campaigns to improve literacy, the country it rules still has the lowest literacy rate in Central America. A "National Opposition Union" against this group was led by Violeta Chamorro. This group overthrew the Somoza dynasty in 1979, and their members include Daniel Ortega. For the point, name this leftist party in Nicaragua.

Sandinista National Liberation Front

One holder of this position first gained prominence while working as a stockbroker for Dillon and Read. That person, who names the headquarters of the Department of Energy, jumped out of a window after copying the works of Sophocles. The first person to hold this position was James Forrestal, and it was later held by a man who believed what was good for GM was good for the nation. For the point, name this Cabinet position, prominently held by Robert McNamara, which consolidated the three military branches when it was created.

Secretary of Defense

This war included the Battle of El Caney, where the winning side was led by Henry Lawton. Another battle fought during this war included a heroic charge up San Juan Hill. Some have alleged that this war was encouraged by the Yellow Journalism of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. One cause of this war was possibly accidental explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor. For the point, name this war which led to US control of Guam, the Philippines, and Cuba.

Spanish-American War

Children in this city state were ritually whipped during a contest to steal cheese from Artemis' temple. The Eurypontid and Agiad dynasties ruled this city-state, which was partially governed by a legislative body of 30 elder men called the gerousia. Xerxes I won a battle over a force containing 300 hoplites from this city-state at a narrow pass in 480 BCE. For the point, name this city-state led by Leonidas at the Battle of Thermopylae.

Sparta

Atlee Pomerene and Owen Roberts led a bipartisan investigation into this event. The Supreme Court affirmed the Congressional power to compel testimony in a response to Mally Daugherty, whose brother, Attorney General Harry Daugherty, refused to investigate this event. Edward Doheny was given access to Elk Hills after providing a no-interest loan to the Secretary of the Interior. Albert Fall received bribes in return for oil drilling leases on federal land in, for the point, what scandal that rocked the Warren G. Harding administration?

Teapot Dome Scandal

In 2012, footage of this team surfaced, showing it divided up for "the Greatest Game Nobody Ever Saw" during a scrimmage in Monaco. Rod Thorn was warned that one member of this team would quit if Isiah Thomas were selected, so Clyde Drexler and Christian Laettner were the final selected members. Chuck Daly never called a timeout as coach of this team, the first of its kind to employ professionals. For the point, name this team led by Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and Michael Jordan, which resoundingly won the gold medal in Barcelona.

The Dream Team

One method of accessing this thing was through coin-operated machines located throughout the San Francisco area called Community Memory. Another version of this thing served as a popular phone book in France that operated until 2012, named Minitel. Early HIV information and activism was disseminated on soc.motss in a precursor to it. For the point, identify this technology provided to Americans by services like Prodigy and CompuServe, which allowed access to the World Wide Web.

The Internet

One party in this country, which attempted to enact a presidential system and helped end this country's pillarisation, is Democrats66. Its orthodox Protestant SGP restricted membership to men until 2006, and is considered a "testimonial party" along with its Party for the Animals. In 2002, this country's anti-immigrant Pim Fortuyn was assassinated while campaigning, and its Queen Beatrix abdicated in 2013. For the point, in what Low Country does Parliament meet in the Hague despite its capital officially being Amsterdam?

The Netherlands

Earthquakes under this body of water in 2007 revealed a 4,000-year-old fault line, on which a much stronger earthquake may have created a temporary land bridge. Despite losing its coastline on this body of water after a 1993 war of independence, Ethiopia still has use of its ports of Asseb and Massawa on this sea. For the point, name this body of water at the southern end of the Suez Canal that empties into the Indian Ocean through the Gulf of Aden and was legendarily parted by Moses.

The Red Sea

This event took place on June 5th, 1985, according to records of Claudell Washington's playing career with the Atlanta Braves, though critics of those records note that Von Steuben Day is actually celebrated in September. A lecture on the Smoot-Hawley tariff took place at the same time as this event. During this event, the central figure dined under the guise of "Abe Froman, sausage king" and sang "Twist and Shout" in a parade. For the point, name this event chronicled in a 1986 John Hughes film, in which Matthew Broderick's character played hooky from school.

Ferris Bueller's Day off

In the ancient Olympic games, awards for this event were not given to the athletes themselves, but their financial supporters. Those who participated in this activity in Rome were once divided into four factions: red, green, blue and white. A major location for this sport lay between the Aventine and Palatine Hills, while another was commissioned by Domitian. The winner of this activity received a laurel crown, and could command a quadriga. The Circus Maximus often hosted, for the point, what Roman sport involving horse-drawn vehicles?

Chariot Racing

A large, monochromatic white depiction of this object was made using encaustic, and was inspired by a 1954 dream. The artist of that painting also depicted three of these objects in different sizes on top of each other. A photograph by Joe Rosenthal depicts five servicemen lifting one of these items atop Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima. Jasper Johns frequently painted, for the point, what red, white, and blue banner that was supposedly first sewn by Betsy Ross?

American Flags

A separate electorate for this group was proposed in the Communal Award, which was replaced by the Poona Pact. The Prevention of Atrocities Act sought to protect this group, which is officially part of the Scheduled Tribes. Members of this group were encouraged to take the 22 Vows during mass conversions held by B. R. Ambedkar. This group is sometimes called the "children of God," or harijan, and was traditionally viewed as outside the four varnas. For the point, name this historically-shunned group in the Indian caste system.

Dalits

During the War of 1812, this man called a proposed conscription law "despotism embraced in its worst form." In 1836, he won 14 electoral votes as one of four Whig Party presidential candidates. Ralph Waldo Emerson criticized this man's "profound selfishness" after he voted for the Compromise of 1850. This man, who proclaimed "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!", signed a treaty with British diplomat Lord Ashburton. For the point, name this Massachusetts Whig senator who, with Clay and Calhoun, dominated the Senate in the 19th century.

Daniel Webster

This woman was imprisoned in the Tower of London after the rebellion of Thomas Wyatt, and Anthony Babington later attempted to assassinate her. As queen, her advisors included William Cecil and Francis Walsingham. This queen executed Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeded her sister, "Bloody Mary," and faced the Spanish Armada. For the point, name this daughter of Henry VIII, who reigned as the "Virgin Queen."

Elizabeth I

Hamid Idris Awate led a struggle for independence against this country, where Mengistu Haile Mariam led the communist Derg military junta. From 1936 to 1941, it was occupied by Italian forces under Benito Mussolini. Rastafarians believe that this country's former emperor, Haile Selassie, is God incarnate. Eritrea broke away from, for the point, what African country whose capital is Addis Ababa?

Ethiopia

One artist from this country painted a blindfolded girl about to step off a step in Blind Man's Bluff. Several Cupids circle a ship in the background of a "courtship party" work from this country. Another artist from this country depicted the poor, including a breastfeeding woman and a hooded woman with a basket, in The Third Class Carriage. One revolutionary leader in this country was killed in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, the subject of a painting by Jacques-Louis David. For the point, name this country where the Rococo style was developed after the reign of Louis XIV.

France

This man's work in weapons research included naming a rule that related the concentration of poisons exposed to the time before death. This man was the first leader of Degesch, the company that would later patent a gas used in the holocaust, Zyklon B. He originally used a rare osmium catalyst in a process that now uses an iron-based catalyst to combine nitrogen and hydrogen. For the point, name this German scientist who co-names a method for ammonia synthesis with Carl Bosch.

Fritz Haber

One photograph from this period shows a billboard that reads "There's no way like the American way," while another shows Florence Thompson with three of her children. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established during this period, as the Great Plains were struck by "black blizzards" as part of the Dust Bowl. For the point, name this period of economic downturn that started with the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

Great Depression

This war's Taos revolt was started after Little Thomas and Pablo Montoya led a group in killing Charles Bent. Future president Zachary Taylor led one side's forces in this war's Battle of Monterrey. During this war, William Ide led the Bear Flag revolt in Alta California, which was granted to the victorious side in this war after Nicholas Trist negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. For the point, name this war that began after a border dispute over the annexation of Texas.

Mexican-American War

This government created a "Foundation for the Study of Human Problems" that advocated the use of eugenics. A bicycle velodrome was used by this government during the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup to house Jewish detainees. This successor government to the Third Republic, whose motto was "Work, Family, Fatherland," was headed by the victorious commander at the Battle of Verdun. For the point, name this fascist French government led by Marshal Philippe Petain during World War II.

Vichy France

The city was the subject of the Pabst Plan. A mass suicide occurred on 18 Ulica Mila in this city, where a failed uprising was detailed in the Stroop Report. The Home Army launched a 1944 uprising in this city, which was defeated and led to the planned destruction of 90% of this city's buildings. Mordechai Anielewicz led an uprising against the Nazis in this city's Jewish Quarter, the largest Jewish ghetto in World War II Europe. For the point, name this capital of Poland.

Warsaw

The Kapp Putsch and Spartacist Revolt targeted this government, which signed the Treaty of Rapallo with the Soviet Union. A leader who eventually ended this government gained power with the Reichstag Fire Decree and Paul von Hindenburg's Enabling Act. Earlier, the Dawes Plan was created to help this government recover from massive hyperinflation after defaulting from payments required from the Treaty of Versailles. For the point, name this post-World War I German government that was replaced by the Third Reich under Adolf Hitler.

Weimar Republic

Wilson Lumpkin offered to give a pardon to a side involved in this court case. The plaintiff in this case co-founded the newspaper Phoenix with Elias Boudinot. This case overturned a state law that prohibited non-Native Americans from coming into contact with Natives on tribal land. The response, "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!" followed, for the point, what 1832 Supreme Court case which held that state governments, including the named defendant, could not interfere with the Cherokee Nation?

Worcester v. Georgia

This kingdom was badly defeated at the Battle of Blood River by a force led by Andries Pretorius, but it crushed a force led by Lord Chelmsford at the Battle of Isandlwana. The last leader of this kingdom was captured after the fall of Ulundi, this kingdom's capital. Mpande and Cetshwayo were rulers of this kingdom, whose military was renowned for using the assegai. For the point, name this kingdom founded by Shaka in present-day South Africa.

Zulu

The North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company's trading posts along this body of water included Fort William and Grand Portage, both gateways to western Canada. A 1975 storm on this body of water led to the sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. The two largest cities on this body of water are Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Duluth, Minnesota. For the point, name this largest of the Great Lakes.

Lake Superior

Actor Joseph Estrada stole $80 million as this country's president but was pardoned by his ski6uccessor, Gloria Arroyo. Corazon Aquino rose to lead this country via the People Power Revolution, ending a kleptocracy in which this nation's First Lady amassed a large collection of shoes. Imelda and Ferdinand Marcos once ruled, for the point, what Asian island country where the President resides in Malaca˜nan Palace in Manila?

Phillipines

The platoon system was introduced to these institutions as part of William Wirt's Gary Plan. These institutions were the subject of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's Old Deluder Satan Act. A product created by William Holmes McGuffey was widely used in these institutions. Section 16 of each township under the Land Ordinance of 1785 was reserved for one of these institutions. These institutions were where the Blue-back Spellers of Noah Webster were used. For the point, name these institutions for which Horace Mann advocated, places where children are educated.

Public Schools

The Lusail Iconic Stadium is to be built in this country. Hassan al-Thawadi claimed this country would invent new air conditioning systems for that stadium, until the February 2015 announcement that a winter schedule would be used. Stadium construction in Al Khor and Al Rayyan in this country has been plagued with human rights violations and deaths. For the point, name this Middle Eastern country, the controversial host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

Qatar

This dynasty was forced to give concessions after the deaths of German missionaries in the Juye incident. The Self-Strengthening movement was launched by this dynasty. In one rebellion against this dynasty, Hong Xiuquan proclaimed himself to be the brother of Jesus, and during the Xinhai Revolution, this dynasty's last emperor, Pu Yi, was forced to abdicate. The Taiping Rebellion opposed, for the point, what last imperial dynasty of China, that succeeded the Ming Dynasty?

Qing Dynasty

The Blum-Viollette proposal granted citizenship to some people from this country. A plaque on the Saint-Michel bridge commemorates a massacre of people from this country ordered by Maurice Papon; that was the Paris Massacre of 1961. Harkis are French Muslim soldiers from this country, and the Oran massacres targeted French pied-noirs in this country. For the point, name this country, a former French colony and the site of the Algiers Putsch.

Algeria

Cotton Mather drew upon this man's defense of Anglicanism, The Christian Virtuoso, to write "The Christian Philosopher." This scientist's outlook is contrasted with that of Thomas Hobbes in a book by Steven Shapin's and Simon Schaffer's. This man wrote a 1661 dialogue in which Philoponus, Themistius and others debate the nature of the title scientific discipline in the garden of Carneades. Emile Clapeyron combined this man's law and Charles's law to derive the ideal gas law. For the point, what scientist authored The Skeptical Chymist and who names a law describing the volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature?

Robert Boyle

Hannah Arendt wrote a series of "Reflections" concerning one crisis in this state, imagining herself as a poor black woman. The 1919 Elaine race riots in this state led to the case of Moore v. Dempsey, which reversed the results of mob-dominated trials in this state. Hattie Carraway, the first woman to serve a full term as a U.S. Senator, served this state from 1932 to 1944. Executive Order 10730 defied the then-Governor of this state, Orval Faubus, by forcefully integrating a high school in this state's capital. For the point, name this southern state, the home state of the "Little Rock Nine."

Arkansas

In the aftermath of this event, Getya Gelfman escaped execution due to her pregnancy. A group of revolutionaries responsible for this event were named "those of the First of March" after the date when it took place. During this event, Nikolai Rysakov's efforts were stymied by a bulletproof carriage gifted by Napoleon III. Upon stepping out of that carriage, this event's target was fatally wounded by Ignacy Hryniewiecki's bomb. This event, which delayed the creation of a Duma, was carried out by a group known as the People's Will. For the point, identify this 1881 event in which a tsar who emancipated the serfs was killed.

Assassination of Alexander II

During this battle, Edward Johnson sent a small reconnoiter that encountered James Wadsworth's 7th Indiana infantry on Culp's Hill. The high water mark of the Confederacy was reached at this battle, whose end was hastened by George Pickett's ill-fated charge up Cemetery Ridge. For the point, name this decisive three day battle in July 1863 which saw the largest number of casualties of any Civil War battle.

Battle of Gettysburg

In this battle, Cynaegirus unsuccessfully tried to pull an enemy trireme back to shore, only for his hand to be cut off. Eretria had previously been captured by the losing side in this battle, which was led by Datis and Artaphernes. The tyrant Hippias was present at this battle, after which Pheidippides carried the information of this Greek victory to Athens. For the point, name ancient battle that saw Miltiades lead Athenian forces to victory against an invasion force sent by Darius the Great.

Battle of Marathon

This battle is the subject of two popular songs which describe stepping on an alligator's tail to form a makeshift cannon and running "where the rabbits wouldn't go." Slaves who defected during this battle were evacuated to Bermuda. This battle was where Jean Lafitte's pirates came to the aid of the Americans against Edward Pakenham. For the point, name this victory for Andrew Jackson that was fought two weeks after the formal end of the War of 1812, in Louisiana.

Battle of New Orleans

As a result of this event, Matthew Killroy was convicted of manslaughter, but Thomas Preston was acquitted. Defenses for this event focused on the insults and snowballs hurled by the victims. Samuel Gray and James Caldwell were killed after an undetermined voice shouted "Fire and be damned" at this event. John Adams defended the soldiers involved in this event, where Crispus Attucks also died. For the point, name this 1770 event in which British soldiers killed colonial demonstrators.

Boston Massacre

Concrete marks were filled with red resin to form namesake "roses" of one siege in this event, and another battle in this event saw the inactivity of Dutchbat. Ratko Mladic and Slobodan Milosevic stood trial for war crimes committed during this event. Serbian forces sieged Sarajevo in, for the point, what event that saw the formation of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia from a defunct country?

Breakup of Yugoslavia

This man was inprisoned by his stepmom Plectrude after the death of his father Pepin of Herstal. This man was defeated by Radbod, King of the Frisians, at the Battle of Cologne. This man's most famous achievement came after Odo the Great was defeated at the Battle of Garonne River. That achievement saw this Mayor of the Palace defeat forces of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Abd Ar-Rahman; that battle was the Battle of Tours. For the point, name this Frankish leader who was nicknamed "The Hammer".

Charles Martel

One son of this man enforced the Statutes of Kilkenny on the Irish. This father of Lionel of Antwerp came into conflict with the Good Parliament over the influence of his mistress, Alice Perrers, and he himself took power after defeating his mother's mistress, Roger Mortimer. This person's forces won the Battle of Sluys, gaining control of the English Channel, and his greatest military success occurred when his longbow archers defeated a force of French knights at the Battle of Crecy. For the point, name this English King during the Hundred Years War, the father of Edward the Black Prince and son of Edward II.

Edward III Plantagenet

Nathaniel Macon served as a running mate in this election year to William H. Crawford, who died of a heart attack before voting. It was the first election that was directly affected by the 12th Amendment by calling a vote in the House of Representatives; that vote was presided over by Henry Clay, who was accused of agreeing to a so-called Corrupt Bargain. For the point, name this election in which John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson.

Election of 1824

The American envoy William Gates visited and wrote articles about this man. This man was aided by the political theorist Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, and adopted the slogan "Tierra y Libertad," or "Land and Liberty." He was killed in an ambush after Jesús Guajardo organized a secret meeting with him in Chinameca, Morelos. This leader of the Liberation Army of the South proposed the Plan of Ayala, which was rejected by Venustiano Carranza's Constitutionalists. For the point, name this mestizo who led a guerrilla army during the Mexican Revolution

Emilio Zapata

The failure of one man to defeat this politician was mocked by the phrase "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont;" that opponent of this man lost the governorship of Kansas in the same election cycle. Another defeated opponent became this man's personal representative to Great Britain, in which position he became a rare Republican supporter for this man's Lend-Lease Act. For the point, name this politician who defeated Wendell Willkie, Alf Landon, Thomas Dewey, and Herbert Hoover in his four presidential bids.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

This art movement's founder also founded the political party PPF, which was absorbed into its country's burgeoning PNF just a year later. A work from this movement blurred the legs of a dachshund to demonstrate the title Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash. The manifesto of this movement declared a "racing car" to be "more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace" and was written by Filippo Marinetti. For the point, name this 20th-century Italian art movement that glorified speed and technology.

Futurismo

This man served as the only chair of the short-lived Senate Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. He noted "This chamber reeks of blood" before opening the voting on his amendment, co-sponsored by Mark Hatfield, that would have put a deadline on military operations in Vietnam. This man's initial Vice Presidential running mate, Thomas Eagleton, was controversially dropped and replaced with Sargent Shriver; that gaffe cost this Democrat every state but Massachusetts. For the point, name this South Dakota senator who lost the 1972 Presidential election to Richard Nixon.

George Mcgovern

This man designed a town layout consisting of repeating cells of twelve rectangular blocks each surrounded by a central green square. This man ordered the construction of Fort Frederica, which was unfinished during an invasion that led to his force's victory at the Battle of Bloody Marsh. That attack by the Spanish was in retaliation after he led a failed attempt to capture St. Augustine. This man formed a friendship with the Yamacraw chief Tomochichi. He helped organize a settlement next to the Savannah River. For the point, what man wished to create a safe haven for debtors through the founding of Georgia?

James Oglethorpe

Agabus the Decapolitan narrates a novel about this man by Robert Graves whose title declares him a "King". This man is taught the ways of hedonism by a shepherd and learns of his prodigious fishing talent in a 1991 novel. He hallucinates a long dream sequence in which he has a large family in a novel adapted into a 1988 Martin Scorsese film. Jose Saramago and Nikos Kazantzakis, respectively, wrote about The Gospel According to and The Last Temptation of this man. For the point, name this religious leader from Nazareth.

Jesus Christ

This man's deputy Hans Schweitzer was known by the nickname "Mjolnir." This man was an early advocate of renewed warfare in his "Sportpalast Speech." This man organized "immorality trials" against nuns and clerics as part of the "Kirchenkampf" or anti-church campaign that he led. This man and his wife Magda poisoned their six children before committing suicide in 1945 in the Fuhrerbunker, where he was the designated successor to Hitler. For the point, name this Nazi propaganda master.

Joseph Goebbels

After the fall of this empire, Blas Ruiz and Gaspar da Cruz visited it during the Longvek Era. In visiting this state's capital, Zhou Daguan saw a building based off Mount Meru. This empire was destroyed by Ayutthaya and founded by Jayavarman II, who called it Kampuchea. Suryavarman II created a massive temple complex dedicated to Vishnu in its capital. Angkor Wat was built by, for the point, what medieval Cambodian empire?

Khmer Empire

This man was named Lord of Ireland, but was forced to leave after offending local chiefs by pulling on their long beards. While king, this man attempted a combined land and water attack to relieve the siege of Chateau Gaillard . This man's allies lost the Battle of Bouvines, and he lost much of the Angevin Empire to Philip Augustus. He allegedly murdered his nephew Arthur of Brittany and at the Battle of Mirabeau he rescued his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine. For the point, name this son of Henry II and brother of Richard I who was forced to sign the Magna Carta.

King John

This publication used Lennart Nilsson's photograph of a fetus in an amniotic sac for the cover of one issue. The cover of its inaugural issue featured two men inspecting the base of the Fort Peck Dam in a photograph by Margaret Bourke-White. While on assignment in Southeast Asia for this publication, Robert Capa was killed in the First Indochina War. Earlier, Capa had taken iconic images of the D-Day landings for this publication. It was purchased by Time's Henry Luce in 1936, and also published a photo of a sailor kissing a nurse in Times Square on VJ Day. For the point, name this now-defunct magazine known for its photojournalism.

LIFE Magazine

This site's Stairway of Fountains runs parallel to its series of 16 fountains. The discoverer of this site initially suggested that it was a sanctuary for the Aclla Cuna. Religious buildings at this site include the Temple of the Condor and the trapezoidal Temple of the Three Windows. Its main plaza includes the Intihuatana sundial, and this place is believed to have been an estate of Pachacuti. This site sits above the Urubamba River valley, and was discovered in 1911 by Hiram Bingham. For the point, name this "lost city of the Incas."

Macchu Pichu

Before it commemorated Princess Diana, a 1973 version of Elton John's song "Candle in the Wind" mourned the death of this figure. A publicity photograph from the film Niagara was used to create a diptych of this actress, and she sported a pink dress in a rendition of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend." Her last completed film, The Misfits, was written by her ex-husband Arthur Miller. The Seven Year Itch and Some Like It Hot starred, for the point, what blonde actress who died in 1962 at age 36?

Marilyn Monroe

Seven months after attending a meeting in Paris to accept this program, Czech Foreign Minister Jan Mazaryk was thrown out of his bathroom window. Vyacheslav Molotov rejected this program for the entire Eastern Bloc, and its first action supplemented the Truman Doctrine by funding Greece and Turkey. The U.K. and France received the most aid from, for the point, what program in which the United States provided $13 billion to rebuild Europe following World War 2?

Marshall Plan

The Pact of Espino Negro ended one civil war in this country. The American government refused to recognize this country's participation in the Esquipulas peace talks, which it hosted. The death of Pedro Chamorro led to demonstrations in this country against the regime of the Somoza family. This country's current president, Daniel Ortega, is a member of the Sandinistas. For the point, name this Latin American country which received arms from the Reagan Administration during the Iran-Contra Affair.

Nicaragua

A poem about this leader said he would "do nothing by halves which can be done by quarters." For his country's safety, this man created the Permanent Joint Board of Defence and signed the Ogdensburg Agreement. He set up the Rowell-Sirois Commission on federal provincial relations. This man was elected to his third ministry by saying that it was him "or chaos," after a constitutional crisis in which he was replaced with his rival Arthur Meighen by Governor General Julian Byng. For the point, name this Liberal, Canada's longest serving prime minister

William Lyon King

This group of people asked if they would be "the only ones for whom the iron age will forever exist" in a petition that also included 10 proposed decrees presented to the National Assembly. In October 1789, in response to the skyrocketing price of bread, these people marched to Versailles and brought Louis XVI and his family back to Paris. For the point, name this demographic, the subject of an Olympe de Gouge treatise that demanded gender equality.

Women

One of the first engagements in this conflict was the Battle of Worth, which followed a brief advance towards Saarbrucken. The Chassepot rifle was unable to defeat steel Krupp artillery in this war, which saw Marshal Bazaine was besieged in Metz with the Army of the Rhine. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger surrounded the Army of Chalons during this war, ending the Second Empire at the Battle of Sedan. For the point, name this brief war, which saw the defeat of Napoleon III by a country led by Otto von Bismarck.

Franco-Prussian War

This man's dismissal of Africa from his theories is often summed up by claiming he believed "Africa has no history." This man claimed that "world historical individuals" such as Napoleon seize the "Zeitgeist." This author of Theses on the Philosophy of History provided the basis for Marxism, which grew out of a circle of "Young" followers of this man, with his description of dialectical materialism. For the point, name this dense German philosopher of The Phenomenology of Spirit and The Philosophy of Right.

Georg Hegel

The colonial effects of this event included Leisler's Rebellion in New York. This event was secured at the Battle of the Diamond and Battle of the Boyne, and it was ratified along with the English Bill of Rights. Diehard opponents of this event formed the Jacobite movement. England's last Catholic ruler was deposed by this event. For the point, name this 1688 uprising which dismissed James II from the British throne in favor of William and Mary.

Glorious Revolution

One man replaced Ann Richards in this position after rumors that Richards' staff was "dominated by lesbians" were spread by a campaign run by Karl Rove. During a Presidential debate, another former holder of this position couldn't remember a third Cabinet department he would cut. Greg Abbott currently serves in, for the point, what post formerly held by George W. Bush and Rick Perry, the leader of the largest continental U.S. state?

Governer of Texas

Because of this event, the height of flimsy structures called insulae was restricted. People blamed for this event were used as human torches during dinner parties. After this event, the architects Severus and Celer were hired to build the Domus Aurea, or Golden House. The Pisonian conspiracy was formed following this event. A man who blamed this event on secret communities of Christians supposedly sang about Troy and played his lyre while it occurred. For the point, name this event that destroyed large parts of Rome during Nero's reign.

Great Fire of Rome

The MS Alfhem helped this country bypass a US-led arms blockade by bringing Czechoslovakian weapons. A general from this country managed to capture a flag from William Walker's house unharmed. Guerilla fighters were opposed in the "guns and beans" campaign implemented by its former president Efrain Rios Montt. Operation PBSUCCESS overthrew President Jacobo Arbenz of this country on behalf of the United Fruit Company. For the point, name this Central American country now led by Jimmy Morales.

Guatemala

This ruler signed the Treaty of Altmark with his cousin Sigismund III, ending his country's war with Poland. As a commander, this man was noted for his use of mobile artillery and combined arms, which he used to win the Battle of Breitenfeld. This man ruled with the support of Axel Oxenstierna, who served as regent for his daughter Christina after this king's death at the Battle of Lutzen. For the point, name this "Lion of the North", the Swedish king during the start of the Thirty Years War.

Gustave II

During an unsuccessful assassination attempt on this president, Leslie Coffelt killed and was killed by Griselio Torresola, a Puerto Rican nationalist. While swearing this man in, Harlan Stone said the wrong middle name, possibly because this man's middle name was a single letter. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co v. Sawyer reversed this president's seizure of the steel mills during the Korean War. For the point, name this president whose decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan ended WWII.

Harry S. Truman

Robert Wilcox launched multiple rebellions in this location. The Blount and Morgan Reports gave contradictory accounts of an uprising here led by U.S. Marines and ordered by John L. Stevens. Lorrin Thurston led the pro-annexation Committee of Safety in this territory. Sanford Dole appointed himself President after the overthrowing of Queen Liliuokalani in, for the point, what Pacific territory that became the 50th U.S. state?

Hawaii

Victor Ostrovsky claimed that the charges against this man were doctored by the Israelis in retaliation for this man's criticism of the invasion of Lebanon. This man helped organize Paul McCartney concerts in Cambodia to help the region recover from Pol Pot. This man claimed that he was not aware of the Jasenovac concentration camp while serving in the Balkans during Operation Kozara. Despite the revelation that this man served as an interpreter for Army Group E in the Wehrmacht, this man became President of Austria in 1986. For the point, name this fourth Secretary-General of the UN.

Kurt Waldheim

This ruler survived an assassination attempt in which his winter clothes protected him from the knife of Robert-Francois Damiens. This ruler's finance minister Machault d'Arnouville attempted to establish a 5 percent income tax that, unlike previous taxes, was imposed on everyone. This ruler, whose minister was Cardinal Fleury, had multiple mistresses, including Madame de Pompadour. For the point, name this French monarch who ruled during the Wars of Spanish and Austrian Succession in the 1700s after succeeding the Sun King.

Louis XV

This man's most notable deed was recorded within the Catalan Atlas. This man waged war against the Mossi peoples, where he was served by the general Sagmandia. Djingeureber Mosque was built by this man's architect as-Saheli, as was Sankore University. Maghan succeeded this man whose most notable action saw him travel through Cairo and Medina while legendarily handing out large amounts of golden coins. For the point, name this king of Mali known for his extravagant hajj to Mecca.

Mansa Musa

Adolphe Thiers built a wall around this city in the 19th century. Its namesake university was founded in 1150 and is sometimes called the Sorbonne. This city's oldest bridge was built under a ruler who said this city was "well worth a mass" after converting to Catholicism. The Pont Neuf crosses the Ile de la Cite over the Seine River in, for the point, what capital of France?

Paris

An equestrian statue of this man sits atop the Thunder Stone, the largest monolith ever quarried and moved by humans. This man officially founded his country's navy after capturing the port of Azov. Early in his reign, this man spent 18 months traveling incognito across Europe. When he returned, he imposed a tax on beards to promote Westernization. This man vanquished his foe Charles XII at Poltava, a victory that helped his country win the Great Northern War. For the point, name this Tsar of Russia who founded St. Petersburg.

Peter the Great

In March 2015, Operation Decisive Storm was launched in this country. During an uprising in this country, a battle was fought over control of Zinjibar. Fighting often occurred near the Darul al Hadeeth school in the Siege of Dammaj in this country. In a 2011 revolution here, Ali Abdullah Saleh stepped down from power. Since 2012, the president of this country has been Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi, who has received military aid from northern neighbor Saudi Arabia against a Zaidist rebel group. For the point, name this country in which Houthi rebels recently took control of the capital Sana'a.

Yemen

An early union for workers in this industry was led by Richard Frankensteen. In 1937, Richard Merriweather got his back broken by security guards working for this type of company. That attack preempted Walter Reuther's leaflet campaign advertising a union to workers in this industry, which was to have taken place on an overpass outside the River Rouge plant in Dearborn. For the point, name this industry, whose laborers are represented by the UAW in numerous Detroit-area factories, including those owned by Ford.

Auto Industry

Legend says that this battle's first cannonball landed on a British officers' dining table. This battle included a brief diversionary attack on the Fusiliers launched by Rochambeau before the Americans assaulted Redoubt 10. Another legend says that the tune "The World Turned Upside Down" was played by the losing side as Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. For the point, name this battle that effectively ended the American Revolution

Battle of Yorktown

A controversy involving this man arose after retired serviceman Tim Terpak was honored at a New York Rangers game. In an interview in Stars and Stripes magazine, this man claimed not to have heard that three Chinooks were actually an hour ahead of him. In February 2015, he retracted his false claims about having been in a helicopter that was hit by an RPG in Iraq. For the point, name this journalist who was replaced by Lester Holt, a decade after this man replaced Tom Brokaw as anchor of NBC Nightly News.

Brian Williams

This colony merged with Saybrook in 1644. A founding document of this colony, drafted by lawyer Roger Ludlow, was supposedly hidden from Edmond Andros, governor of the Dominion of New England, in the Charter Oak. This colony's founder, Thomas Hooker, co-authored a document sometimes called the "first constitution," this colony's Fundamental Orders. For the point, what colony took over New Haven and was founded along a namesake river at Hartford?

Connecticut

The Earl of Derby resigned as Colonial Secretary for the second time because of his support for these laws. Charles Villiers organized the publishing of a "Blue Book" opposed to these acts, and a petition was presented against these documents by Thomas Tooke. They began to operate under a sliding scale during the ministry of the Duke of Wellington. The Economist was founded by James Wilson to coordinate resistance to these acts, and Richard Cobden led a namesake league opposed to them. They were finally repealed by Robert Peel. For the point, name these laws which put high tariffs on a certain grain.

Corn Laws

This ruler conquered the forces of King Nabonidus, who is disparaged by a cylinder describing this man's plan for restoring Babylon. After defeating Astyages this man defeated Croesus of Lydia. This man built a new city, Pasargadae, as the capital of his new empire. For the point, name this "great" founder of the Achaemenid Empire in Persia.

Cyrus the Great

This coach recruited the first African-American scholarship player in the ACC, Charlie Scott. He pioneered the use of per-possession statistics in college basketball and created a unique offense designed around isolation guard play. This proponent of the "Four Corners" offense mentored Roy Williams and coached Phil Ford and Michael Jordan. For the point, name this former coach of, and namesake of the arena now used by, the North Carolina men's basketball team.

Dean Edwards Smith

Two answers required. A festival honoring these two figures required all wives of Greek citizens to attend, involved the sacrifice of pigs, and was known as the Thesmophoria. These two figures were the subject of a cult whose initiation rituals were the Eleusinian Mysteries. The change of seasons in Ancient Greece was attributed to the annual separation of these figures, as the younger was forced to spend the winter with Hades. For the point, name this pair, consisting of the Greek goddess of agriculture and her daughter.

Demeter and Persephone

An attempt at this activity in Mexico was led by Jose Gutierrez and Augustus Magee. A participant in this activity lost the Second Battle of Rivas after ill-advisedly attempting to take over a steamboat company owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt. A secret society of "knights" planned to use this activity to create a Golden Circle. For engaging in this activity, Narciso Lopez and William Walker were both executed. For the point, name this practice of invading Latin American territory in which pro-slavery adventurers participated.

Filibustering

This event is referenced in the title of a speech that includes the poem "The Triumph of Freedom" and claims that this event "reveals the gross injustice and cruelty" of slavery. Frederick Douglass delivered that speech, asking "What, to a Slave, is [this event]?" On this day in 1826, a dying man lamented "Thomas Jefferson still survives," though Jefferson had actually died five hours earlier, on the fiftieth anniversary of the event that this holiday commemorates. For the point, name this American holiday, during which fireworks celebrate the nation's founding.

Fourth of July

Giovanni Giustiniani was wounded while leading a contingent from this polity in the defense of Constantinople. At the Battle of Crecy, rain ruined the crossbow strings of mercenaries from this city. Benedetto Zaccaria helped this city defeat Pisa at the Battle of Meloria, but it later lost the War of Chioggia to a different rival. This owner of Constantinople's Galata district was home to the admiral Andrea Doria, and it controlled Corsica until the 1700s. For the point, name this Italian maritime republic based in a Ligurian city, which rivaled Venice and was the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.

Genghis Khan

A five-act opera by this man includes an auto-da-fe scene and ends with former Emperor Charles V disguised as a monk, dragging his grandson into a tomb. This composer of Don Carlos wrote the "Chorus of Hebrew Slaves" for his opera Nabucco, which became an anthem of the Risorgimento. In another of his operas the Duke of Mantua sings "La donna e mobile" and was targeted for assassination by the title hunchbacked jester. For the point, name this Italian composer of Rigoletto.

Giuseppe Verdi

William Makepeace Thackeray's "A May Day Ode" was written to celebrate the first day of this event. The first America's Cup was held in conjunction with this event. Douglas Jerrold, writing under the pseudonym "Amelia Mouser" for Punch magazine, coined the name of this event's central building. That building was constructed by Charles Fox, who previously invented the railroad switch. This event was the brainchild of Prince Albert. For the point, name this 1851 event that kicked off the tradition of the World's Fair and is sometimes named for the glass building that was at its center

Great Exibition

This nation was led by former United Fruit Company lawyer Juan Galvez during a successful 1954 general strike. In 1998, its president, Carlos Flores, said that "50 years of progress" had been reversed by Hurricane Mitch. This nation, which O Henry labeled a "banana republic," fought the brief Soccer War with El Salvador. For the point, name this Central American nation with capital Tegucigalpa.

Honduras

This man complained that he felt like an independent merchant going up against a chain store during the primaries for one election. In a famous speech, this man told "those who say that we are rushing this issue of civil rights" that in fact "we are 172 years too late!" This lead author, with Everett Dirksen, of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 earned the nickname "The Happy Warrior" for his championing of liberal causes. With Ed Muskie, this former mayor of Minneapolis emerged victorious from a fiercely-protested nominating convention in Chicago. For the point, name this Vice President of Lyndon Johnson, who ran unsuccessfully as a Democrat in the 1968 election.

Hubert Humphrey

Ivan Konev helped put down this event by launching Operation Whirlwind. Participants in this event demanded criminal investigations into Mihaly Farkas and Matyas Rakosi. Georg Luk´acs and other leaders of this event were given sanctuary in a Yugoslav embassy. Its failure led to the execution of Imre Nagy, who had attempted to remove his country from the Warsaw Pact. For the point, name this 1956 uprising against Soviet control that resulted in Soviet tanks entering Budapest.

Hungarian Revolution

At the end of this leader's rule, he gave a final speech in the Yugoslav embassy before being captured and deported. This leader's first term in office was supported by G.M. Malenkov. This leader lifted the ban on political parties, allowing the Smallholder's Party and National Peasants' Party to re-exist. This leader removed his country from the Warsaw Pact, an act that triggered the USSR to invade the country and force him out, replacing him with Janos Kadar. For the point, name this Hungarian Chairman who was executed following a failed 1956 revolution.

Imre Nagy

In this country, Abdul Haris Nasution was targeted for an assassination that was blamed on the PKI but carried out by G30S . After that coup attempt, a series of mass killings in this country broke out; those killings are the subject of Joshua Oppenheimer's documentaries The Look of Silence and The Act of Killing. In the aftermath of that turmoil, this country's New Order replaced its system of "Guided Democracy". For the point, name this country, once led by Sukarno and Suharto from Jakarta.

Indonesia

A novel satirizing this country, titled for traditional monsters here, includes a businessman who proposes that the unemployed be gassed and made into a food. This country's literature includes a genre of stray thoughts known as "zuihitsu," which was used to write The Pillow Book. This country developed the dramatic forms of "bunraku" puppet theater as well as "noh" and "kabuki." For the point, name this country where Lady Murasaki wrote the early novel Tale of Genji.

Japan

In a siege of this city, Simon bar Giora and John of Giscala were captured. That siege of this city is commemorated by Rome's Temple of Peace and the Arch of Titus, and is mourned on Tisha B'Av. Another siege of this city by Pompey the Great resulted in Roman conquering of Judea. For the point, name this city where the First and Second Temples on Temple Mount were destroyed.

Jerusalem

During a campaign centered on this country, Mount Matajur's seven thousand defenders were defeated by Erwin Rommel's one hundred men. As a result of a battle in this country, David Lloyd George proposed the formation of a Supreme War Council. An incredibly nationalist poet from this country took over the city of Fiume, ignoring the Treaty of Rapallo. Twelve battles in this country were fought alongside the Isonzo River. This country signed an armistice with Austria-Hungary after defeating them at Vittorio Veneto. For the point, name this home country of Gabriele d'Annunzio and setting of the Battle of Caporetto.

Italy

In response to the growth of this group, the danka system was codified. Members of this group were burnt in straw raincoats after a successful siege of Hara castle. A practice in which icons called fumi-e were trampled was designed to identify members of this group. Members of this group were led by the teenager Amakusa Shiro in the Shimabara rebellion. For the point, name this once-persecuted Japanese religious group, which grew thanks to the activities of Francis Xavier and other Jesuits.

Japanese Christians

This artist painted Dido Building Carthage and showed a legislative building on fire in The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons. This artist painted a misty seascape of a ship that fought during the Battle of Trafalgar being towed to its final berth, and depicted people drowning behind a Slave Ship. For the point, name this British artist of The Fighting Temeraire, who painted the "Great Western Railway" in Rain, Steam, and Speed.

Joseph Mallord William Turner

This painting was protected by sandbags during the 1943 bombing of Milan, which struck this painting's home in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie. This painting's subjects are grouped in threes as they react to the central figure's announcement. A man sitting near the Apostle Peter grasps a bag of silver coins while staring at his leader, who has predicted his own death. For the point, name this depiction of Jesus and the disciples painted on a wall by Leonardo da Vinci.

Last Supper

Three Flags Day commemorates the finalization of this agreement, and Fort Osage was built in the wake of this agreement. Francois de Barbe-Marbois officially presented this agreement to Robert Livingston, the American negotiator of this agreement, and the Haitian Revolution reinforced this agreement's necessity to Napoleon. Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the land acquired through this agreement. For the point, name this land sale that dramatically expanded the size of the United States under Thomas Jefferson's presidency.

Louisiana Purchase

This man is praised as "disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel." This character is told that his face "is as a book where men may read strange matters." Edward the Confessor sends troops behind the cover of uprooted trees against this thane. A play named for this man was written to honor James I, whose Stuart dynasty traced its lineage back to this man's friend Banquo. For the point, name this man who kills King Duncan to take over Scotland in a tragedy by Shakespeare.

Macbeth

This man married Charlotte of Belgium, who later changed her name to Carlota. This monarch's alliance with a country's leader was influenced by his dismissal as Viceroy of Lombardy Venetia by his brother Franz-Josef I. A Manet painting that depicted the execution of this leader was influenced by Francisco Goya's Third of May, 1808. Napoleon III urged this man to claim the throne of a foreign nation that was held by Benito Juarez. For the point, name this Austrian who was King of Mexico.

Maximilian I

One member of this family refused to annul Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Another member of this family was the mother of Louis XIII and wife of King Henry IV, and the Pazzi Conspiracy sought to assassinate members of this family. Girolamo Savonarola took control of a city after members of this family were expelled. Popes from this family include Clement VII and Leo X, and this family included Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent. For the point, name this family of Grand Dukes from Florence.

Medici Family

During this war, members of the St. Patrick's Battalion was executed for treason. Near the end of this war, cadets known as the "hero children" were killed defending Grasshopper Hill. Tennessee earned the nickname "Volunteer State" during this war, in which the enemy capital was captured by Winfield Scott. This war began when US forces crossed the Nueces River and ended in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. For the point, name this war where the United States fought its southern neighbor.

Mexican-American War

During the Depression, this state sold the rights to its Spiro Mounds to artifact-hunters. The 1898 Curtis Act expropriated millions of acres of land in this state. In an 1887 election, one region of this state was to become the state of Cimarron. After the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, members of the Five Civilized Tribes were moved to territory in this modern-day state. The "Boomers" and "Sooners" settled, for the point, what Great Plains state heavily struck by the Dust Bowl near cities like Tulsa?

Oklahoma

One resident of this city, Mumia Abu-Jamal, was sentenced to death for the 1981 murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner. Sixty-five houses were destroyed in this city in 1985 when police dropped a helicopter bomb on a compound led by John Africa. MOVE was based in this city, where a pavilion was built in 1976 to house an object that cracked before it was rung to celebrate the Declaration of Independence. For the point, what city's Independence National Historical Park is home to the Liberty Bell?

Philadelphia

One of this nation's colonies gained independence under the leadership of Samora Machel. The Alvor Agreement ended another conflict between this nation and its former colony of Angola. Operation Vijay succeeded in conquering one of this nation's overseas territories, the exclave of Goa, and this country gave up its colonies after the failure of the Estado Novo. For the point, name this European country once ruled by Antonio Salazar.

Portugal

This man's third opera is based on the life of a medieval Italian populist leader who was known as the "last of the tribunes". This composer of Rienzi took part in the May Uprising in Dresden and wrote a polemic attacking Meyerbeer and Mendelssohn called Judaism in Music. He had an opera house built in Bayreuth at which his most famous works, including Parsifal, were premiered. For the point, name this composer of The Flying Dutchman who included the "Ride of the Valkyries" in his Ring Cycle.

Richard Wagner

An alliance between these two countries came about after the failure to renew the Reinsurance Treaty in 1890. The alliance between these two countries was meant to force the Triple Alliance to fight a war on two fronts. One war plan to defeat these two countries involved sweeping through Belgium and was named for von Schlieffen. For the point, name these two great powers that presented threats on either side of Imperial Germany.

Russia and France

Storm Delarverie may have sparked this event after crying out "Why don't you guys do something?" Three years prior to this event, a similar event occurred at the Compton Cafeteria in San Francisco. The Genovese mob owned the Christopher Street establishment where this event began. Participants in this event were said to have "lost that wounded look." Seymour Pine led the police response to this event in Greenwich Village. The Gay Liberation Front was formed after, for the point, what June 1969 riot in New York City?

Stonewall Riots

In the 1990s, this company branched into comic books, publishing licensed series based on Jurassic Park and The X-Files. This company once issued alternate versions of its main product on "Tiffany" stock and created the supplemental "Traded" sets every year. Since 2009, this company has again held a monopoly on its main product, a market which Donruss and Fleer entered to compete with this company in 1981. For the point, name this longest-standing, and now only, manufacturer of licensed Major League Baseball trading cards.

Topps

This college program missed a chance to recruit Magic Johnson because Coach Larry Farmer wanted Albert King instead. This team lost to an Elvin Hayes led Houston squad in the "Game of the Century," the first regular season NCAA game broadcast in prime-time. Under the "Wizard of Westwood," this program had such great players as Bill Walton and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. For the point, name this college basketball team, which under coach John Wooden won 88 straight games in the 1970's

UCLA's Bruins

This substance's production had similar implications as Hermann Kolbe's later synthesis of acetic acid, since it too advanced structural theory. This substance was found while trying to synthesize ammonium cyanate, which ended up decomposing to become this product. The synthesis of this compound by Friedrich Wohler is considered the start of modern organic chemistry. Vitalism was disproved by synthesizing this organic compound without even using a kidney. For the point, name this compound with formula CO(NH2)2 that is found in the urine.

Urea

After Gillis Duncan was accused of being one of these people, they were tortured at the Old Tolbooth during the North Berwick trial in Scotland. These people were sought by the "hunter general" Matthew Hopkins and by Catholics who used the handbook Malleus Maleficarum. These people were identified by being bound to a board and tossed into water, and they were "hunted" in an early modern "mania." For the point, name these nonexistent people who were persecuted for their alleged dark magical powers in Europe.

Witches

A decree given by this man merged Unit 731 into the Kwantung Army. A recording of a speech given by this man, who gave the Humanity Declaration, was smuggled out of his home in a basket full of women's underwear to prevent its destruction; that speech spread confusion, because it was delivered in a classical language, rather than what was commonly spoken. This man told his "dear and loyal subjects" to "bear the unbearable" in the Jewel Voice Broadcast. For the point, name this emperor who renounced his divinity, but did not abdicate the Japanese throne, after World War II.

Emperor Hirohito

This man was lampooned as the "fainting general" for supposedly passing out at the Battle of Contreras. This president's vice president, who was inaugurated in Cuba and died of tuberculosis while in office, was William Rufus King. In reference to his home state, supporters of this politician established "Granite Clubs." This president defeated Winfield Scott and was supported by a slogan mentioning that "we polked you in '44." For the point, name this victor in the election of 1852 who was succeeded by James Buchanan.

Franklin Pierce

An 1861 riot on this city's Pratt Street led to the first deaths of the U.S. Civil War. George Peabody, the father of modern philanthropy, was based in this city, where he established his namesake Institute and Library. A railroad named for this city and Ohio led to prosperity for this city during the 1830s, which is home to Johns Hopkins University. For the point, name this city named for the Catholic founder of its home state of Maryland.

Baltimore

This political party was supported by the Albany Evening Journal, which was founded by Thurlow Weed. Amos Ellmaker was this party's Vice Presidential nominee. William Palmer, a member of this party, was elected governor of Vermont. This party's formation was sparked by the disappearance of William Morgan and nominated William Wirt at America's first-ever political convention. For the point, name this American political party that opposed secret societies.

Anti-Masonic Party

One part of this battle saw the death of Simon Fraser by sniper Timothy Murphy. The aftermath of this battle led to the Treaty of Alliance with Louis XVI of France. Areas of fighting in this battle were Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights, where Benedict Arnold was wounded. For the point, name this battle in which Horatio Gates defeated John Burgoyne, considered the turning point of the American Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga

Planning for this event began after a leader met with Anastas Mikoyan to secure a loan. Eleanor Roosevelt's Tractors for Freedom Committee sought to free those captured during this event. This action began with landings on Playa Giron and Playa Largas, and it prompted the resignation of Allen Dulles. Participants in this event were led by José Pérez San Román and known as Brigade 2506; they were trained by the CIA in Guatemala. For the point, name this failed invasion by U.S.-backed rebels in Cuba.

Bay of Pigs

While studying these things, Georges Cuvier came up with his idea of catastrophism and William Smith came up with the idea of faunal succession. Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh engaged in a late 1800s "war" to try and discover more of these things than the other. Locations where these things are plentiful include the Ediacara Hills and the Burgess Shale, the latter of which records the remnants of the Cambrian Explosion. For the point, name these preserved remains of long deceased organisms.

Fossils

A memorial commemorating this event includes a pair of twin bronze gates and a field of 168 empty chairs. In the aftermath of this event, a photograph of a firefighter holding a dying infant won a Pulitzer Prize. The perpetrators of this event, who claimed to be motivated by the standoffs at Ruby Ridge and Waco, used a fertilizer bomb and targeted the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. For the point, name this bombing carried out by Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh.

Oklahoma City Bombing

One holder of this position referred to the middle class as "the forgotten people." In 1975, John Kerr dismissed one holder of this position in favour of Malcolm Fraser, prompting a constitutional crisis. One holder of this position implemented gun control laws in response to the Port Arthur Massacre. The longest holder of this position was Robert Menzies. For the point, name this position currently held by Malcolm Turnbull after he won the Liberal Party leadership from Tony Abbott.

Prime Minister of Austrailia

Edward IV appointed this man as "Lord of the North" until his death, and this man captured Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1482 while fighting with Alexander, Duke of Albany. This man executed Earl Rivers and Thomas Vaughan while serving as Lord Protector for Edward V, and this ruler was opposed by Henry Stafford, the 2nd Duke of Buckingham before losing to a force led by Henry Tudor in 1485. The Princes in the Tower were allegedly killed by, for the point, what last Yorkist monarch of England who was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field?

Richard III

A 1669 eruption on this island was diverted from the city of Catania by that city's walls. Settlers from Corinth founded another city on this island where Archimedes was killed. This island is separated from Calabria by the Strait of Messina, and this island contains the tallest active volcano in Europe, Mount Etna. Syracuse is found on, for the point, what triangular Mediterranean island off the boot of Italy?

Sicily

These two countries fought the Torstenson War, a late phase of the Thirty Years' War. One of these two countries built the Göta Canal so ships could avoid tolls levied by the other. In 2000 a bridge opened which connected these two countries across the Øresund. These are the two southernmost of the 3 modern-day countries originally part of the Kalmar Union. For the point, name these two countries whose cities of Malmö and Copenhagen are linked by a bridge and tunnel.

Sweden and Denmark

This group backed the bishop of Warmia against Casimir IV in the War of the Priests and successfully put down the St. George's Night Uprising. This group signed the Treaty of Melno after it lost the Gollub War. Alexander Nevsky defeated the forces of this group over Lake Peipus at the Battle of the Ice. Ulrich von Jungingen was killed leading this group to defeat against Polish-Lithuanian forces at the Battle of Grunwald. For the point, name this order of crusading knights of German origin who formed to assist Christian travelers to the holy land.

Teutonic Knights

Sources for these actions were the pamphlets Counterattack and Red Channels. A signal that the time of these actions had ended came when John F. Kennedy defied American Legion picketers to attend a showing of Spartacus. Dalton Trumbo openly took credit for Exodus, also ending the era of this phenomenon, which began when ten witness refused to testify to HUAC in 1947. For the point, name this procedure under which Communists were not permitted to work in the entertainment industry.

The Blacklisting of Communists in Hollywood

Comedian Jackie Mason allegedly extended his middle finger on air during an episode of this show. This show's original title was Toast of the Town, and its star became furious after the word "higher" was added to the sanitized lyric "Girl, we couldn't get much better." In an episode of this show, the caption "Sorry girls, he's married" was superimposed over a performer. Supposedly, its host wanted to censor Elvis Presley by only filming him from the waist up. For the point, name this long-running variety show whose namesake host welcomed the Beatles in their 1964 debut on American television.

The Ed Sullivan Show

This system was documented in Robert Hughes's book The Fatal Shore. The Bigge report criticized Lachlan Macquarie's implementation of this system, which involved lenient treatment of "exclusives" and "emancipists." Participants in this system often stayed in moored boats called "hulks" before entering it. This system began with the arrival of the "First Fleet", which established a colony in Botany Bay at Sydney. For the point, identify this system by which criminals were shipped off to colonies on a certain island continent.

Transportation of Convicts to Australia

The Al-Bass excavation site discovered a massive necropolis in this city. Conrad of Montferrat successfully defended this city for two months against the besieging forces of Saladin. This city exported a non-fading substance that required boiling thousands of Murex sea snails to produce a single gram. It was originally situated on an island, but a kilometer-long causeway built in 332 BC to siege this city connects it to the mainland today. For the point, name this Phoenician city sieged by Alexander the Great, which produced a famous purple dye.

Tyre

Isaac Kidd was killed on the bridge of this ship. Fires on the nearby repair ship Vestal were blown out by a shockwave caused when an ammunition magazine detonated on this ship. "Black tears" continue to seep from this ship, which was not salvaged after an explosion that killed 1,177 men. For the point, name this battleship sunk during the Pearl Harbor attacks, commemorated by a floating war memorial.

USS Arizona

This man gave the Cakra Donya bell as a gift to the Kingdom of Pasai. This man's second visit to Sri Lanka was commemorated by a stone inscribed with Persian, Tamil, and Chinese. The Hongxi Emperor re-assigned this man to domestic defense in Nanjing, ending the treasure voyages ordered by the Yongle Emperor. For the point, name this Chinese eunuch and explorer of the Ming dynasty

Zheng He

This man's failure to throw out Sid Bream preceded 20 years of losing seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates. After Jose Canseco, he was the second player to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases. He was accused of using performance-enhancing drugs by reporters for the San Francisco Chronicle, and of perjury in an investigation of Victor Conte's BALCO. For the point, name this former Giant outfielder who, in 2001, hit a season-record 73 home runs, part of his career-record 763 homers.

Barry Lamar Bonds

Leonard Volk created a plaster mask of this man's face before his death, now often used as a model. A statue of this man subtitled "The Man" depicts him rising from a chair and was created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens for this man's namesake "Park" in Chicago. Another depiction of this man was carved by the Piccirilli brothers and designed by Daniel Chester French for his seated memorial, which is located opposite the Washington Monument. For the point, name this president, whose memorial and image are featured on the American penny.

Abraham Lincoln

This man is thought to be the author of the unsigned poem "The Suicide's Soliloquy". He is described "pacing up and down" near "the old court-house" in a poem by Vachel Lindsay. A poem about this man describes how a "great star early droop'd in the western sky at night". He is the dedicatee of a poem whose title figure lies "on the deck", "fallen cold and dead". Walt Whitman's elegies "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "O Captain! My Captain!" are about, for the point, which American president?

Abraham Lincoln

This author's defense of David Hume in a letter written to his friend, William Strahan, was attacked for supposedly endorsing Hume's atheism. This man argued for a system of universal education until age 10 in one work, and in one of his works, he argued for a comprehensive system of morality based on the concept of an "impartial spectator" within. This author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments noted that division of labor could increase productivity in industries such as pin-making. For the point, name this Scottish economist, most famous for his treatise The Wealth of Nations.

Adam Smith

This king's second wife was the subject of the Encomium Emmae Reginae. The Archbishop of Canterbury Ælfheah was pelted to death with bones during the reign of this king, who arranged an uneasy alliance with Thorkell the Tall. This king arose to the throne after his mother Ælfthryth allegedly arranged the murder of his predecessor in Corfe Castle. During his reign, Byrhtnoth lost to Viking invaders at the Battle of Maldon. He ordered the killing of all Danes in England in the St. Brice's Day massacre, and was succeeded by Sweyn Forkbeard. For the point, name this English king whose epithet comes from an Old English word meaning "bad counsel."

Aethelred II

Rachel Michalewicz withdrew from a Supreme Court case involving this practice. Questions involving "critical mass" are often used in deliberations regarding this practice, and Antonin Scalia controversially referred to the "mismatch" theory during oral arguments concerning this practice. The hashtag "StayMadAbby" has been used to criticize Abigail Fisher's lawsuit against this policy used by UT-Austin. For the point, name this policy which favors underrepresented groups in unemployment or college admission.

Affirmative Action

This policy was limited to a specific set of valid intentions in a case arising from city contracting, 1989's Richmond v. Croson. This policy was modified in two 2003 cases brought against Lee Bollinger, which held that it could not be blanketly applied as a points benefit. The original case dealing with this policy was Allan Bakke's lawsuit against the University of California. For the point, name this policy under which traditionally discriminated-against groups receive preferences in hiring or admissions.

Affirmative Action

This man imposed the "mutual guarantee" tax forcing the elite dynatoi classes to pay the taxes of their poorer neighbors. This man came to power by accusing his uncle of the same name, who had the surname Lekapenos, of sympathizing of Bardas Phokas, and he signed a truce with the Fatimids. Vladimir I agreed to convert to Christianity in exchange for receiving the hand of this man's sister, Anna, in marriage. After winning the Battle of Kleidion, this man ordered the blinding of 99 of every 100 prisoners of the defeated ethnicity, possibly inspiring his nickname. For the point, give the regnal name of this king who was known as the "Bulgar Slayer."

Basil II

One player of this sport asked a world leader to "do him a solid" and release prisoner Kenneth Bae, then visited that leader without discussing Bae's release. Another player of this sport raised millions of dollars for the Boys and Girls Clubs of America with an otherwise-controversial 2010 press conference in which he announced he was "taking his talents to South Beach". For the point, name this sport played by Dennis Rodman and LeBron James.

Basketball

These people fought in the Battle of Island Mound, and one unit of these people suffered nearly 50% casualties while assaulting Fort Wagner. These people make up the majority of those killed in the Fort Pillow Massacre by Nathan Bedford Forrest. Robert Gould Shaw led this type of soldier, which formed the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. For the point, name these people, including two of Frederick Douglass' sons, who fought primarily for the Union during the Civil War, most of whom were former slaves.

African-American Soldiers

During this battle, Karl Gustav von Baggovut took over fighting in the village of Utitsa after Nikolai Tuchkov was wounded. The Bagration fleches and the Raevsky redoubt served as a strongholds for one side in this battle. Despite this battle's winning side defeating Mikhail Kutuzov's forces and advancing to the capital city, Tsar Alexander I refused to surrender, forcing a retreat. For the point, name this 1812 battle featuring Napoleon against the Russians that took place outside of Moscow.

Battle of Borodino

One plan for the construction of these objects involved the use of pykrete, a mixture of wood pulp and ice, and was named Project Habakkuk. The Tondern Raid was one of the first attacks using these objects, and the Ark Royal was a merchant ship converted to become the first of these objects. These objects come in CATOBAR and ski-jump varities, and the Fairey Swordfish that launched from one of these objects torpedoed the Italian navy at Taranto. For the point, name this type of ship whose flat deck allows for takeoffs and landings.

Aircraft Carriers

This man and Willem de Sitter name a flat solution to the FLRW metric. A relation named for this man and Smoluchowski models diffusion. This scientist explained Brownian motion using a molecular-kinetic theory of heat in "On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid." Another of this scientist's papers, called "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," modifies Maxwell's equations in the limiting case when speeds approach the speed of light. For the point, name this scientist who, during his "Annus Mirabilis" in 1905, proposed the theory of special relativity.

Albert Einstein

This general forced Christian IV to pull Denmark out of a European war with the Treaty of Lubeck. His faith in astrology kept him ignorant of the treachery of his officers Walter Devereux and Ottavio Piccolomini. This man's ardent opposition to the Edict of Restitution and his forced retreat at the Battle of Lutzen earned the ire of Ferdinand II, which culminated in the Holy Roman Emperor greenlighting his murder in 1634. For the point, name this great general during the Thirty Years War' whose life was dramatized in a play cycle by Friedrich Schiller.

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Vladimir Lenin's older brother was hanged for plotting the death of one ruler of this name on the sixth anniversary of the assassination of another ruler of this name by the Narodnaya Volya. In an accident near Borki Station, one ruler with this name held up a collapsed train roof to help his children escape. Alaska was sold to the U.S. by the second tsar of this name, and the Decembrist revolt broke out after the death of the first tsar of this name. For the point, give this name shared by three Romanov tsars, including the emancipator of the serfs.

Alexander

This man, who was New York's only delegate to the Constitutional Convention, commanded an artillery battery at the Battle of Trenton. He advocated growing a national debt and patronizing the creation of industry in his Report on Manufactures, issued during his time as the first Secretary of the Treasury. This man was the primary author of the Federalist Papers. For the point, name this Federalist leader who was killed while dueling with Aaron Burr and is seen on the ten-dollar bill.

Alexander Hamilton

Arrian's Anabasis describes how this man drank with Medius for a night and another day before contracting a fever, possibly due to malaria contracted on the Euphrates. Numerous ancient sources blame Antipater for poisoning this man with water from the river Styx. In Babylon, this man predicted "There will be funeral 'games' in good earnest when I have gone," after leaving his kingdom "to the strongest." The Diadochi fought over the lands conquered by, for the point, what Macedonian ruler who conquered the Persian Empire?

Alexander the Great

In 2005 this man's incomplete final novel was published in English as The Last Cavalier. One of this author's characters dies when he is hit in the throat by a musket-ball during the siege of Maastricht. This man's fictional version of John Felton assassinates the Duke of Buckingham after being seduced by Milady de Winter. The title character of another of his novels is Philippe, the brother of Louis XIV. For the point, name this man whose historical novels include The Man in the Iron Mask and The Three Musketeers.

Alexandre Dumas

The winning side in this battle took the losing side's mobile field brothels and sent the prostitutes to be "re-educated." Operation Vulture rescued the forces of the losing side in this battle. Charles Piroth blew himself up with a grenade during this battle, which was preceded by Jean Gilles' Operation Castor. The winning side in this battle was assisted by the anti-artillery provided by Vo Nguyen Giap. For the point, name this 1954 victory for Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh that ended French occupation in modern-day Vietnam.

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

While serving as an intelligence officer in this country, Jean-Marie le Pen was accused of torture. This country's FLN, led by Ahmed Ben Bella, fought a guerilla war against its colonial rulers; after that war, Harkis and Pieds-Noirs fled this country as the Evian Accords granted it its independence in 1962. For the point, name this north African country, a former French colony with capital Algiers.

Algeria

Pierre Falcone and Charles Pasqua coordinated arm sales from France to this country in the 1990s. A guerilla war broke out in this country after Jonas Savimbi rejected the results of a 1992 election. The Bicesse Accord ended a civil war in this country between UNITA and the MPLA. This country which gained independence by the Alvor Agreement is currently led by Jose Eduardo dos Santos. For the point, name this former Portuguese colony north of Namibia whose capital is Luanda.

Angola

This was the first woman to be crowned with St. Edward's Crown, which was usually reserved for males. The "Spanish Chronicle" describes how Thomas Cromwell plotted to remove this figure from power. She was allegedly betrothed to Henry Percy before that arrangement was broken by Cardinal Wolsey. This figure's downfall came when Mark Smeaton confessed to being her lover, and she was replaced by Jane Seymour. For the point, name this second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I.

Anne Boleyn

Henry Vane and John Cotton attended this leader's religious meetings, which developed into the Antinomian controversy. The Portsmouth Compact was signed by 23 of her followers after she was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Roger Williams supported, for the point, what Puritan who moved her followers to modern Rhode Island?

Anne Hutchinson

This man wrote "The appearance of influence or access [...] will not cause the electorate to lose faith in our democracy" in his majority opinion in the Citizens United case. In 2015, he wrote "No union is more profound than marriage" to close the majority opinion of Obergefell v. Hodges, legalizing same-sex marriage in the United States by a 5-4 vote. For the point, name this Supreme Court justice, whose libertarian views often make him the "swing vote" on the current Supreme Court.

Anthony Kennedy

This disease's Vollum strain was isolated on Gruinard Island. The largest recorded outbreak of this disease devastated the cattle population during the Rhodesian Bush War. Bruce Edward Ivins was largely suspected of sending samples of this disease to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy with the message "Death to America, death to Israel, Allah is great." For the point, name this diseased spread by spores that was stored in envelopes during various 2001 terrorist attacks, frequently used as a bioweapon.

Anthrax

The inspiration for this political party was the disappearance of William Morgan, and it was supported by the Enquirer, published by Thurlow Weed. This party held the first presidential nominating convention; it chose William Wirt, who won Vermont's electoral votes in 1832. This party was gradually absorbed by another anti-Democratic party, the Whigs, because it enjoyed a broader platform. For the point, name this 19th century political party whose primary goal was the downfall of a certain secret society.

Anti-Masonic Party

This scientist's early studies included analysis on Parisian street lighting and the health effects of the Parisian sewers. With Laplace, this scientist showed that respiration was a slower form of combustion. This scientist's refusal to let Jean-Paul Marat into the Academy of Science, coupled with his forays into tax collection, ultimately led to this scientist's death by guillotine during the Reign of Terror. For the point, name this French chemist who disproved phlogiston theory, devised the law of the conservation of mass, and named oxygen.

Antoine Lavoisier

Gerard of Cremona translated several writings from this language, including the pharmacology treatise De Gradibus. A writer in this language claimed that a wad of cotton placed next to fire burns because of God, not fire, in a twenty-chapter work attacking an entire school of thought, incurring the blistering response The Incoherence of the Incoherence. A father of philosophy in this language studied at the House of Wisdom. Writers in this language translated Aristotle, thereby keeping Greek thought alive during the Dark Ages. For the point, name this language of al-Kindi, which flourished in medieval Cairo and Baghdad.

Arabic

Michael Jones suggested founding a Welsh colony in this country's Chubut Province. The Tehuelche people, who were nicknamed for their large leather shoes, are indigenous to this country's share of Patagonia. The tallest mountain in the Western Hemisphere, Aconcagua, is located in this nation's portion of the Andes. Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America is owned by, for the point, what country with capital Buenos Aires?

Argentina

This document's Article XIII stated that "the union shall be perpetual," a phrase omitted from its successor. John Dickinson's committee drafted, and the Annapolis Convention improved, this document, which failed to enforce tax collection and whose weaknesses were exposed by Shays' Rebellion. For the point, name this document replaced in 1788 by the U.S. Constitution.

Articles of Confederation

Translations of this man's work by Harriet Martineau popularized his views in England. This man envisioned a set of worldwide temples modeled on Catholicism without God in his plans for a secular "Religion of Humanity." The motto "Ordem e progreso," on Brazil's flag, is translated from the writing of this man, who wrote that humanity progressed from the "metaphysical" to the "theological" stage as part of his Law of Three Stages. For the point, name this French founder f the pro-science philosophy of positivism, who coined the terms "altruism" and "sociology".

Auguste Comte

The Telephone Herald, the world's longest running telephone newspaper, was founded in this empire. Its joint institutions were indicated by the abbreviation K.u.K. This empire was formed by the 1867 Ausgleich and was dismantled after World War One, which started after the assassination of its heir, Franz Ferdinand. For the point, name this Dual Monarchy ruled by the Habsburgs that had its primary capital at Vienna and its secondary capital in Budapest.

Austria-Hungary

A 2010 court ruling about this city divided a holy plot of land into thirds, giving one-third to the Nimrohi Akhara sect. The legendary slayer of the demon Indrajit came from this city, in a tale in which a pair of sandals was left on its throne. A 1992 bombing of the Babri mosque in this city was linked to the nationalist party BJP. In a poem revered by Hindus, a prince exiled from this city for fourteen years defeats the ten-headed rakshasa Ravana to rescue his wife Sita. For the point, name this site of religious tension in contemporary India, regarded as the birthplace of Vishnu's avatar Rama.

Ayodhya

A 2012 study of this commodity by Cambridge historian Mary Beth Day argued that its sudden overexploitation caused the largest city in Southeast Asia to fall by the 17th century. The Yasodara Tataka was one place where this material could be found. Villages in Southeast Asia used storage units called trapeang for this resource. Rectangular contraptions called the East and West Barays held this resource for the city of Angkor, which could also obtain it from the Tonle Sap. For the point, name this resource which the Khmer empire also drew from the Mekong river.

Fresh Water

This entity twice refused to give Phillip V money to put in the royal coffers. This entity was founded to negotiate a conflict between Phillip the Fair and Pope Boniface VIII. It was inactive between 1614 and 1789, after which Louis XVI was urged to summon this entity to discuss economic reform; shortly thereafter, one section of this body named itself the National Assembly and issued the Tennis Court Oath. For the point, name this tripartite French advisory body, composed of representatives from the clergy, nobility, and everyone else

Estates-General

On the right side of one of this artist's paintings, a man in a turban rides a black horse rearing over a group of anguished victims of the Greek War of Independence. In another work celebrating the July Revolution, this artist painted a boy wielding two pistols to the right of a bare-breasted woman waving the tri-color. For the point, name this painter of The Massacre at Chios and Liberty Leading the People.

Eugene Delacroix

This artist painted smoking ruins behind Baldwin I in his Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople. This artist painted the legendary last king of the Assyrians ordering all of his concubines killed. In another of his paintings, an Ottoman soldier on a rearing horse surveys the grim results of a massacre on a Greek island. This painter of The Death of Sardanapalus and The Massacre at Chios painted a woman holding a musket it one hand and the tricolor in another in his representation of the July Revolution. For the point, name this French painter of Liberty Leading the People

Eugene Delacroix

The FKA became the exclusive supplier to this mission's target for the next twenty-nine months as a result of the outcome of this mission, which led to the largest ground search of all time. Victims of this event, whose body parts were found in Texas and Louisiana, included the Israeli Ilan Ramon as well as Kalpana Chawla and commander Rick Husband. This event was caused by wing damage and compromised heat protection that occurred when a chunk of foam detached at liftoff. For the point, identify this 2003 disaster which destroyed a Space Shuttle.

Explosion of the Challenger

William Rehnquist cited this essay in opposition to over-broad use of judicial review in his opinion in Furman v. Georgia. Decades before Dorr's Rebellion, it claimed that "some power altogether independent of the people" would quickly take over Rhode Island if that state split off from the rest of the Union. It asks rhetorically if government is "but the greatest of reflections on human nature" before claiming that "If men were angels, no government would be necessary." This essay from an 85-part collection argues for a government structured so "Ambition [is] made to counteract ambition." For the point, name this Federalist paper which coined the term "checks and balances."

Federalist Paper #51

Guibert of Nogent was a noted chronicler of this campaign. During a part of this campaign, Jews were massacred in Metz and other cities in the Rhineland as part of the People's Crusade. A piece of the Holy Lance was found during the Siege of Antioch during this Crusade. Led by Godfrey of Bouillon and Bohemond of Taranto, this Crusade took control of a holy city from the Fatimid Dynasty, establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem. For the point, name this Crusade called for by Urban II at the Council of Clermont.

First Crusade

The legal status of this region's language was established by the Equality Law, and the Pilgrimage of the Yser commemorates soldiers from this region who died in World War I. This region contains the exclaves of Baarle-Hertog and Voeren, and this cloth-producing region profited from the wool trade with nearby England. Infantrymen from this region defeated Philip IV of France at the Battle of the Golden Spurs. This region is located north of Wallonia. For the point, name this region that occupies the northern half of Belgium where Dutch is spoken.

Flanders

ACLU reporter Curt Guyette published an internal memo, written by Miguel del Toral, discussing this city's failure to provide CCT, a process ended by this city's mayor, Dayne Walling, in April 2014. Eighteen months later, after a serious leaching issue was announced, this city resumed using Lake Huron, rather than a local river, whose corrosive water was left untreated by this city. Lead contamination has poisoned the drinking water in, for the point, what Michigan city?

Flint

This person's secretary, Fabre d'Eglantine, was implicated for trying to scam money using the East India Company. This person produced a newspaper with his friend, Camille Desmoulins, and proclaimed "We need audacity, and yet more audacity, and always audacity." He was held responsible by his enemies for the September Massacres, and this President of the Cordeliers club told the crowd that his only regret was that he was "going before that rat Robespierre." For the point, name this first president of the committee of Public Safety who was later guillotined for his opposition to the Reign of Terror.

Georges Jacques Danton

In the aftermath of this event, a still on-going refugee problem studied by Benny Morris occurred which is part of the greater "Nakba." This event followed the heels of the passage of UN resolution 181. This event was solidified in a speech dated 5th of Iyar 5708 which noted the "natural right" of a people to be "masters of their own fate," and was given by David Ben-Gurion at an event that had the singing of "Hatikva." For the point, identify this 1948 event that formalized a nation that included Tel Aviv.

Founding of Israel

This conflict was called for in the bull Post Miserabile. Baldwin of Flanders was chosen over Boniface of Montferrat for the position of Latin Emperor during this conflict. The Siege of Zara during this conflict was led by a 90-year-old blind man. Alexius IV was made emperor during this conflict, which was called for by Pope Innocent III. Enrico Dandolo led forces in, for the point, which early 13th century Christian attempt to conquer Jerusalem that, instead, occupied the Byzantine Empire and founded the Latin Empire?

Fourth Crusade

This man obtained a copy of every book published in his realm with the Ordonnance of Montpelier, and the Ordonnance of Villagers-Cotterets replaced Latin as the bureaucratic language with French. The Affair of the Placards hardened this man's attitude against Protestants. and this man attempted to form an alliance with Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. For the point, name this French monarch, who patronized Leonardo da Vinci and lost to his archival Charles V at the Battle of Pavia.

Francis I

This artist was inspired by the Belvedere Torso to create a print where a mutilated naked man sits on top of a tree stump. He created a series that included "emphatic caprices" and "fatal consequences" of a war with France. This artist depicted events from the Peninsular War in The Charge of the Mamelukes and a work in which a man in a white shirt stretches his arms upward in front of a firing squad. For the point, name this Spanish artist of the "Disasters of War" prints and The Third of May, 1808.

Francisco Goya

One ruler with this name was known as the Stupor Mundi. One ruler with this name was defeated at the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League and drowned in the Saleph River during the Third Crusade. Another ruler with this name refused to recognize the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, starting the War of Austrian Succession and occupying Silesia. For the point, give this name of a Holy Roman Emperor nicknamed "Barbarossa" and a "great" king of Prussia.

Frederick

The prototypes of this product were named "Rocky," "Skip," and "Ace." This product shares its name with a 1945 movie that was the life story of reporter Ernie Pyle. Its copyrighted features include a scar on its right cheek. A variant of this thing in England was called "Action Man." By the late 1960's, this thing was marketed as an "Adventurer" to avoid anti-Vietnam War backlash. Hasbro was reluctant to sell this thing because marketers thought boys would not play with dolls. For the point, name this action figure, a "real American hero" that is a miniature soldier.

G.I. Joe

This person recruited the Capite Censi into the army. He defeated the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones by winning the Battle of Aquae Sextiae, earning him the epithet "third founder of Rome" four years after winning the Jugurthine War. This man modernized the Roman army but was driven out of Rome when a rival undertook the first Roman march on Rome and introduced proscriptions. For the point, name this uncle of Julius Caesar and enemy of Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Gaius Marius

Francisco Lopes Suasso financed the campaign of one ruler during this event, in which one ruler fled to France when his supporters were surprised and defeated on Broad Street by a Dutch force. The Jacobites attempted to restore the Stuart king who was deposed in this event. William and Mary gained the throne after, for the point, what 1688 revolution that ousted James II from England?

Glorious Revolution

This man easily defeated Ken Norton at the "Caracas Caper." Norman Mailer claimed this athlete lost a match thanks to Angelo Dundee loosening the tightness of the ropes. This man's victory at the Sunshine Showdown in Jamaica was marked by Howard Cosell's call of "Down goes Frazier! Down goes Frazier"! He lost his championship in 1974 in a match where his opponent used the "rope-a-dope" strategy in Zaire. This man lost to Muhammad Ali at the "Rumble in the Jungle." For the point, name this boxer who in 1994 became the oldest heavyweight boxing champion in history.

George Foreman

A Jean-Antoine Houdon sculpture of this man in his military uniform stands in the rotunda of the Virginia State Capitol Building. Constantino Brumidi created an Apotheosis of this man, who was the subject of Gilbert Stuart's Lansdowne Portrait. Grand Wood's painting Parson Weems' Fable shows this figure as a child, after he cut down a cherry tree. For the point, name this man, who Emanuel Leutze painted Crossing the Delaware.

George Washington

The Society of Cincinnati was formed in honor of this President, who sent Charles Pinckney to sign a treaty that allowed for navigation rights on the Mississippi River. This man issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in response to Citizen Genet's actions to recruit supporters for foreign wars, and he warned of the formation of political parties and "entangling alliances" in his farewell address. For the point, name this president who led the Continental Army during the American Revolution.

George Washington

Participants in this event were aided by the National Urban League. Robert Sengstacke Abbott's Chicago Defender newspaper encouraged this event by calling for a "drive." This event resulted in riots during the Red Summer, and it mirrored the earlier exoduster movement. The most famous series of paintings by Jacob Lawrence depicts this event. Participants in this event were often sharecroppers who left the "black belt" region. For the point, name this twentieth century movement of millions of African Americans to northern cities.

Great Migration

The Ottoman Empire became involved in this conflict through the Pruth River Campaign. The Siege of Fredriksten during this conflict saw the death of one leader, who had previously attacked in a blinding snowstorm at the Battle of Narva. One side in this conflict ceded Ingria in the Treaty of Nystad, where the city of Saint Petersburg was eventually built. During this conflict, Charles XII lost the Battle of Poltava to Peter the Great. For the point, name this 18th century war in which Sweden was defeated by Russia.

Great Northern War

This conflict was preceded by the Orlov rebellion and encouraged by the "Friendly Society." George Canning helped organize one intervention in this conflict through the Treaty of London, and it was ended by the Treaty of Constantinople. The Pruth River was crossed by Alexander Ypsilantis in this conflict, which included a massacre at Chios and the naval battle of Navarino. For the point, name this conflict in which revolutionaries on the Peloponnese fought the Ottoman Empire.

Greek War of Independence

A Richard Russell chaired committee said this decision was a "shock to national pride." After this decision was made, Robert Taft said the country "is led by a fool who is surrounded by knaves." It was defended by a man using, for the first time, the phrase "the wrong war, at the wrong place, and the wrong time." This decision resulted in the promotion of Matthew Ridgway. A few days after this decision was made, the man it affected gave the "Old Soldiers Never Die" speech in front of Congress. For the point, name this April 1951 decision in which President Truman relieved a General of the Army fighting in the Korean War.

Harry Truman's release of Douglas MacArthur

The first book of reporter Randy Shilts was a biography of this man, his close friend. This man's "Hope Speech" denounced the Briggs Initiative, which targeted certain public school teachers. His one-time intern was UNITE HERE activist Cleve Jones. The White Night riots broke out after this man's killer successfully used the "Twinkie defense" at his trial. Known as the "Mayor of Castro Street," he was, along with George Moscone, killed by former city supervisor Dan White in 1978. For the point, name this member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, the first openly gay person to be elected in California.

Harvey Milk

This scientist examined the rise and fall of the Assyrians and Persians in his occult treatise The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms. This natural philosopher included the section "On the System of the World" in his magnum opus, whose title was borrowed by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell for a later work. He once wrote in a letter to Robert Hooke that states "if I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." For the point, name this author of the Principia Mathematica who supposedly derived his universal law of gravitation after an apple fell on his head.

Isaac Newton

An attempt to appease participants in this event led to the arrest of Amir Abbas Hoveyda. Leading up to this event, protesters were killed at Jaleh square after the declaration of martial law. The secret police organisation SAVAK was dissolved after this event. A 2500-year anniversary was controversially celebrated prior to this revolution, in which the Pahlavi Dynasty was overthrown. The Shah was replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini in, for the point, what 1979 revolution that established a religious fundamentalist government in Iran?

Islamic Revolution

The Venona Project was a secretive initiative headed by this man. While working in the Justice Department, this man investigated targets of the Palmer Raids. Helen Gandy served as secretary for this man and spent weeks attempting to destroy his secrets after his death. This man's organization conducted COINTELPRO in order to target suspected communists. Clyde Tolson was a companion of this man, who labeled John Dillinger "public enemy number one". For the point, name this longtime head of the FBI.

J. Edgar Hoover

This person was the editor of Larry Gonick's book "The Cartoon History of the Universe." This person said "We have such a great civilization" while giving a televised house tour with CBS' Charles Collingwood. In an interview with Theodore White, this person quoted Queen Guinevere in describing her family's love of the musical Camelot. She wears a blood-stained pink suit in a photo taken of her on a plane. This woman married a Greek shipping magnate in 1968, five years after her husband's murder. For the point, name this First Lady married to a President assassinated in 1963.

Jacqueline Kennedy

This man was president when banlieue riots erupted after the deaths of two Algerian teenagers in a power station, and Maxime Brunerie attempted to kill him with a knife. He was prime minister in the "cohabitation" government with Francois Mitterrand. He went to a runoff with the National Front's Jean-Marie Le Pen to win re-election in 2002. For the point, name this center-right President of France from 1997 to 2007, denounced by American Republicans for opposing the Iraq war.

Jacques Rene Chirac

This man received an extra year in prison for his June 1977 escape from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in eastern Tennessee, bringing his total sentence to 100 years. Loyd Jowers, who was fined $100 for wrongful death, claimed that this man was innocent. This man was arrested in Heathrow Airport using a fake Canadian passport with the alias Ramon George Sneyd. He had initially traveled to Canada after he was seen fleeing a rooming house, where he left his rifle, across the street from the Lorraine Motel. For the point, name this man who was convicted of the April 4, 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

James Earl Ray

This group began a revolt by symbolically overturning the cauldrons in the Meat Quarter. Members of this group were taught in the Enderun school. The Sekbans led the Jelali revolts against this group, and this group was targeted by the Nizam-i Cedid reforms. Mahmud II suppressed this group following the Auspicious Incident. This group was maintained through the Devsirme, or "blood tax." For the point, name this elite military group primarily made up of converted Christians which served the Ottoman sultans.

Jannisaries

This man told Governor William Claiborne that he was "the stray sheep, wishing to return." This man was killed in an attack on the ship General Santander and previously served as the manager of the secret trades on the island of Barataria. He eventually began capturing slave ships from his colony of Campeche on Galveston Island. This man, with his older brother, Pierre, met with Andrew Jackson in December 1814 and offered his assistance for a battle which ended in January the following year. For the point, name this French pirate who was pardoned for his service at the Battle of New Orleans.

Jean Lafitte

This man asked "Why, then, are we not simply Marxists?" in his work Search for a Method. This man wrote that to shoot down a European is "to kill two birds with one stone" in his introduction to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth. This man stated that "existence precedes essence" in a lecture about how the title concept "is a humanism." This man uses the example of a cafe waiter's duties as a form of "bad faith" in his work Being and Nothingness. For the point, name this French existentialist philosopher.

Jean-Paul Sartre

Al Gionfriddo caught a long fly ball hit by this player in the 1947 World Series that would have tied the game had they not been playing in Yankee Stadium. In a Paul Simon song, "A nation turns its lonely eyes to" this man, the first athlete to receive a six-figure salary. This brother of Boston Red Sox outfielder Dom preceded his most famous accomplishment with a 61-game string in the minor leagues. For the point, name this "Joltin'" Yankee outfielder whose 56-game hitting streak in 1941 remains the major league record.

Joe DiMaggio

The house that this man built during his ambassadorship to the Netherlands became the first American embassy on foreign soil. This man anonymously denounced the Stamp Act with his article series "A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law." He quipped that "Facts are stubborn things" to justify his legal defense of the redcoats who perpetrated the Boston Massacre. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves were drafted as a response to the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts passed during this man's presidency. For the point, name this husband of the enlightened woman Abigail, the second president of the US.

John Adams

This group's leader was sued by Elmer Gertz, the lawyer of a man shot by a Chicago police officer. The second leader of this group died when Korean Airlines flight 007 was shot down by the Soviets and was Congressman Larry McDonald. This group's founder got rich making Sugar Daddies, a type of caramel lollipop. Founded by Robert Welch, this group was named for a Baptist missionary killed in China and sometimes said to be the "first American casualty of the Cold War." The founder of Koch Industries was one of its first members. For the point, name this right-wing, anti-Communist group founded in 1958

John Birch Society

This man replaced Abel Upshur after the USS Princeton incident, and as James Monroe's Secretary of War, he created the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This man became the first U.S. vice president to resign after the Peggy Eaton affair soured his relationship with his former running mate. For the point, name this author of the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, a senator who advocated for nullification.

John Calhoun

Jay Robert Nash claims this man survived by using double "Jimmy Lawrence" to take his place the night he supposedly died. This man was frequently aided by girlfriend Billie Frechette. While staying at the Little Bohemia Lodge, he was chased after by Melvin Purvis. This leader of the Terror Gang had such confederates as George "Baby Face" Nelson. This man was set up in a sting involving Anna Sage, the "woman in red," who went with him to see Manhattan Melodrama at the Biograph. For the point, name this Depression-era gangster who was killed coming out of a Chicago movie theater in 1934.

John Dillinger

A man with this surname led the U.S. Army into Utah shortly after the Mountain Meadows Massacre. A man with this surname led forces at the Battle of Seven Pines and was succeeded by Robert E. Lee after he was struck in the chest. Another man with this surname was shot in the leg while fighting at the "Peach Orchard." A man with this surname reinforced P.G.T. Beauregard at the Battle of First Bull Run and surrendered to William T. Sherman following the "March to the Sea." For the point, give this surname shared by Confederate Generals Joseph and Albert Sidney, the latter of whom was killed at the Battle of Shiloh.

Johnston

Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs attempted to reduce this man's power by issuing the Extermination Order. His failed joint stock company, Kirtland Safety Society, led him to relocate in an area he called "Zion". This man's order to destroy the facilities of the newspaper Nauvoo Expositor led to his execution by a mob while in jail, after which he was succeeded as his group's president by Brigham Young. For the point, name this founder of Mormonism.

Joseph Smith

This man was spotted laughing at the romantic scenes between Sergei and Katerina and shuddering in disgust at loud orchestra hits during a performance of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District. This man's artistic views were enforced by his cultural censor, Andrei Zhdanov. An attempt to mend fences with this man was subtitled "A Soviet Artist's Reply to Just Criticism." For the point, name this dictator who clashed with Dmitri Shostakovich while leading the USSR in the 1950s.

Joseph Stalin

The 1895 case Sparf v. US ruled that these groups of people do not have to be told that they have the right of nullification. In Williams v. Florida ruled that the size of these groups of people is flexible, though Ballew v. Georgia determined 5 to be too small. These groups are to be "impartial" according to the Sixth Amendment, which guarantees access to one of these groups in all criminal trials. For the point, name these groups of people, usually 12, who are tasked with rendering verdicts.

Jury

During this period, the first military code of law of the country, the Goseibai Shikimoku, was adopted. During this period, Hojo Yoshitoki came into conflict with Cloistered Emperor GoToba in the Jokyu war. During this period, there were two Mongol invasions, and the money spent preparing for a third invasion led to its downfall. This period was ended when Go-Daigo successfully rebelled in the Kemmu restoration, and the first leader of this shogunate was Minamoto no Yoritomo. For the point, name this Japanese shogunate which followed the Heian period, the first Japanese shogunate.

Kamakura Shogunate

This man noted "The system broken, the schools closed, the prisons open" in a song that sampled King Crimson, and remixed a track that sampled Shirley Bassey to add a verse about blood diamonds. This rapper of "POWER" and "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" caused controversy at a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina when he stated that "George Bush doesn't care about black people." for the point, name this rapper who interrupted Taylor Swift at the VMAs and recorded "Gold Digger."

Kanye West

In 2008, this country launched the Vision 2030 development program under Mwaki Kibaki. In the Goldenberg scandal, this country subsidized possibly non-existent gold exports, as authorized by President Daniel arap Moi. In 2013, its capital city's Westgate Shopping Mall was attacked by al-Shabaab, based in neighboring Somalia. For the point, name this African country, where Uhuru Kenyatta leads from Nairobi.

Keyna

For much of the 1500s, this kingdom was ruled by the Foix and Albret families. A Constable of France named Charles de la Cerda was assassinated on the orders of one of this kingdom's rulers named Charles the Bad. This kingdom's ruler Sancho VII successfully led the right wing at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Richard the Lionheart's wife Berengaria was a princess from this kingdom, whose most famous ruler was made king of France after declaring that "Paris is well worth a mass." For the point, name this original home of France's Henry IV, a kingdom in the Pyrenees with capital at Pamplona.

Kingdom of Navarre

A leader of this last name declared her intention to dissolve her country's Secretariat of Intelligence in January 2015. An arrest warrant for that politician of this last name was found in the trash of prosecutor Alberto Nisman. Another politician with this last name cleared the way for prosecution of officials who committed abuses in his country's "Dirty War". For the point, give this last name of the Argentine Prime Ministers Cristina and Néstor.

Kirchner

The succession of this dynasty is described in the AIMA prophecy. Isaac II of the Angelos dynasty ended this dynasty's rule. Robert Guiscard defeated the forces of this dynasty at the Battle of Dyrrhacium. At the Council of Piacenza, one ruler from this dynasty asked Pope Urban II for aid against the Seljuk Turks, which eventually resulted in the First Crusade. For the point, name this dynasty that was founded by Alexius I and ruled the Byzantine Empire during most of the 12th century.

Komnenos dynasty

In 1866, French admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze invaded this landform, taking almost 300 royal scrolls back which are still in Paris. A mugwort soup is common in the cuisine of this landform, where a mythical bear ate nothing but garlic and mugwort to become a woman. The main language of this landform has an idiosyncratic dialect spoken on Jeju island to its south. Construction halted in 1992 on a triangular, 105-story hotel on this peninsula, where failed invasions ran aground at the Salsu river going south and the Yalu river going north. For the point, name this peninsula whose Han river flows north of the Gangnam district of Seoul.

Korean Peninsula

The plaintiff in this case underwent plastic surgery and changed his name to Clyde Sarah. This case's plaintiff had been recently fired as a welder and had been denied admission into the service because of ulcers. Frank Murphy's dissent in this case noted "all residents of this nation are kin" and denounced the "the ugly abyss" of discrimination on display. This case supported Executive Order 9066 and the need for "proper security measures" on the West Coast. For the point, name this 1944 Supreme Court case that upheld Japanese American internment.

Korematsu v. United States

The Kachak movement in this province was suppressed following the death of Azem Galica. In 1981, student protests in this province led to the ouster of Mahmut Bakalli, this province had its autonomy rescinded in 1989. The failure of the Rambouillet Conference led to NATO bombing campaigns against one side in this province's civil war, which pitted its ethnic Albanian majority against the forces of Slobodan Milosevic. For the point, name this former Yugoslavian province that declared independence from Serbia in 2008.

Kosovo

This leader rose in power after winning the Toluid Civil War against his brother, Ariq Broke. He sent Bayan to help put down a rebellion led by Nayan. This leader twice attempted to invade Japan, but both attempts were stopped by a "divine wind," or kamikaze. Nestorian monk Rabban Sauma and Marco Polo visited the court of this emperor. The Yuan Dynasty was founded by, for the point, what Mongol emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan?

Kublai Khan

This party lost an election thanks to James Soong's third party run. Politicians not in this party were forced to run as Tangwai candidates. In its country's most recent presidential election, it was defeated by the DPP candidate Tsai Ingwen, who will replace its current head, Ma Ingjeu. This party's monopoly on cigarettes caused an incident that was followed by the White Terror, the 228 Uprising. For the point, name this party founded by Sun Yat-Sen, which fled to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War.

Kuomintang

The 1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane is also named for this lake, where it created storm surges that flooded Pahokee and Belle Glade and killed thousands. After that hurricane, a new dike named for Herbert Hoover was built around this lake, in which "the muck" was once farmed. Its primary inflow is the Kissimmee River, and its sheet outflow into the Everglades was controlled in the 20th century by building canals to the Miami River. For the point, name this largest lake in Florida.

Lake Okeechobee

In 1970, Richard Nixon went to this location at 4:15 A.M. to talk with student protesters. An event at this place was arranged after both protests by Charles Hamilton Houston's MACC group and Walter White's organization. Harold Ickes and Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for an event here after an earlier site was quashed by the Daughters of the American Revolution. In 1939, after being banned from performing at Constitution Hall, black singer Marian Anderson performed on the steps of this location. For the point, name this structure on the National Mall that honors the 16th President.

Lincoln Memorial

In a "Fragment of a Turkish Tale" by this writer, the title infidel become a vampire. This poet of "The Giaour" also used the story of Genevan patriot Francois Bonivard as the basis for "The Prisoner of Chillon". Another of his poems praises a "mind at peace with all below." This poet affixed a sarcastic dedication to "Bob" Southey to an "epic satire" about the title renowned lover. For the point, name this Romantic poet of "She Walks in Beauty" and Don Juan who died in the Greek War of Independence.

Lord Byron

In November 2015, bomb threats grounded two Air France flights leaving this city's airport, where a TSA officer was shot in 2013. In 2015, a threat that 33 "comrades" had planted bombs and timed nerve gas agents claimed to target every school in this city's Unified District, causing the school board and Mayor Eric Garcetti to close over 1,000 schools. For the point, name this California city where the Millennium Plot, an attack on LAX Airport, was foiled in 2000.

Los Angeles

In this city, a longtime advocate of siphoning Owens Valley water was discredited by the dramatic failure of the St. Francis Dam. This city, whose infrastructure in the early twentieth century was designed by William Mulholland, faced another man-made disaster in the early 2000's when the Rampart Squad was revealed to have fabricated evidence, ten years after rioting in this city on the acquittal of Rodney King. For the point, name this oft-troubled California city, which is beset by smog on Rodeo Drive and in Hollywood.

Los Angeles

In one speech, this man praised Jacob Ruppert, Ed Barrow, Joe McCarthy, and others, and said that despite his "bad break," this successor of Wally Pipp considered himself "the luckiest man on the face of this earth." This man's most famous accomplishment was bested in 1995 by "Iron Man" Cal Ripken when he played in his 2,131st consecutive game. For the point, name this New York Yankees first baseman who died in 1941 from ALS, a disease that now bears his name.

Lou Gehrig

Prior to the Final Solution, this location was proposed by Franz Rademacher as a destination for European Jews. In this present-day nation, Ranavalona III was the last monarch of the Merina Kingdom; that kingdom was replaced by French colonial rule in 1897 and by the Malagasy Republic in 1958. Antananarivo is the capital of, for the point, what large island country off the southwest coast of Africa?

Madagascar

This modern-day state was the site of the majority of fighting in Father Rale's War. The boundaries of this modern-day state were not set by the Treaty of Utrecht, leading to war with the French-backed Wabanaki Confederacy after fort construction near the Kennebec River. The unrecognized Republic of Madawaska bordered this state. The border of this state with the Canadian province of New Brunswick led to the Aroostook War and was resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. For the point, name this northeasternmost continental US state

Maine

The bottom of this work was intended to depict plants with their roots visible in the soil. Statues of Jupiter and a headless Caesar flank this work, whose center shows a hand with a glowing orb. Its artist proposed adding Abraham Lincoln to the left side, but Nelson Rockefeller ordered it destroyed anyway. Man, Controller of the Universe is a recreation in Mexico of, for the point, what Diego Rivera mural that controversially depicted Vladimir Lenin?

Man at the Crossroads

A section in this man's magnum opus on the "world-historicality" of individuals might have been inspired by Ernst Junger's war memoir "Storm and Steel." This thinker, who claimed that all philosophers between Plato and himself misunderstood the "ontological question," was revealed in 2014 to have kept "black notebooks" containing anti-Semitic rants. This teacher and lover of Hannah Arendt dismissed his mentor Edmund Husserl after being appointed rector of the University of Freiburg in 1933. For the point, name this German philosopher who remained unrepentant about his Nazi party membership, the author of Being and Time.

Martin Heidegger

One album by this man featured "Inner City Blues" and a song that decried "oil wasted on the oceans." That hit song was "Mercy Mercy Me," which appeared on his album What's Going On. A recent hit pop song plagiarized this singer's "Got to Give It Up," and this man sang "I'm just about to lose my mind" in his most famous song. For the point, name this American soul singer who was ripped off by Robin Thicke and who recorded songs like "I Heard It Through the Grapevine."

Marvin Gaye

This ruler ordered Stephen Tomasevic executed at the Emperor's Field during his conquest of Bosnia. This ruler was targeted by Vlad the Impaler's night attack at Targoviste. This ruler's most famous military conquest required transporting galleys overland to avoid a boom chain across the Golden Horn and led to the death of Constantine XI Palaiologos. For the point, name this sultan of the Ottoman Empire who had the Hagia Sophia renovated and converted into a mosque after he conquered Constantinople.

Mehmet the Conqueror

This thinker described the separation of the patient's identity and body as the "medical gaze." One of the title concepts of this thinker's works makes individuality cellular, organic, genetic, and combinatory. This thinker argued that the Renaissance regarded the title trait as a form of intellectual giftedness, and he used Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon to describe the ideal modern prison system. For the point, name this French philosopher who wrote Madness and Civilization and Discipline and Punish.

Michel Foucault

The first ruler of this dynasty rose to power after winning the battle of Lake Poyang, and this dynasty crushed the Miao rebellions. The missionary Matteo Ricci was active during this dynasty. The last ruler of this dynasty hanged himself as the capital fell to Li Zicheng. Its capital had shifted under the Yongle ruler, who also dispatched the treasure fleets led by Zheng He. For the point, identify this dynasty that ruled China before the Manchu invasion.

Ming Dynasty

A structure along this river was deliberately destroyed near Caernarvon to protect a larger population center, on the orders of banker James Butler. This river's Mounds Landing was the site of a deadly breach where African-Americans were forced to pile sandbags at gunpoint. Relief efforts along this river were led by the "Great Humanitarian," Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, in contrast to President Coolidge's inaction. For the point, a "Great" 1927 flood affected what river, whose banks are home to the cities of St. Louis and New Orleans?

Mississippi River

In one speech hosted by Marc Leder, this man called himself "as poor as a church mouse" and noted that "I'll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives," noting that his message "doesn't connect." In that fundraising speech, this man argued that, "no matter what," 47% of people will vote for President Obama. For the point, name this candidate whose ticket with Paul Ryan earned, coincidentally, 47% of the popular vote in the 2012 presidential election.

Mitt Romney

While in one of these places, Richard of Wallingford built an intricate astronomical clock. The Plan of St. Gall is a drawing of one of these places. Alcuin of York sent a letter to Higbald following the destruction of one of these places by Vikings. Columba founded one of these institutions on the Isle of Kells, and they were the subject of the Cluniac reforms. Robert Aske led the Pilgrimage of Grace in response to the dissolution of these institutions. For the point, name these institutions exemplified by Lindisfarne, where monks lived.

Monasteries

Ralph Anspach developed an "Anti-" version of this game, and Elizabeth Magie created one precursor to this game to teach Henry George's single-tax system. The name of a subdivision in Margate is misspelled in this game, which was popularized by Charles Darrow. The official rules require the use of auctions when direct purchases are declined and do not mention placing any money on Free Parking. The Atlantic City Boardwalk is the most expensive property in, for the point, what real estate-trading board game?

Monopoly

It's not Clinton, but it was the surname of the first Chairman of the Erie Canal Commission. A man with this surname used a pegleg after getting his leg caught in his carriage wheels and died using a whale bone to clear his urinary tract. Another man with this surname influenced Alexander Hamilton with a document called "On Public Credit" drafted during his time as Superintendent of Finance. This was the surname of the so-called "Financier of the Revolution" from Pennsylvania and a New Yorker who wrote the Constitution's preamble. For the point, name the surname of Founding Fathers Robert and Gouverneur.

Morris

After being deposed, one ruler of this empire fought his brother Kamran. The second ruler of this empire was defeated at Kannauj by Sher Shah of Sur; his son defeated the usurper Hemu. It reached its greatest size after the Deccan kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda were conquered by Aurangzeb. This empire was founded by a man who defeated the Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat, Babur. Its greatest ruler was Babur's grandson, Akbar. For the point, name this Indian empire whose name reflects its Mongol origins.

Mughal Empire

A force led by this man besieged his former home city to raid a temple of Hubal. Afterwards, he signed the Treaty of Hudaibiyah, which allowed his followers to perform the Umrah in peace. This leader's temporal and spiritual authority was assumed by the Rashidun, or Rightly Guided Caliphs, after his death. This man authorized the Caravan Raids on the trading partners of the Quraysh shortly after making the Hijra to Medina from Mecca to escape persecution. For the point, name this founder of Islam.

Muhammad

According to tradition, this man was born after a war elephant knelt and refused to attack the city where he would be born. Tradition holds that this man was commanded "iqra," meaning "recite," by a figure who appeared to him yearly. Early helpers of this man are known as ansar. This man banished the Banu Nadir Jews after his defeat at Uhud, which came after his victory at Badr. He later won the Battle of the Trench against his own Quraysh tribe. During his hijrah, he went to Medina after fleeing Mecca. For the point, name this prophet and founder of Islam.

Muhammad

Protests against these events at Moruroa were to be joined by the Rainbow Warrior when it was sunk by the French. The most recent one of these events took place at Punggye-ri in 2016. The first of these events inspired one observer to quote the Bhagavad Gita, and Novaya Zemlya was the site of the largest of these events, which used Tsar Bomba. For the point, name these experiments carried out by the U.S. at the Trinity site and Bikini Atoll that involve exploding hydrogen or atomic bombs for scientific purposes.

Nuclear Weapon Testing

This man's decision in Silverthorne Lumber v. U.S. ruled that evidence obtained from an illegal search was not allowed in court, a doctrine later known as the "fruit of the forbidden tree." This man declared that "three generations of imbeciles are enough" while upholding Virginia's forced sterilization law in Buck v. Bell, and he declared that the First Amendment did not give an "absolute right" to "shout fire in a crowded theater". For the point, name this Supreme Court justice who devised the "clear and present danger" test and was the son of a prominent Bostonian poet.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

One member of this family contested the Hungarian throne with Janos Zapolyas and incited a rebellion against him that ended up with that member of this family winning the Battle of Tarcal. Inbreeding in this family resulted in a characteristic "lip" in this family, whose last monarch was removed from power after World War I. For the point, name this ruling house of the Holy Roman Empire, also known as the House of Austria.

House of Hapsburg

Many monuments in this nation feature the Turul bird, a mythical falcon. The largest and most sacred building in this nation is the Catholic Basilica at Esztergom. At the center of this nation's capital is the Chain Bridge, which united two cities in the late 19th century. This country's coat of arms features the red-and-white Arpad stripes. A tilted cross sits atop this nation's Byzantine Style Holy Crown, named for its first Christian king, St. Stephen. For the point, which European nation has a gothic Parliament house on the banks of the Danube in its capital of Budapest?

Hungary

Thorismund became king after his father died in battle against these people in Gaul. One ruler of these people took the gift of Honoria's ring as a marriage proposal, beginning a campaign that ended at the Catalaunian Plains against Theodoric and Flavius Aetius Another leader of these people, Bleda, was killed by his brother while on a hunting trip. For the point, name these nomadic people who lost the Battle of Chalons under their leader, Attila.

Huns

In 2001, Trent Dilfer was chosen to deliver this phrase instead of Ray Lewis, possibly due to Lewis' connection to a double murder. The first commercial use of this phrase was by Phil Simms in January 1987. This phrase is often recorded twice, with different names, for marketing purposes, and is traditionally accompanied by the song "When You Wish Upon a Star". For the point, give this phrase traditionally spoken by the newly-announced Super Bowl MVP as a response to the question "What are you going to do next?"

I'm going to Disney World(Land)!"

Paul Henderson played this sport, and was a star of the Summit Series contested in this sport. Stars in this sport included Vladimir Tretiak and forward Valeri Kharlamov, in a year when Finland won the silver medal in this sport following a surprise entrant to the gold-medal game. Jim Craig and Mike Eruzione played this sport in the Olympics under coach Herb Brooks. For the point, name this sport in which the all-amateur U.S. team defeated the heavily favored Soviets at Lake Placid in 1980's "Miracle on Ice."

Ice Hockey

In this battle, Francis Randall's heart attack caused the only fatality for the winning side. It began when Charles Gridley was told "you may fire when ready," and it ended with the near total destruction of the Spanish fleet, crippling them in the Pacific theater of the Spanish-American War. For the point, name this naval battle fought near the capital of the Philippines.

Battle of Manila

After this battle, a garrison on Psyttaleia was slaughtered by Aristides the Just. A Calyndian ship was accidentally sunk by a fleeing ally during this battle; that ally, Artemisia of Halicarnassus, inspired the losing general to quip "My men have become women, and my women, men!" The winning side in this battle lured the enemy fleet into the narrow straits, trapping them as Xerxes watched from a nearby cliff. Themistocles was victorious at, for the point, what 480 BC naval battle, a victory for the Greeks over the Persians?

Battle of Salamis

This battle featured the 1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, which was composed entirely of women, and a stubborn defense of Pavlov's House. Georgy Zhukov implemented a plan known as Operation Uranus to encircle Friedrich Paulus' German 6th Army during this battle. The Nazi forces in this battle sought to gain access to the oil fields near the Volga River. For the point, name this World War II battle that served as a turning point for the USSR.

Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Magnesia followed one battle fought at the same site as this battle. 700 Thessalians were slaughtered and a force of Phocians were bypassed during this battle, where one leader replied "come and take them" when asked prior to this battle to lay down his arms. Ephialtes led the Immortals through a mountain pass to outflank the losers of this battle, which was fought at the same time as the Battle of Artemesium. For the point, name this battle, where Xerxes II forced a last stand by Leonidas and 300 Spartans.

Battle of Thermopylae

A series of caves known as "Prairie Dog Village" were dug during this battle to house civilians. Victories at Port Gibson and Raymond set up the winning commander in this battle along a major river, and the losing commander at this battle failed to repel attacks on Champion Hill and Big Black River Bridge. A relief effort by Joseph E. Johnston never reached this battle, which was fought over a hub on the Mississippi River. For the point, name this 1863 battle where Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee forced the surrender of John C. Pemberton's Army of Mississippi at the namesake town.

Battle of Vicksburg

During this battle, a defensive line was formed westward from the Elsenborn Ridge. One site of fighting during this battle was Saint-Vith. George Patton kept a promise to relieve a siege at this battle within 48 hours, and then began a counterattack. During this battle, Anthony McAuliffe replied "Nuts" at the siege of Bastogne. This battle was an attempt to cut off Allied supply lines running from Antwerp to the Ardennes Forest. For the point, name this battle named for the wedge the German attack drove into American lines.

Battle of the Bulge

Sixty German soldiers were killed on New Year's Day in the Chenogne massacre during this battle. During this battle, Omar Bradley was detained when one of his men believed that the capital of Illinois was Chicago. During this battle, the Meuse River offensive stalled, and Anthony McAuliffe refused to surrender despite being surrounded at Bastogne within enemy lines. For the point, name this last major German offensive on the Western Front in World War II, named for the deformation caused in the American line.

Battle of the Bulge

The third movement scherzo of this piece includes a repeat which is often ignored, and a statement of its first movement's second subject is often played by the horns instead of the bassoons. This composition's opening motif was used by BBC Radio during World War II as part of its "V for Victory" campaign, and was described by its composer as "fate knocking on the door". For the point, name this symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven that opens with a "short-short-short-long" rhythm.

Beethoven's Symphony #5

This man was promoted to Major General after a victory at the Battle of Ridgefield. He led a force that raided New London as part of the Battle of Groton Heights. During one battle, this man was injured while attempting to take the Breymann Redoubt; that injury is memorialized by a statue of a boot. As a result of that battle, this man was stripped of his position by Horatio Gates, after which this man contacted Henry Clinton. For the point, name this American general who conspired to handover West Point to the British.

Benedict Arnold

This man's forces defeated those of Sampson Matthews in a raid on Richmond. This man began using Samuel Wallis as a courier after being betrayed by Joseph Stansbury; Wallis delivered this man's messages to Henry Clinton. One plan conceived by this man failed when the HMS Vulture was attacked, leading to the capture of John Andre. For the point, name this general who attempted to sell West Point to the British during the American Revolution.

Benedict Arnold

This man decried a "dictatorship of relativism" while condemning science's purported claim to knowledge. He restored papal use of red shoes while serving as Pope, and he served as a consultant at Vatican II to Pope Paul VI. This man served as Archbishop of Munich and Freising before ascending to the papacy, and in 2013, made an announcement that hadn't been made since Celestine V in 1294. Francis I succeeded, for the point, what retired Pope?

Benedict XVI

In October 2015, this man controversially claimed the Grand Mufti convinced Hitler to carry out the Holocaust. This man noted "Perhaps you can now understand[...]" after 44 seconds of silence during a 2015 speech to the UN General Assembly. During a March 2015 election, this leader commented that "Arabs are going to the polls in droves" and that if elected, there would be no Palestinian State. For the point, name this leader of the Likud Party and Prime Minister of Israel.

Benjamin Netanyahu

This artist painted an Anglo-Dutch naval victory in the Nine Years' War in "The Battle of La Hogue". A white robed Roman widow bears the ashes of her assassinated husband Germanicus in this artist's Agrippina Landing at Brundisium. He became the first American-born president of the Royal Academy after succeeding Joshua Reynolds. He controversially depicted Simon Fraser and other onlookers wearing contemporary dress in a painting which shows the aftermath of a battle on the Plains of Abraham. For the point, name this painter of The Death of General Wolfe.

Benjamin West

This athlete postponed her retirement to pay court costs in a lawsuit filed by Marilyn Barnett, whose outing of their relationship made this athlete one of the first openly-lesbian athletes. Arthur Ashe Stadium is in a complex named for this athlete in Flushing Meadows. This winner of 12 Grand Slam singles titles earned $100,000 for winning a match in the Houston Astrodome in 1973 televised to over 50 million people. For the point, name this tennis player who defeated Bobby Riggs in the "Battle of the Sexes."

Billie Jean King

Teratogens are agents that cause these conditions. After the polio vaccine was introduced, the March of Dimes shifted its focus to this type of condition. Thousands of people suffering from this type of condition had the ailment linked to a drug used to remedy morning sickness, thalidomide. Cleft palate and microcephaly are examples of these conditions, the latter of which has recently been linked to the Zika virus. For the point, name this type of medical condition, also known as a congential disorder, that develops in a fetus.

Birth Defects

This event allegedly was caused by the conjoining of Saturn, Mars, and Jupiter under the sign of Aquarius and a solar eclipse on the same day. Alfonso XI of Castile was the only monarch to be killed by this event, which also claimed the life of Princess Joan of England. This event was spread when sailors from Genoa fled the siege of Kaffa. This event was spread by rats' fleas which spread the bacteria Yersinia pestis. For the point, name this 1300's epidemic that killed a third of all people in Europe.

Black Death

The myth that this person was buried between platforms 9 and 10 in King's Cross station inspired J.K. Rowling. This leader's army was encircled by their own families and unable to retreat in a defeat at the hands of Gaius Suetonius Paulinus at the Battle of Watling Street. This ruler led the Iceni and Trinovantes tribes in burning down Camulodunum. Tacitus and Cassius Dio disagree on whether this woman committed suicide after her defeat near present-day London. For the point, name this queen of the Iceni tribe who revolted against Rome during Nero's reign.

Boudica

This person released a hare from a robe in order to win the favor of the goddess Andraste. While an opposing army was busy massacring priests on the Isle of Mona, this leader sacked the city of Camulodunum. This leader allied with the Trinovantes but was defeated by Suetonius Paulinus at the Battle of Watling Street. This person succeeded Prasutagus as the leader of the Iceni tribe and may have been inspired by to act by her public flogging and the rape of her daughters. For the point, name this woman who led a revolt against the Romans in Britain.

Boudica

One symbol in this novel is a "T" in honor of the mass-produced car built by its calendar's namesake. At the end of this novel, which takes its title from The Tempest, Mustapha Mond reveals he has a secret collection of Shakespeare. "Gammas" are produced by the Bokanovsky process in this novel, in which Alphas and Betas are named for historical figures like Lenin and Marx. The pleasure drug soma is consumed in, for the point, what dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley?

Brave New World

A dark version of this product common in Finnish communities is called Limppu. A type of this substance that uses teff is common in Ethiopia and is called Injera. It's not chicken, but another version of this is often cooked in a tandoori oven, may contain yogurt, and is called Naan. This product was enriched with vitamins, sliced, and sold in American supermarkets with the adjective "Wonder." For the point, name this foodstuff that can come in pumpernickel, rye, or sourdough varieties.

Bread

TEU Article 50 deals with the legality of this cause. Nigel Farage is a staunch proponent of this cause. Citing a desire to prevent the erosion of democracy, Boris Johnson came out in favour of this cause in February 2016. It will be settled on June 23rd following a promise by David Cameron to hold a referendum. For the point, name this cause championed by UKIP, the UK Independent Party, that involves leaving a European community based in Brussels.

Brexit

One head of this organization drafted the Worldwide Attack Matrix, and its predecessor was led by "Wild Bill" Donovan. This organization's Sidney Gottlieb gave people LSD in Project MKULTRA. The downfalls of Jacobo Arbenz and Mohammed Mossadegh were orchestrated by this organization, which operated an aircraft whose pilot refused to use a suicide pill after crashing near Yekaterinburg. Gary Powers flew a U-2 plane for, for the point, what U.S. government agency that succeeded the OSS in its mission of spying on foreign powers?

CIA

After becoming a republican through his friendship with Baron Severino Cassio, this man fell out of political favor when he refused to wear a page uniform to serve the son of Charles Felix. This politician briefly resigned after the Peace of Villafranca, but returned and gave up Nice and Savoy to retain French support, which had been secured by the 1858 Treaty of Plombieres. For the point, name this Piedmontese statesman and first Prime Minister of a unified Italy.

Camillo Benso

One person of this first name enlisted Jean Fernel to help her husband's sexual problems and orchestrated the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre as regent to Charles IX. A ruler with this first name issued the "Toleration of All Faiths Edict." That ruler of this name faced a revolt led by a false Peter III and presided over the second and third partitions of Poland. For the point, give this female name common to a French queen from the Medici and a "great" empress of Russia.

Catherine

Toussaint Dubreuil represented this group as a hydra being crushed beneath the feet of the king. During the War of the Three Henrys, a Dominican monk linked with this group assassinated Henry III, ending the Valois Dynasty. During the Day of the Barricades, Henry of Guise led this group in taking over Paris. For the point, name this organization that opposed the accession of Henry of Navarre and sought to eradicate the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion.

Catholic League

A person of this profession was covertly supplied with gasoline by Andrew Mellon and brought a "Resolution of the Jobless" to Congress while leading his namesake "army" in 1932. The Program of Social Reconstruction was authored by a man with this job, John A. Ryan. With Francis Townsend, a man with this job founded the Union Party, which ran William Lemke for president. That person with this profession ran the newspaper Social Justice and used his radio show to denounce Jews and the New Deal. For the point, give this profession of Charles Coughlin, who was known as "Father" to his followers.

Catholic Priests

Thomas Fitzsimmons was one of the two members of this group who signed the U.S. Constitution. During the American Revolution, the most powerful members of this group were the Carroll family. In one colony, these people lost their political rights after Coode's Rebellion overthrew the Lord Proprietor. Other members of this group included George and Cecil Calvert. For the point, name this religious group that included the founders of Maryland, Christians who recognize the authority of the Pope.

Catholics

This man decreed that his family would be heirs to the unified Low Countries in a 1549 pragmatic sanction. Adrian of Utrecht served as regent for this ruler during the Revolt of the Comuneros. This ruler agreed to the Peace of Augsburg with the Schmalkaldic League, whom this ruler defeated at the Battle of Muhlberg. This ruler sponsored Ferdinand Magellan's expeditions and fathered Philip II of Spain. For the point, name this Holy Roman Emperor who was also the King of Spain.

Charles V

Recent cases such as Vann v. Salazar involve this tribe's dealings with its namesake freedmen, and this tribe formed the Phoenix newspaper. John Ross served as principal chief of this tribe as it contested Worcester v. Georgia, and Sequoyah invented a syllabary alphabet for these people. The Treaty of New Echota led to their relocation from Georgia under the Indian Removal Act of 1830. For the point, name this tribe forcibly removed by Winfield Scott in the Trail of Tears.

Cherokee

While serving in this organization, Jon Burge tortured hundreds of African-American men. This organization arrested a British Member of Parliament while breaking up a protest that ended in the arrest of Abbie Hoffman and his six accomplices. In February 2015, this organization was found to be operating a "Black House" where suspects were held without outside contact, embarrassing Mayor Rahm Emanuel. For the point, name this law enforcement group of Illinois' largest city.

Chicago Police Department

A G minor piece written for this occasion ends with a pastorale and was the eighth concerto grosso of Arcangelo Corelli's Opus 6. Songs for this occasion include ones named for Wexford and Coventry, whose performance was banned by the Rump Parliament of Oliver Cromwell. King George II began a tradition of standing up during another piece performed around this holiday. For the point, Handel's Messiah and carols such as "O Holy Night" are performed for what December holiday?

Christmas

On some of this man's inscriptions, he reversed the order of the phrase "Senatus Populusque Romanus," to "Populus Senatusque Romanus" to annoy the Senate. He faced a failed conspiracy by his sister Lucilla, and one of his favorites was the Phrygian freedman Cleander. This person celebrated a triumph after he concluded a peace with tribes on the Danube. He claimed that he was Hercules before ritually re-founding Rome as Romulus after a fire. He was finally killed by the wrestler Narcissus after fighting in the Plebeian games. For the point, name this son and successor of Marcus Aurelius.

Commodus

The decision to hold this meeting was agreed to in the Treaty of Chaumont. A key organizer of this event was Friedrich Gentz. At this meeting, Russia agreed to return Galicia to Austria, but gained the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. This gathering also incorporated Belgian lands into the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and organized a loose German Confederation. Delegates at this meeting included the Viscount Castlereagh and Tsar Alexander I himself. For the point, name this 1815 summit hosted by Klemens von Metternich in the Austrian capital.

Congress of Vienna

This ruler had his wife, Fausta, killed by leaving her in an overheated bath. He won a battle to come to power after having a vision of a labarum accompanied by the words "in this sign, you will conquer." At that battle, this ruler allied with a future rival, Licinius, to defeat Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge to take control of Rome. For the point, name this first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

Constantine I

This city hosted a 2009 UN-sponsored international climate change conference. A paradigm in physics which opposed complementarity in describing atoms as quantum mechanical systems is known as this city's namesake "interpretation". A physicist from this city formulated the correspondence principle and first modeled a ground-state hydrogen atom as having probabilistic orbitals. For the point, name the city in which Niels Bohr worked, the capital of Denmark.

Copenhagen

Louis Nolan died in this conflict, whose survivors "lack their food tonight" and "lacked a bed for the night" according to one poem. Another poem about this conflict describes riding into the "jaws of Death" and "mouth of Hell." That poem describes the "half a league, half a league, half a league onward" that a group of six hundred rode "into the valley of Death" near the city of Sevastopol. The Battle of Balaclava was part of, for the point, what war commemorated in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade, fought over Russian control of the Black Sea?

Crimean War

Hans Tausen led the Protestant Reformation in this country. According to legend, this country's flag fell from the sky during the Battle of Lyndanisse. The first king of this country, Gorm the Old, was commemorated by the construction of the Jelling Stones under his son Harald Bluetooth. This country lost control of Norway after the Treaty of Kiel, which was reaffirmed by the Congress of Vienna. For the point, name this Scandinavian country that has had many kings named Christian rule from its capital, Copenhagen.

Denmark

A painting by this man contains a row of long spears above a large horse's rear end on the right side, while in the foreground a large key is handed to Ambrogio Spinola by Justin of Nassau. He painted an oil portrait of the Moorish slave Juan de Pareja as a study for his official portrait of Pope Innocent X. This painter of The Surrender of Breda served as the court painter to Philip IV, during which time he included himself in a portrait of the Infanta Margarita Teresa and her entourage. For the point, name this Spanish painter of Las Meninas.

Diego Velazquez

In this year, a December 12th "safe harbor" deadline caused the Supreme Court to deliver a ruling one day after hearing oral arguments. In this year's election, the runner-up candidate requested that four counties, including Broward, recount ballots amidst technical problems caused by "hanging chads." Ralph Nader's Green Party candidacy in this year may have contributed to a narrow Democratic loss in Florida. For the point, name this presidential election, essentially decided by the Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore.

Election of 2000

In this election year, a defeated candidate requested, but did not recieve, a roll call vote at the convention so that "18 million cracks in the glass" could be represented. In this year, one candidate delivered the "A More Perfect Union" speech to respond to one controversy, a month before controversially noting that "it's not surprising" that small town communities "get bitter, they cling to guns or religion". The campaign slogan "Yes, we can" was used in, for the point, what election year in which Hillary Clinton lost the Democratic nomination to the eventual president, Barack Obama?

Election of 2008

Landmarks in this location include a "kissing post" and the "stairs of separation." A 1998 Supreme Court Case gave over eighty percent of its present land to New Jersey. People who traveled to this location underwent a six-second physical and were asked questions such as how much money they had, after which two percent were returned to their country of origin. About 12 million immigrants came to America through, for the point, what island in New York Bay?

Ellis Island

One of these documents with "eight legs" was part of the civil service exam in the Ming dynasty. One rk in this form describes the arithmetic and geometric growth rates of food production and population, respectively, and was written by Robert Malthus. This literary genre includes two, on Criticism and on Man, by Alexander Pope, and one Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke. Michel de Montaigne invented, for the point, what type of argumentative, scholarly writing often performed by students applying to colleges?

Essay

In June 2015, Greenpeace activists in this state dangled off the St. John's Bridge to prevent a Shell Oil icebreaker from sailing to Alaska. Charges of arson on this state's federal land against Dwight and Steven Hammond led the Citizens for Constitutional Freedom to protest in this state's city of Burns. Ammon Bundy instigated the armed occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in, for the point, what Pacific Northwest state?

Oregon

A king of this name was defeated by the Kalbid emir of Sicily at the Battle of Stilo. Writers like Widukind of Corvey and Hroswitha of Gandersheim were patronized by kings of this name during their namesake renaissance. A king of this name married Adelaide of Italy, signed a "Diploma" with Pope John XII, and defeated the chieftains Lel and Sur near Augsburg. That king with this name was the son of Henry the Fowler and defeated the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld. For the point, give this name of the first Germanic Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto

This statement was shown to be independent of several others by Beltrami, who used a map from the pseudosphere to the unit disk. George Bolyai created a "strange, new universe" by assuming that this statement was not true. Playfair and Walls' axioms are equivalent to it. A corollary of this law states that the interior angles of a triangle will always sum to 180 degrees. It was introduced in its formulator's book Elements. This statement requires that a line and a point exist on a plane. For the point, name this member of Euclid's postulates that states certain types of lines will never intersect

Parallel Postulate

This man observed that the "accumulation of navies" was "meant for us, they can be meant for no other" and visualized clanking chains on the fields of Boston. This man was interrupted by accusations of treason after asserting that "Caesar had his Brutus, and Charles I his Cromwell." He declined to attend the Constitutional Convention, claiming that he "smelt a rat in Philadelphia". For the point, name this Founding Father who, in 1775, declared to the Virginia Convention that "I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death."

Patrick Henry

Husband Kimmel and Walter Short were fired for being unprepared for this event. A famous picture taken during this event depicts the explosion of the U.S.S. Trent, although the greatest loss of life was aboard the U.S.S. Arizona. Shortly after this event, a speech labeled the day of this event "a date which will live in infamy." For the point, identify this event which forced the United States into World War II after the Japanese bombed a naval base on Oahu, Hawaii.

Pearl Harbor

Charles Ives' second piece in this form has movements dedicated to Emerson and Thoreau and is subtitled "Concord." The second of these pieces by Frederic Chopin, in B flat minor, contains a funeral march that was played at the funerals of JFK and Leonid Brezhnev. Mozart's eleventh of these pieces for piano ends with a march that imitated Janissary bands, the Rondo alla Turca. For the point, name these multi-movement works for solo piano that include Beethoven's "Moonlight."

Piano Sonatas

This man described being attacked by a mob in Venezuela in his book Six Crises. While this man was praised for his speeches at the American National Exhibition, his superior joked needing a week to think of any ideas this man had. He claimed that his wife wore a "respectable Republican cloth coat." This man vigorously debated Nikita Khrushchev in the "Kitchen Debate." In a speech, this man said he would not return "a little cocker spaniel" and defended the use of a slush fund. For the point, name this man who gave the 1952 "Checkers speech" and who was Vice-President under Dwight Eisenhower.

Richard M. Nixon

In one of this composer's works, a title character allows himself to be wounded by Melot. In "Art and Revolution," this man introduced the idea of the "total work of art." One of his operas ends with the "Liebstod" and opens with a namesake harmonically-ambigous chord. This author of "Jewishness in Music" wrote The Mastersinger of Nuremberg, later used at Nazi rallies. For the point, name this German composer of Tristan and Isolde and the Ring of the Nibelung cycle

Richard Wagner

A class of people known as calatores served people with this occupation. Some people with this occupation marked out a certain area of the sky with a lituus. The right to hold this occupation was extended to the plebeians by the Lex Ogulnia. These people used a sacrificial knife called a secespita. A specific group of these people swore an oath of virginity and maintained a sacred fire in the temple of Vesta. The Pontifex Maximus was the leader of these people. For the point, name this occupation held by the Romans who facilitated religious ceremonies.

Roman Priests

A period of domination by the Theophylacti family in this city was known as the saeculum obscurum, or Rule of the Harlots. Olimpia Aldobrandini was the heir to a family fortune in this city, which passed to her husband, Camilio Pamphili. Benvenuto Cellini defended this city during the War of the League of Cognac, though it was captured and sacked by forces loyal to Emperor Charles V. This city's Aurelian Walls were breached on the Vente Settembre by Piedmont-Sardinia, resulting in the capital of a new country being moved here from Florence. For the point, name this capital of Italy.

Rome

The success of this series led to a lawsuit from Harold Courlander, who said it was based on his 1967 novel. This series led to a follow-up program where Marlon Brando played Nazi George Lincoln Rockwell. In this series, Ben Vereen played cockfighting expert "Chicken George." The eighth episode of this series remains the third most watched fictional television program of all time. Historians argue its first part, set in The Gambia, led viewers to incorrectly believe white slave traders abducted the most slaves in Africa. For the point, name this 1977 miniseries based on an Alex Haley novel about Kunta Kinte.

Roots

Thomas Young, of double-slit experiment fame, worked on this object; his work proved helpful for Jean-Francois Champollion. This stele was surrendered to the British after it was discovered by soldiers in Napoleon's army near the port city of Rashid. A decree from Ptolemy V Epiphanes is inscribed on this object in the cursive demotic script and the Greek alphabet. For the point, name this Egyptian document inscribed with three languages that allowed the translation of hieroglyphics.

Rosetta Stone

This party expelled its left-wing 79 Group in 1982. Winnie Ewing was this party's first Member of Parliament. It rescinded its opposition to NATO in 2012, and its current platform calls for relocation of the Trident missile system. This party has since 2007 formed the government in Holyrood and is currently headed by Nicola Sturgeon. Its long-time leader Alex Salmond stepped down after its failure to defeat the Better Together campaign in a 2014 referendum. For the point, what party is working to make the northern third of Great Britain an independent country?

SNP

One ruler of this dynasty had King Luarsab II executed after he refused to convert to Islam. This dynasty lost territory after the Treaty of Amasya, but regained much of it due to the military efforts of Abbas the Great. Selim the Grim greatly outnumbered the Qizilbash forces of this dynasty at the Battle of Chaldiran. This dynasty used the lion and sun to represent the state and religion as the pillars of society, whose use continued under future dynasties such as the Afsharids and Qajar Dynasty. For the point, name this first Shia dynasty to rule Iran.

Safavid Dynasty

Roberto Viaux headed a group in one attempt to overthrow this man, codenamed FUBELT. This leader put Stafford Beer in charge of a computer-run system to manage the economy that was named Project Cybersyn. The Tanquetazo was a failed attempt to overthrow this leader. This leader was elected as the head of the Popular Unity coalition, and won support after the death of Rene Schneider. In 2011, an autopsy declared this man to have committed suicide with an AK-47 given by Fidel Castro after his military stormed La Moneda. For the point, name this socialist President of Chile who was ousted in a 1973 coup and succeeded by Augusto Pinochet.

Salvador Allende Gossens

This city removed its Embarcadero Freeway after a disaster near Loma Prieta. This city's artificial Treasure Island is connected via causeway to Yerba Buena Island. A former military base in this city, the Presidio, contains the southern approach for an iconic orange suspension bridge. For the point, name this city on the northern San Andreas Fault, which suffered a 1906 earthquake and contains the Golden Gate Bridge.

San Francisco

This man consolidated the power of the federal government with the Seven Laws. This man forced Isidro Barradas to sign the Capitulation of Pueblo Viejo. This target of the Plan of Ayutla was wounded by French grapeshot during the Pastry War. This man signed the Treaty of Velasco with the Republic of Texas after the Battle of San Jacinto. For the point, name this wooden-legged Mexican general who won the Battle of the Alamo.

Santa Anna

In 2015, Austria denied that their anti-trafficking searches violated this agreement. The Dublin System details how countries who adhere to this agreement process asylum, and Viktor Orban threatened to block Croatia's accession to this agreement due to migrants crossing through Croatia to Hungary. For the point, name this 1985 agreement, signed in Luxembourg, which provides for travel between European Union-member countries without border checks.

Schengen Agreement

This group successfully defended a siege of Bremen and won the proceeding Battle of Drakensberg. The defeat of this group led to the Capitulation of Wittenberg. This group fell apart after suffering a defeat at the Battle of Muhlberg. Taking its name from a town in Thuringia, this group was first formed by Philip I of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony. For the point, what league of German states entered a namesake war fighting against Charles V to protect Protestantism?

Schmalkaldic League

This island was conquered by Roger I, and his son Roger II made it the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean. Its odd cultural mix came from its conquests by the Arab Aghlabids and the Norman de Hautevilles. Locals in this region rebelled against Charles of Anjou's rule during its namesake "Vespers." For the point, name this Mediterranean island whose capital is Palermo and which is located just off the "toe" of the Italian peninsula.

Sicily

This speech describes all kings as "Grasshoppers". This oration is best read as a refutation of Solomon Stoddard's Half-Way Covenant, and it frequently caused listeners to faint or run away shrieking with its images of a "loathsome insect" being held over a fire, symbolizing man's precarious position with God. For the point, name this speech first given in Enfield in 1741, which defined the First Great Awakening and was delivered by Jonathan Edwards.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Bernice Fisher was regarded as the "godmother" of this technique, which CORE frequently used. The Friendship Nine were convicted of practicing this action in Rock Hill, South Carolina, after which they proclaimed "Jail, No Bail." These events often took place at drug stores, such as ones at Morgan State College in 1955 and a famous one at a Woolworth's store in Greensboro, North Carolina. For the point, name this form of protest during the Civil Rights Movement, which involves occupying an area in protest.

Sit-ins

A 2012 Smithsonian exhibition on these people was subtitled "The Paradox of Liberty." Peter Carr was accused of having illicit affairs with some of these people. Edmund Bacon oversaw these people where they worked on producing nails. James Callender first expounded a theory that some of these people, including Madison and Eston, had mixed genes due to a controversial intimate relationship. For the point, name these people, including Sally Hemings, who were kept in enslavement on the estate of Monticello.

Slaves of Thomas Jefferson

Leslie Collier's use of peptone and the invention of the bifurcated needle helped improve this procedure. A new method for this procedure was first performed on James Phipps and was invented after an observation that milkmaids infected with a mild disease caught from cows were resistant to a more common serious disease. For the point, name this protection against a now eradicated skin disease, invented by Edward Jenner.

Smallpox Vaccine

This bill was sometimes named after Pennsylvania senator Joseph Grundy. Thomas Lamont of J.P. Morgan called this bill "asinine" and said it "intensified nationalism all over the world." This bill was co-sponsored by a Republican Senator from Utah who was the subject of a four year debate about whether his Mormon apostle status rendered him ineligible to serve. Paul Douglas, Irving Fisher, and over a thousand other economists signed a petition asking Herbert Hoover to veto this legislation, which made U.S. imports decrease 66 percent. For the point,name this 1930 law that set tariff rates to record levels.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One ruler of this empire failed to appease Ahmad al-Mansur with gifts of gold. This predecessor of the Dendi Kingdom was brought to an end in a battle where the enemies redirected a cattle stampede with gunpowder weapons. It was defeated at that battle by Judar Pasha of the Saadi dynasty who razed the salt mines at Taghaza. The founder of this empire conquered Djenne after a long siege. That founder was Sunni Ali, and this empire reached its height under Askia Muhammad II. For the point, name this West African empire centered at Gao which succeeded the Mali Empire.

Songhai Empire

Defense Department requests to perform imaging prior to this event were denied, as concern over the reinforced carbon-carbon panels was dismissed. The first reported issue was when hydraulic sensors went "off-scale low;" shortly after that, Doppler radar picked up a debris trail over Texas and Arkansas. This event was triggered when a piece of foam broke off the external tank and damaged the left wing, leading to the deaths of seven astronauts. For the point, name this 2003 disaster, the second loss of a Space Shuttle, after which the program was discontinued.

Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster

A council held in what is now this country recorded scriptures on a series of palm-leaf manuscripts, held in the Vinaya, Sutta, and Abhidhamma pitakas. This country's first bhikkhuni was Queen Anula of the Anuradhapura kingdom. The Pali Canon was first written down in the first century BC in this country, where a sacred tooth was brought to Kandy. Theravada Buddhism is followed by most of the Sinhalese people on, for the point, what island country south of India?

Sri Lanka

During this event, one person pleaded with his attackers to "respect these grey hairs." After hearing of this event, Phillip II was said to have laughed for the only time on record. Pope Gregory XIII sent Charles IX a golden rose following the murder of the aforementioned Gaspard de Coligny during this event, which was probably ordered by Catherine d'Medici and took place shortly after Margaret of Anjou's marriage to Henry of Navarre. For the point, name this 1572 slaughter of Huguenots in Paris.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This event's namesake establishment was operated by the "Fat Tony" Lauria of the Genovese crime family, which often blackmailed the establishment's patrons. Participators in this event sang a parody of the "Howdy Doody" theme song entitled "We are the Village Girls." This event was sparked by an NYPD liquor raid. President Obama mentioned this event with Seneca Falls and Selma in his second inaugural address. For the point, identify this 1969 riot at the namesake New York bar that marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement.

Stonewall Uprising

James Ionsin funneled money appropriated for this program towards basic research instead, and Carol Rosin coined the derisive name which became permanently attached to this program. This program, which was effectively phased out in 2002 after being subsumed into the BMDO in 1993, was to rely on "x-ray lasers" and may have been a ruse to cause an economic war with the USSR. For the point, identify this 1980s program advocated Ronald Reagan which was to use space-based stations to shoot down enemy missiles.

Strategic Defense Initiative

The constitutionality of this program was upheld in Ashwander v. [this agency]. Its Tellico project was delayed for years over concerns about the snail darter. George Norris championed its creation after the failure of his earlier Muscle Shoals bill. This agency educated residents in its service area about crop rotation and currently operates three nuclear plants in addition to 29 hydroelectric plants. For the point, name this New Deal agency that dammed rivers for flood control and rural electrification?

Tennessee Valley Authority

Experiments with the Moog synthesizer led Wendy Carlos to produce a "Switched-On" version of this composer's work. This composer included a three-voice and six-voice ricercar in a collection of keyboard pieces based on a theme given to him by Frederick the Great. Despite being a devout Lutheran, he wrote a Catholic Mass in B Minor, and Felix Mendelssohn revived this man's work with an 1829 performance of his German-language St. Matthew Passion. For the point, name this Baroque composer of the Brandenburg Concertos.

Johann Sebastian Bach

This man forced his enemies to withdraw to Castle William after falsely boasting about the size of his army. That incident occurred when this man's ship Liberty was seized following a dispute over a wine shipment. This first governor of an independent Massachusetts was closely aligned with Samuel Adams, and neither of them were pardoned by Thomas Gage following the Boston Tea Party. For the point, name this chair of the Continental Congress who legendarily wanted to aid King George III's troubled vision by signing the Declaration of Independence in exceptionally large print.

John Hancock

Along with with Elbridge Gerry and Charles Pinckney, this man represented the US as a diplomat during the XYZ affair. This judge ruled that grants based on previous state laws could not be voided in the Yazoo lands scandal in Fletcher v. Peck. He found New York's regulation of steamboat commerce unconstitutional in Gibbons v. Ogden. For the point, name this US Chief Justice who established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison.

John James Marshall

This man's trek from Indiana to Florida was recounted in his "A Thousand Miles to the Gulf." The Lone Pines earthquake helped lend credibility to this man's theory on the formation of the Owens Valley. He broke with Gifford Pinchot following a disagreement over logging and grazing in forest reserves. This opponent of the damming of the Hetch Hetchy reservoir was notably photographed overlooking Glacier Point alongside Theodore Roosevelt in Yosemite National Park. For the point, name this naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club.

John Muir

At his inaugural mass, this pope repeated the words "Be not afraid!" This author of Love and Responsibility was shot by a member of the Turkish Grey Wolves named Mehmet Ali Agca. He adopted the same papal name as his predecessor, who had only been in office for 33 days before dying in 1978. On a trip to his homeland, he spoke in favor of the Solidarity movement. For the point, name this first Polish pope, who was succeeded by Benedict XVI.

John Paul II

One defender of this city refused to surrender by saying, "I have no reply to make...other than from the mouths of my cannons..." This city was attacked by Massachusetts Bay Colony forces under Sir William Phipps after they took Port Royal in King William's War. Sir Guy Carleton held off a siege of this city after an attack on it during which Daniel Morgan was captured, Richard Montgomery was killed, and Benedict Arnold was wounded. For the point, name this city attacked in 1775 during the American Revolution, the namesake of a French Speaking Canadian province.

Quebec City

This organization was founded at Hotel Cecil, and it engaged in "Pink's War" against Mehsud tribesmen in South Waziristan. "Article XV" units were trained to serve alongside this force, which used Sir Barnes Wallis' "bouncing bombs" in the "Dambusters" operations. The success of this force's Spitfires led one leader to claim that "never...was so much owed by so many to so few." This entity was able to prevent Operation Sealion was prevented by the successes of, for the point, what military force that fended off the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain?

RAF

This writer's best known work about the sea includes a chapter called "The Birth of an island" and is titled The Sea Around Us. Monsanto responded to a work by this author by publishing the pamphlet, "The Desolate Year." That work by this author describes takes its title from John Keats' line, "The sedge has wither'd from the lake, And no birds sing." This author is most notable for a book that inspired the banning of DDT. For the point, name this author of Silent Spring.

Rachel Carson

A song by this band prompted Alan Keyes to jump into a mosh pit at the 2000 Iowa Caucus. This band called for the release of activist Mumia Abu-Jamal in a song that states "More for Gore or the son of a drug lord? None of the above." Following 9/11, Clear Channel suggested banning this band's entire catalog from radio airplay. The cover of this band's self-titled 1992 album depicts a monk burning himself. Songs like "Guerrilla Radio" appear on their album The Battle of Los Angeles. For the point, name this band known for politically-charged songs such as "Bulls on Parade" and "Killing in the Name."

Rage Against the Machine

This person famously favored the Thirteenth Legion. He defended against the forces of Commius by building a second trench facing outward in addition to one facing inward to siege Alesia, where he captured Vercingetorix. This proconsul of Gaul proclaimed that "the die is cast" before crossing the Rubicon River, after which he defeated his rival, Pompey, in a civil war. For the point, name this Roman dictator who was killed on the Ides of March.

Julius Caesar

In this nation, the 30 September Movement assassinated several generals in a coup attempt, leading to the massacre of the PKI party. "Police actions" were undertaken in this nation by the Dutch. The New Order succeeded Guided Democracy in this nation, which hosted the Bandung Conference and temporarily withdrew from the UN under the leadership of Sukarno. For the point, identify this nation ruled by the military under Suharto until his fall in 1998.

Indonesia

Frederick Muhlenberg was stabbed for supporting this agreement in the House, and effigies of this treaty's namesake were burned across the East Coast. The St. Croix River was set as a boundary in this agreement, and although the British retreated from their Western forts, it failed to stop impressment of American soldiers. For the point, name this 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain, negotiated by the first Supreme Court Chief Justice.

Jay's Treaty

Frank Capra collaborated on a collection of seven films in this genre which included Divide and Conquer. That collection of films in this genre was inspired by, and a reaction to, a work in which Leni Riefenstahl depicted the Nuremberg Rallies, Triumph of the Will. The U.S. government commissioned Why We Fight, an example of, for the point, what type of film meant to sway public opinion, usually created in wartime?

Propoganda Films

Colonel John Ohmer disguised an entire aircraft factory in this city as a suburban area. The shelling of Ellwood led to widespread paranoia and a "battle" over this city that consisted of anti-aircraft guns shooting at a perceived enemy air raid. A riot in this city began when the "Vengeance Squad" sought out pachucos wearing distinctive broad-shouldered, long-coated clothing. For the point, name this city where American servicemen attacked Mexicans in the Zoot Suit Riots.

L.A.

A Peter Paul Rubens depiction of this man shows him holding a book and his right hand outstretched while a ray of light is shining upon him. This man experienced a spiritual awakening after being wounded at the Battle of Pamplona, and he later wrote a book after his time living with the Benedictine Monastery in Montserrat called The Spiritual Exercises. He created an organization based on his religious awakening that included Francis Xavier. For the point, name this founder of the Jesuits.

St. Ignatius

One ruler of this modern day country married Taytu Betul after succeeding Yohannes IV. With Liberia, it was the only African country not to be colonized, having defended itself at Adowa against Italian forces. The Solomonic dynasty ruled, for the point, what country, once known as Abyssinia, which was led by Menelik II from Addis Ababa?

Ethiopia

One play about this war concerns a power struggle between a sausage-seller and Cleon, who supported this war. Another play about this war, written after the disastrous Sicilian Expedition, describes a group of women taking an oath around a bowl full of wine. Those women refuse to have sex with their husbands unless they agree to end this war. Aristophanes' 411 BC play Lysistrata protested, for the point, what war between Athens and Sparta?

Peloponnesian War

A famous photo taken in this city shows the stunned reaction of the tan suited Jim Leavelle. In this city, a man was arrested with a forced draft card made out to Alek James Hidell. During interrogations in this city, a man insisted he was only arrested because he had previously "lived in the Soviet Union." A man was arrested at a screening of the film War is Hell here shortly after killing police officer J.D. Tippit. That shooter was then soon after shot himself in the basement of this city's police headquarters by a nightclub owner. For the point, name this city where Jack Ruby shot presidential assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.

Dallas

J.D. Verhoeven's study of this material questions whether vanadium impurities led to its characteristic appearance. This ultra-high-carbon material was produced from wootz in a way that naturally formed carbon nanotubes. This shatter-resistant metal with a mottled finish was used in sword manufacturing until its production method was lost in the 18th century. For the point, name this type of steel produced in India but named for a Middle Eastern city where Crusaders encountered it.

Damascus Steel

During the reign of Charles VI of France, several men performing this activity while dressed in resin-soaked rags were accidentally set on fire. In a bizarre case of mass hysteria, hundreds of people compulsively performed this activity in Strasbourg during a namesake 1518 plague. A rapper sword or a longsword are sometimes used in a form of this activity known as "morris." The Black Death gave rise to an artistic motif in which skeletons engage this activity. For the point, name this activity exemplified by the minuet and the waltz.

Dancing

Hill v. McDonough provided that this action could be prosecuted under Statue 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. Woodson v. North Carolina prevents this process from occurring as a mandatory consequence. The federal government conducts this action at Terre Haute, Indiana. Gregg v. Georgia reinstated it in certain circumstances, overturning its predecessor, Furman v. Georgia, decided just 4 years earlier. The United States is the only Western country to continue to use, for the point, what form of punishment?

Death Penalty

During this event, its subject remembered that he owed Asclepius a rooster and asked Crito to pay the debt. This event, which was depicted at the end of the Phaedo, was required after its subject was found guilty of corrupting the youth of Athens and forced to consume hemlock. For the point, name this event in which the teacher of Plato committed court-ordered suicide.

Death of Socrates

The wife of Spartacus was an initiate into a cult worshipping this god. In the second century AD, Herodes Atticus built an odeon next to a theater honoring this god on the Acropolis. This son of Semele gained the epithet "twice-born," as he was actually born through Zeus' thigh. Bacchus was an alternative name of, for the point, what Greek god of fertility and wine?

Dionysus

Holders of this position used a boat called the bucentaur. This position shared power with the secretive Council of Ten and a body called the Quarantia. On Ascension Day, holders of this position would throw a ring into the ocean in the Marriage of the Sea ceremony. At the age of ninety, a blind holder of this position engineered the sack of Zara and redirected the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople. That holder of this position was Enrico Dandolo. For the point, name this position that governed a "Most Serene Republic," the city of Venice.

Doges

In one experiment, two of these animals were yoked together and given electric shocks that could be ended by pressing a lever. That experiment on these animals was conducted by Steve Maier and Martin Seligman and was used to develop learned helplessness theory. In another experiment, these animals had their esophagi cut and developed a conditioned reflex to an external stimulus. For the point, name these animals that were made to salivate by Ivan Pavlov.

Dogs

U.S. v. Seeger modified this policy by allowing non-religious exemptions, and U.S. v. O'Brien established that burning entities related to this policy counted as destroying government property. During the Civil War, anger over a $300 commutation fee led to a riot over this policy in New York. For the point, name this form of conscription operated by the Selective Service until it was retired by the United States following the Vietnam War.

Draft

A science historian with this surname documented the use of nuclear propulsion in his book Project Orion. It's not Butler, but George, a science historian with this surname, wrote about the evolution of intelligence in his 1997 book Darwin Among the Machines. An astronomer with this surname suggested that Type II Kardashev civilizations could be found via a method proposed in his paper "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation." For the point, what is the last name of the theoretical astronomer who postulated the existence of namesake spheres that surround stars to harvest their energy?

Dyson

In the months before this year's election, the author of The Prospect was prosecuted for attacking the incumbent President. This election partly turned on a party leader writing a fifty-page letter that attempted to get Charles Cotesworth Pinckney elected President. Chaos in the voting system for this election resulted in the Twelfth Amendment's passage soon afterwards. For the point, name this election in which the U.S. peacefully transferred power for the first time as Thomas Jefferson unseated John Adams.

Election of 1800

The "Ley de Lamas" is one way of organizing these events in several South American countries. The Gallagher index is a measure of the disproportional nature of these events, which are the subject of Condorcet's Paradox and Arrow's impossibility theorem. In early 19th century Britain, "rotten boroughs" held very small versions of these events. The act of re-organizing borders to affect eligibility for these events is known as gerrymandering. For the point, name these political events in which government leaders are chosen.

Elections

This woman once publicly whipped Johann Most for failing to support her actions. This publisher of Mother Earth gave lectures which influenced assassin Leon Czolgosz. With lover Alexander Berkman, she plotted to intervene in the Homestead Strike by assassinating Henry Clay Frick. She later wrote My Disillusionment in Russia about the shortcomings of Communism. For the point, name this leader of American anarchism in the early twentieth century.

Emma Goldman

One man with this title was converted to Catholicism by Pedro Paenz, who later was succeeded by the insolent Alfonso Mendes. That man with this title was Susenyos I, who was a part of the Gondarian line. Seven years after the Shewan line gained control of this title, its leader defeated the Italians at Adowa. Another person to hold this title is venerated as the messiah in Rastafarianism. Menelik II and other members of the Solomonic Dynasty held, for the point, what ruling position over an African country, last held in 1975 by Haile Selassie?

Emperor of Ethiopia

Supporters of this proposal seek to pass it using the "three state strategy." The Hayden rider was used to disrupt the text of this proposal, which was opposed with the phrase "I am for Mom and apple pie" by Phyllis Schlafly. Crystal Eastman and Alice Paul wrote this proposal in 1923, but it only received 35 state ratifications before expiring in 1982. For the point, name this proposed Constitutional amendment that aimed to stop discrimination based on sex.

Equal Rights Amendment

In one of this author's short stories, Robert Wilson watches a man shoot a buffalo as Margot shoots that man in the head. In a novel by this author of "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber," Pablo helps Robert Jordan blow up a bridge during the Spanish Civil War. This man wrote a novel based on his experience as an ambulance driver in World War I in which Catherine Barkley has an affair with Frederic Henry. For the point, name this American author of For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Sun Also Rises.

Ernest Hemingway

This treaty provided for the religious freedom of the Sephardi Jews. Despite the success of Jacques Massu in maintaining civilian order, the harsh tactics he used helped push forward this treaty. One signatory to this treaty was granted usage of the naval base and underground nuclear testing facility at Mers el Kebir. Though it was opposed by the right-wing OAS, this treaty was signed by the FLN and the government of Charles de Gaulle. For the point, name this 1962 treaty that ended the Algerian War of Independence.

Evian Accords

An unused New Yorker cover of this event features a man smiling ghoulishly while wearing a top hat and riding in a car with his predecessor. During this event, a man read a Raymond Moley penned speech, noting "the money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple." The primary speaker at this event had been shot at recently by Giuseppe Zangara and shortly after its completion, proposed the Emergency Banking Act. At this event, a man proclaimed "the only thing we have to fear is...fear itself." For the point, name this March 4, 1933, event, the official beginning of a certain Democrat's presidency.

FDR's First Inaguration

The Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were sunk in one battle fought at this location. Operation Mikado was a major offensive launched over this location, where Exocet missiles sunk the Sheffield. Admiral Graf von Spee was killed in 1914 at this location, where the General Belgrano was later sunk in a war sparked by Leopoldo Galtieri that boosted the popularity of Margaret Thatcher. For the point, name these islands contested by Great Britain and Argentina in a 1980s war.

Falkland Islands

During this battle, Scottish engineer Johannes Grant commanded counter-mining operations under the city walls. One commander in this battle created a slide of greased logs in order to transport ships overland past a chain in the water. During this battle, cannons designed by Orban helped damage the Theodosian Walls, which had stood for over 1000 years. Emperor Constantine XI was killed during this battle, a victory for Sultan Mehmed II. For the point, which 1453 event saw the Ottomans conquer the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

Fall of Constantinople

A dying Daniel Webster was carried into the Senate chamber on a litter to speak in favor of this law, which got Webster condemned as "Ichabod" in a John Greenleaf Whittier poem. This law ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C. and created New Mexico and Utah as territories. The main thrust of this law was admitting California as a free state in exchange for increased Northern aid in returning fugitives to the south. This omnibus bill was signed by Millard Fillmore. For the point, what last great North-South compromise was signed eleven years before the outbreak of the Civil War?

1850 Compromise

This phrase names Spike Lee's film production company. It was partially derived from the Special Field Orders Number 15 issued by General Sherman, and a proposal to provide food and tools in addition to that promised by this phrase was attempted by the Freedman's Bureau. For the point, name this phrase that supposedly promised land and agricultural supplies to freed slaves after the Civil War.

40 acres and a mule

One ruler of this dynasty gifted a water clock and elephant to Charlemagne. This dynasty gained the knowledge of papermaking after defeating the Tang Dynasty at Talas River. It came into power after winning the Battle of the Zab, and the last ruler of this dynasty was rolled up in a carpet and trampled after the 1258 Mongol Siege of Baghdad. For the point, name this Caliphate that succeeded the Umayyads.

Abbasid Caliphate

During this event, Emperor Suzong's generals, Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi, appropriated soldiers from the Uighur Khanate. The namesake of this event was assassinated by his son, who was later assassinated by General Shi Siming, a childhood friend of the namesake of this event. Angry soldiers killed Minister Yang Guozhong during this event and caused Imperial Consort Yang Guifei, one of the Four Beauties, to be strangled. The namesake of this event created the Yan dynasty. For the point, name this rebellion during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang, led by a namesake Sogdian general.

An Lushan Rebellion

In 2008, one holder of this position controversially suggested Sharia law was compatible with his country's laws. In addition to Rowan Williams, another holder of this position protested the passage of the Constitution of Clarendon, while another, Thomas Cranmer, created the Book of Common Prayer. This position, currently held by Justin Welby, was held by Thomas Becket when he was murdered in his cathedral. For the point, name this position that heads the Church of England under the British monarch.

Archbishop of Canterbury

Caesar Rodney resigned this position in 1811 when he wasn't appointed to the Supreme Court. Elliot Richardson resigned this post rather than fire Archibald Cox. The current holder of this position required 166 days to be confirmed by the Senate. Edmund Randolph was the first to serve as, for the point, what head of the Department of Justice, a position formerly held by Jeff Sessions?

Attorney General of the United States

The Royal Newfoundland Regiment was nearly wiped out during this battle in which the South African Brigade fought at Delville Wood. This battle was planned during the Chantilly Conference, and the lack of High Explosive shells led to most of the barbed wire remaining uncut on the first day. One engagement during this battle at Flers-Courcelette included the first combat use of tanks. For the point, name this bloody 1916 battle fought primarily by the British to relieve the French at Verdun.

Battle of the Somme

This agreement was the culmination of one nation's desire to uphold UN Resolution 242. Shuttle diplomacy was used in the making of this agreement, which failed to address the "right of return." This agreement, which paved the way for the future Oslo Accords, called for freedom of passage in the Straits of Tiran and Suez Canal. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to two signatories of this agreement, Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat. For the point, name this agreement between Egypt and Israel that was brokered by Jimmy Carter.

Camp David Accords

An authoritative school of thought from this nation argued that personal freedom comes second to the law. The Five Classics, including the Spring and Autumn Annals, were written in this nation by a thinker who promoted virtues like filial piety and a form of altruism called Ren in the Analects. Confucianism developed in, for the point, what nation where legalism was practiced during the Qin dynasty?

China

The Magnuson Act repealed one piece of discriminatory legislation directed at this specific group of people, who were encouraged to immigrate to the US by the Burlingame Treaty. The 14th Amendment was held to allow these people born in the United States to become U.S. citizens in U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark. In 1882, President Chester Arthur signed an act discriminating against this group, which grew in America during the building of the Transcontinental Railroad. That Exclusion Act targeted, for the point, what group of immigrants, who primarily emigrated to California?

Chinese Americans

One ruler performed this action after witnessing a monk called Poppo hold a red-hot iron without getting burned. Another ruler who performed this action shoved a snake with a hot poker down Raud the Strong's throat for refusing to perform this action. The Jelling rune stones commemorate this action, which was performed by the kings Harald Bluetooth and Olaf Tryggvason. For the point, name this action that involved abandoning a religion that worshiped Odin and Thor in favor of a religion that worships Jesus.

Converting to Christianity

During this war, Yegor Tolstoy successfully defended Taganrog during the Azov Campaign. Lord Raglan was criticized for another failed siege during this war. Florence Nightingale received the nickname "Lady with the Lamp" for tending to soldiers wounded in this war. The failed Charge of the Light Brigade took place in this war's Battle of Balaclava, which failed to end the Siege of Sevastopol. For the point, name this 1850s war fought between Russia and an alliance of France, Great Britain, and the Ottoman Empire, named for a peninsula on the Black Sea.

Crimean War

Near the end of this event, a leader wrote that "You can be sure that we will resist with determination, whatever the case," noting that an attack was "almost imminent." The "Armageddon Letter" was written by Fidel Castro during this event, shortly before a concession to remove Jupiter installations from Turkey placated Nikita Khrushchev. In its aftermath, the Moscow-to-Washington hotline was created. For the point, name this event in which, over 13 days in October 1962, the Soviets and Americans nearly instigated a nuclear war over the deployment of Soviet nukes in the Caribbean.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The first word in this title means "ocean," signifying great knowledge. The "Great Fifth" of these figures constructed their Potala palace. Those who hold this office are considered a yang srid, or reincarnation, of its first holder, Dge-'dun-grub-pa. The 14th and current holder of this office, Tenzin Gyatso, fled to India in 1959 after his homeland revolted against communist China. For the point, name this leader of "Yellow Hat" Tibetan Buddhists.

Dalai Lama

This monarch lost the Duchy of Parma to Spain in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This ruler was influenced by Jewish courtier Abraham Theben and sent physician Gerard van Swieten to investigate reports of vampires. This monarch allied with Louis XV in a deal arranged by her minister, Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, in the Diplomatic Revolution. Salic Law threatened the legitimacy of this monarch's rule, leading her father, Charles VI, to pass a Pragmatic Sanction. For the point, name this Austrian Empress who lost the War of the Austrian Succession.

Maria Theresa of Austria

Religious tensions in this colony led to the "Plundering Time." The rise of Henry Darnall in this colony helped provoke the jealousy of John Coode, who led a major rebellion here. Radmilla May claimed that the "final battle of the English Civil War" was fought in this colony at the Severn. The first act concerning tolerance in North America was passed in this colony. Cecil and George Calvert were governors of, for the point, what Catholic colony led by the Lord Baltimore?

Maryland

Police killed 41 people during one of these events in Marikana, South Africa in 2012. One of these became violent after a massacre at Ludlow against families who worked for John D. Rockefeller's Colorado Fuel & Iron Company. These events are sometimes broken when scabs are hired or union members are fired. For the point, name these actions in which miners protested working conditions by refusing to work.

Miner Strike

A force from this civilization destroyed the Spanish settlement of Cuenca that was founded by Juan Pardo in 1567. This civilization's artifacts and culture are connected by the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. The largest earthwork created by these people, Monks Mound, is one of the Cahokia Mounds near St. Louis. For the point, name this culture that thrived in the American midwest, particularly near the river for which they are now named.

Mississippian Culture

In 1861 John C. Fremont was criticized for putting this state under martial law. One Senator from this state was nicknamed "Old Bullion" for his opposition to paper money; that was Thomas Hart Benton. Dr. John Emerson purchased Dred Scott in this state. This state's city of Independence was the start of the Oregon Trail. For the point, name this border state admitted under the Compromise of 1820.

Missouri

John Dewey assisted this man's educational reforms, including the introduction of a modified Latin alphabet to replace Arabic script. After his country's borders were confirmed by the Treaty of Lausanne, his political reforms, including the abolishment of sharia courts and the caliphate in 1924, created a democratic and secular republic with a new capital, Ankara. For the point, name this founder of modern Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

One area of this city has been nicknamed Little Kurdistan for having the highest population of Kurds in the US. Its Bridgestone Arena was the site of a 2010 benefit concert after flooding caused billions of dollars of damage along the Cumberland River. A trail which ends in this city and begins in Natchez, Mississippi was the site of the death of Meriwether Lewis. This city is both the namesake of an acclaimed film directed by Robert Altman. It contains the Country Music Hall of Fame and is the site of regular performances at the Grand Ole Opry. For the point, name this large city in Central Tennessee.

Nashville

These people celebrate the first laughs of their babies, on the belief that the action signals detachment from the spirit world. Their mythos includes the figures of the Spider Woman and Spider Man, whose weavings lead these people to craft wedding baskets. European influence led to materials such as indigo being used in this people's blankets and rugs. For the point, hogans are the traditional dwellings of what southwestern Native Americans, whose complex language was used by World War II "Windtalkers"?

Navajo

The Paralus and the Salaminia were two sacred parts of this organization, which won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Eurymedon River. Xanthippus led this organization to victory at the Battle of Mycale, supposedly on the same day as the Battle of Plataea. This force, which was based out of the Piraeus, was the subject of a prophecy that "wooden walls" would protect its city from the Persians. Themistocles is considered the father of, for the point, what maritime force, at its peak the largest in Greece, in the service of the birthplace of democracy?

Navy of Athens

A plot against this ruler involved Faenius Rufus, a leader of the Praetorian Guard. According to tradition, this man sent three assassins to kill his mother, having earlier failed to do so with a rigged boat. This man forced Seneca the Younger, among others, to commit suicide for plotting the aforementioned Pisonian conspiracy. The Domus Aurea was constructed by this ruler on land that had been cleared by a disaster this emperor blamed on the Christian minority in Rome. The death of this ruler preceded the Year of the Four Emperors. For the point, name this Roman emperor who allegedly fiddled while Rome burned.

Nero

This event was eventually put down by a general who resigned in protest over the signing of the Treaty of New Echota, John Wool. People participating in this event cut down telegraph lines near the post office to prevent troops from being called in to stop it. It began over a dispute regarding $300 dollar commutation fees, and it was stopped by army personnel reinforcements from the battle of Gettysburg. For the point, name this protest in which people burned cards during the Civil War that would have forced them to join the military.

New York Draft Riots

In 1950, this team signed Sweetwater Clifton, one of the NBA's first African-American players. Under coach Red Holzman, this team won their first championship after Willis Reed played through a leg injury in Game 7 of the Finals. In the 1990s, this team had rivalries with the Heat and Pacers and lost in the 1994 and 1999 NBA Finals. This team released Carmelo Anthony 5 years ago, though they are still led by Mitchell Robinson. For the point, name this basketball team that plays home games at Madison Square Garden.

New York Knicks

One speech by this man attacked the "[transformation] into a superman with supernatural characteristics". This leader carried out the Virgin Lands campaign to increase agricultural productivity. In an appearance at the United Nations, this leader banged his shoe on the table to emphasize his point. He denounced the cult of personality of his predecessor in the "secret speech". For the point, name this Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis, who succeeded Stalin.

Nikita Khrushchev

These people defeated Emperor Alexios I at the Battle of Dyrrhachium while led by Robert Guiscard [gee-scar], who had earlier been made Duke of Apulia and conquered the Emirate of Sicily. Their leader Rollo signed the treaty of St. Claire-sur-Epte after capturing Rouen, which granted them their namesake territory. The most famous leader of these people landed at Pevensey to dispute the inheritance of Edward the Confessor. For the point, name these people who won the Battle of Hastings under William the Conqueror.

Normans

As a colony, this state's legislature authorized representatives to vote for independence with the Halifax Resolves. After William Tryon raised taxes and built a large governor's mansion in this colony, Herman Husband led a protest movement that was defeated in the Battle of Alamance. The existence of Tuscarora Indians with blue eyes could explain the fate of some people from this colony. Forthe point, name this colony, the site of the Regulator Movement and the Roanoke Settlement.

North Carolina

George Washington Plunkitt called attempts to eliminate this practice "the root of all evil in our government." This practice was combated by a group led by Dorman Bridgman Eaton created after a law proposed by the Peace Democrat running mate of George McClellan. It was given a nickname by Senator William Marcy after the victory of the Jackson Democrats in 1828. This practice was ended on the federal level shortly after the assassination of James Garfield with the Pendleton Act, which created the Civil Service Commission. For the point, name this political practice also known as the spoils system.

Patronage

A minor character in this series is referred to as "Five" because his father changed his family's names to numbers. This series' main character idolizes the baseball player Joe Shlabotnik, while another character in this series refers to another as her "sweet baboo." Rerun was introduced later in this series' run, and its other characters include Sally, Schroeder, and Lucy van Pelt. For the point, name this comic strip that featured the hapless Charlie Brown, a creation of Charles Schulz.

Peanuts

This country's senate was dismantled by the "Three Times Yes" referendum. A worker's strike in opposition to the KPP in Poznan eventually led a leader of this country to enter into the Round Table Talks. This country's United Workers Party was led in the 1970s by Edward Gierek, and this country liberalized during a 1956 "thaw" under Wladyslaw Gomulka. Pope John Paul II was born in, for the point, what European country where a Soviet military pact was agreed to in Warsaw?

Poland

Augusto Pinochet once tricked this man into appearing in public with him, and this man once used the name "Wujek" to hide the fact that he was a priest. He met privately in a Turkish prison with Mehmet Agca, who may have been hired by the USSR to assassinate this individual in 1981. A 1979 trip by this world leader included a visit to Auschwitz and a mass in Krakow often credited with inspiring the Solidarity movement. For the point, name this man, born Karol Wojtyla in Poland, who was Pope from 1978 to 2005.

Pope John Paul II

The 19th century Auburn system required silence in these institutions. Linda Gilbert built libraries in these institutions, which were the original subject of a study by Gustave de Beaumont and Alexis de Tocqueville. Jeremy Bentham proposed a design for one of these called the Panopticon, which allows a watchmen to see all of the individuals inside it. For the point, name these institutions that house criminals.

Prisons

"Rosenwald schools" were built to address a symptom of this policy, which was opposed by Orval Faubus in Arkansas. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that this policy should be implemented "with all deliberate speed" in Topeka, Kansas. James Meredith and the Little Rock Nine were among the first beneficiaries of, for the point, what process mandated by Brown v. Board of Education in which certain institutions could not be "separate but equal?"

Public School Desegregation

The Chain Home system, part of the Dowding system, was one of the early users of this technology. The Pinetree Line was part of a project that used this technology during the Cold War. One use of this technology was shrouded in secrecy, with carrots instead praised during the Battle of Britain for helping the early detection of Luftwaffe fighters at night. For the point, name this technology that uses long electromagnetic waves, whose Doppler variety is used in meteorology.

RADAR

A member of this group at the time of his death was the gambler "Buckey" O'Neill. This group was supplied by the yachtsman Woodbury Kane, and members wore blue flannel shirts and polka-dot bandanas. This group was unofficially known as "Wood's Weary Walkers," after first leader Leonard Wood. Members gave their leader a version of Remington's "Bronco Buster" at their farewell party. This group made a famous charge up Kettle Hill during the Battle of San Juan Hill. For the point, name this volunteer regiment led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Rough Riders

The territorial expansion of one of these two countries was opposed by the other's fascist Black Dragon Society. During a visit to one of these countries with George of Greece, a future ruler of the other was struck on the face with a saber by a would-be assassin. Warships travelling from one of these countries to fight the other attacked fishermen in the Dogger Bank incident. These countries clashed at Port Arthur and Tsushima in a war which ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth. For the point, name these two countries, a European power and a Asian island nation which fought a 1904 war.

Russia and Japan

One of these structures was billed as the "Hero Project of the Century" and was called the BAM. During their revolt, the Czechoslovak legion captured one of these structures. The theories of Friedrich List inspired Sergei Witte's plan for the construction of one of these structures. Lenin travelled along one of these structures in a "sealed" chamber during his return from exile in Switzerland. For the point, name these structures, examples of which include the Trans-Siberian one.

Russian Railways

Fred Silverman hated this television program for referring to him as a "lame-o." In a controversial episode of this show a woman sang the song "War" and then ripped up a photo of Pope John Paul II. Dick Ebersol wanted to create this show to replace repeats of Johnny Carson's Tonight Show. This show's first cast was called the "Not Ready for Prime-Time Players." Lorne Michaels created this show, which introduced such stars as Gilda Radner, John Belushi, and Chevy Chase. For the point, name this late-night comedy program that has aired for 40 years on NBC's weekend schedule.

SNL

Public opinion on this event changed after the publication of Thomas Maule's Truth Held Forth and Maintained. One person in this event was accused of using the Malleus Maleficarum; that African slave, Tituba, was owned by Samuel Parris and had supposedly corrupted Abigail Williams. For the point, name these 1690 hearings in which 20 people were executed for supposedly working with Satan.

Salem Witch Trials

During this event, armed forces besieged the offices of a newspaper known as Vorwarts. The catalyst for this event was the dismissal of police chief Emil Eichhorn, and Gustav Noske ultimately gave the orders for troops to move in from Potsdam and shoot anyone who came near them. During this event, a woman was shot by First Lieutenant Vogel and thrown into the Landwehr Canal. It was named for a Marxist group led by Rosa Luxemburg. This event ended with mass arrests and killings perpetrated by Friedrich Ebert's Freikorps. For the point, name this failed uprising in January 1919 in Germany

Spartacist Uprising

The knowledge of a tunnel underneath an embassy was used as evidence that this crime was committed by a man who used the code name "Ramon Garcia." Another perpetrator of this crime married a Colombian woman and claimed that the staggering jump in his apparent income came from her family. Victor Cherkashin handled the former perpetrator of this treasonous offense, who was caught taping a garbage bag of classified documents to a footbridge and arrested in 2001. For the point, name this crime committed by Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen, who divulged the identities of numerous CIA double agents to the KGB.

Spying for Russia/USSR

A document found near the site of this event is addressed "To Boddah" and ends by quoting Neil Young's lyric "it's better to burn out than to fade away." This event was the subject of private detective Tom Grant's film Soaked in Bleach. It nearly happened a month earlier in Rome, which was noted at the end of the documentary Montage of Heck. After this event, Sweet 75 was formed by Krist Novoselic, while Dave Grohl formed Foo Fighters. Courtney Love questioned whether this event was a murder. For the point, name this 1994 event in which the frontman of Nirvana ended his life.

Suicide/Death of Kurt Cobain

This historically significant place is depicted indoors underneath a billowing white curtain in an unfinished painting. An open window in the background of a painting depicting this place shows a lightning bolt which seems to point out the hand of Jean-Sylvain Bailly. This place is shown in that 1794 painting by Jacques-Louis David, who chronicled many events of the Revolution including the gathering here. For the point, name this sporting venue where members of the Third Estate took an oath.

Tennis Court

This series includes an entry addressed to Guy Carleton asking him to "give up your murderer." The author of this series discussed being at Fort Lee at the land by the Hackensack. This series claimed that "tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered" and that "the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot" would shrink away. The first entry in this series begins with the line "these are the times that try men's souls" and was read aloud before the Battle of Trenton. For the point, name this pamphlet series written by Thomas Paine to encourage Americans during the Revolutionary War

The American Crisis

This work's introduction notes that a warring country was "moved by insane delusion and reckless self-regard," but that their opponents "have run the risk of completing the ruin." It calculates a sum of ten billion dollars for claimed losses that would have been "a wise and just act to have asked [for]." This work argues against a "Carthaginian peace" that would exist if Georges Clemenceau's proposed reparations were authorized. For the point, name this 1919 book written by John Maynard Keynes after he left the Paris Peace Conference in frustration at the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles.

The Economic Consequences of the Peace

This painting's creation was prompted by an incident that occurred off of the coast of Senegal in 1816. Fellow artist Eugene Delacroix served as a live model for this painting. A hatchet in the foreground of this painting suggests that its subjects may have resorted to cannibalism. A man with a red cloak over his head mourns the loss of his son in this painting, in which a shirtless man on a barrel can be seen waving a red and white cloth. For the point, name this work by Theodore Gericault depicting the aftermath of French maritime disaster.

The Raft of the Medusa

This man's doctoral dissertation improved on McMillan's work on boundary functions. This man, who was one subject of Henry Murray's experiments, frequently used the abbreviation "FC" for Freedom Club. Sacramento computer store owner Hugh Scrutton was the first fatality caused by this man, who was apprehended after his brother David recognized his writing style in the 1995 manifesto Industrial Society and Its Future. For the point, name this anarchist who targeted universities and airlines with his mail bombs, giving him the alias "Unabomber."

Theodore "Ted" Kaczynski

One work by this man states that charters don't give rights, but take them away. This man denounced the Bible as "fabulous mythology" in his pamphlet advocating deism, The Age of Reason. This man denounced the "absurdity" of an island ruling a continent in a series designed for distribution in both England and the newly independent colonies. For the point, name this author of Common Sense, a leading propagandist of the American Revolution.

Thomas Paine

The Soviet Union protested this country's control of certain waterways granted by the Montreux Convention. The Blue Stream carries natural gas from Russia into this country. Oleg Peshkov was killed after one of this country's F-16 jets shot down his Su-24 in November 2015; shortly after, Russia claimed this country's president profited from buying oil from ISIS forces in nearby Syria. For the point, name this country where President Recep Erdogan leads from Ankara.

Turkey

In the 1990s, these people formed the Inkatha Freedom Party. A 1964 film named for these people introduced Michael Caine in his first major role. In the early 19th century, these people joined with the neighboring Nguni, to fight a neighboring tribe. One chief of these people, who lost the Battle of Blood River, was Dingane. Another leader of these people fought a series of roads called the Mfecane, or "Crushing," and organized his impi regiments into a formation called "buffalo horns." That chief was Shaka. For the point, name this south African tribe that fought a series of 19th-century wars with the British.

Zulu

A member of this political party, Timothy Pickering, ran a political machine called the Essex Junto. Members of this party wore black cockades in their hats, and at one point were accused of treason for using "blue lights" to guide enemy warships. This party collapsed after some of its members organized the Hartford Convention.It never won a presidential election after being defeated by Thomas Jefferson. For the point, name this early political party of John Adams and George Washington.

Federalist Parties

One of these events saw James Root rescue 300 people by backing his train into Skunk Lake. In addition to one of these in Hinckley, the deadliest one of these events in American history occurred around Peshtigo, and might have been caused by fragments of Comet Biela. According to legend, one of these occurred after Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked a lantern. For the point, name these disasters, including a "Great" one in Chicago that destroyed miles of wooden roads.

Fire

The completion of this effort was marked by a nationwide message that simply said "DONE." Asa Whitney and Theodore Judah were major advocates for this project, which was funded by the "Big Four," including Leland Stanford. This project, which allowed for the creation of the popular "Overland Route," relied heavily upon Chinese labor. For the point, name this project that was completed at Utah's Promontory Point with a golden spike.

First Transcontinental Railroad

In one of this director's films, a man is killed during a production of Cavalleria Rusticana. The title character of one of this man's films dies while chasing his grandson through a garden with an orange slice in his mouth. The production of one film by this director was the subject of the documentary Hearts of Darkness. In another of his films, The Turk and Captain McCluskey are killed in Louis Restaurant by Michael Corleone. For the point, name this director of Apocalypse Now and The Godfather trilogy.

Francis Ford Coppola

The Seitz decision granted this right to Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally, and Jim Hunter exercised it after Charlie Finley refused him an annuity payment. The reserve clause prevented this status, which Curt Flood sought after a trade to the Phillies. The current collective bargaining agreement grants this status only to players with six or more years of service. For the point, name this right of athletes to negotiate with any team when not under contract.

Free Agency in MLB

During this event, the scientist who names the operator for the divergence of the gradient was appointed Minister of the Interior for six weeks. During this time period, the namesake of the SI unit of electric charge helped develop the metric system with the scientist who discovered the law of conservation of mass. For the point, name this event, during which Antoine Lavoisier was killed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror.

French Revolution

This man explained the theory of tides in his essay Discourse on the Tides. This man's last book The Two Sciences, introduces his paradox about infinite sets. He included sketches of the moon in his book The Starry Messenger. He legendarily said "eppur si muove," or "and yet it moves" after his book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems was banned by the Catholic Church. He also discovered Callisto, Io, Ganymede, and Europa. For the point, name this Italian scientist who championed the Copernican model of the solar system.

Galileo Galilei

One leader with this surname denied alimony payments to Shah Bano with a law overruling his country's Supreme Court. In 1991, on behalf of the LTTE, Dhanu launched a suicide bomb attack, killing that leader with this name. Another leader with this name suspended political liberties in 1975 during the Emergency, ordered Operation Blue Star in 1984, and was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards. For the point, give this surname shared by members of the Indian National Congress, including Rajiv and Indira.

Gandhi

This structure was built along the axis of a building that heard the Dred Scott case, the Old Courthouse. Thirty-nine blocks were cleared to make room for this monument, whose legs are equilateral triangles and each contain an eight-car tram. This inverted catenary is the centerpiece of a park that celebrates Lewis and Clark's journey, the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. Eero Saarinen designed, for the point, what monument along the Mississippi River in St. Louis?

Gateway Arch

In the second century AD, Hua Tuo created a mixture known as "mafeisan" to serve this purpose. George Harley pioneered the use of ACE mixture for this task, but in the 20th century, the C in ACE, chloroform, stopped being used for this task due to associated cardiac complications. Diethyl ether and nitrous oxide can be used to accomplish this purpose through inhalation. For the point, name this temporary, medically induced state in which a patient is unable to feel pain during surgery.

General Anesthesia

This man's philanthropic efforts included founding a School of Music in his home city of Rochester, New York. This man, who suffered from spinal pain late in life, wrote a suicide note reading "To my friends: my work is done. Why wait?" This man's company, founded on the strength of David Houston's patent for a roll film holder, filed for bankruptcy in 2012, having failed to adjust to digital photography. For the point, name this entrepreneur who founded Kodak.

George Eastman

They aren't capes, but the banning of a type of this object sparked the Esquilache riots against Charles III. The barrentina is one of these objects that symbolizes Catalan independence. Two factions named for these objects were prominent during Sweden's Age of Liberty. One of these objects belonging to Tarquin the Elder was stolen and returned by an eagle. The pileus was a type of this object used by freed Roman slaves. During the French Revolution, cockades were used to decorate a type of this item named for Phrygia. For the point, name this clothing item exemplified by the tricorne.

Hats

This man once dueled Humphrey Marshall over the wearing of British suits. James Birney's third-party presidential bid cost this man crucial votes in New York in 1844, when he ran on a ticket with Theodore Frelinghuysen. This man joined John Quincy Adams in negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, then was named Secretary of State in an 1824 "corrupt bargain" with Adams. For the point, name this "Great Compromiser," a 19th century Speaker of the House from Kentucky.

Henry Clay

This man organized the Society of the Cincinnati for Revolutionary War officers. John Adams commissioned this man to lead the "noble train of artillery" over ice and swampland, helping fortify Dorchester Heights with cannons captured at Fort Ticonderoga. He proposed expanding the armories after Shays' Rebellion in his position on President Washington's cabinet. The Revolutionary War siege of Boston was assisted by, for the point, what first Secretary of War?

Henry Knox

Judicial Watch was the first organization to bring attention to this set of documents. Bryan Pagliano was tasked with watching over these documents. A Romanian hacker nicknamed "Guccifer" hacked some of these documents sent by Sidney Blumenthal, and Richard Leon angrily denounced the State Department's speed in releasing these documents. The House Select Committee on Benghazi has been investigating, for the point, what set of communications sent by a former Secretary of State?

Hillary Clinton's Emails

The main divisions in this man's works were created by Aristarchus of Samothrace. This author's use of the phrase "wine-dark sea" has led some scholars to posit that the color blue was undefined during Antiquity. Lost works in this man's "Epic Cycle" include the Epigoni and the Nostoi, as well as a "Little" version of a work by this man that opens with the "Rage of Achilles". For the point, name this blind Greek bard of the Odyssey and the Iliad.

Homer

One photo of this event depicts a member of the Black Watch lifting his kilt to reveal his rear. A 1984 Joint Declaration helped provide the framework for this event. The Basic Law went into effect shortly after this event, which took place at the Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. Jiang Zemin and Tony Blair attended this event, which prompted the policy of "one country, two systems" and set an example for Portugal to follow two years later. For the point, name this 1997 event in which the U.K. returned an island to the People's Republic of China.

Hong Kong Handover Ceromony

This leader supported the killings of the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups at the Jinja barracks. In 1972, this leader expropriated Indian-owned property by forcing his country's 80,000 Asian residents to leave. This self-proclaimed "Conqueror of the British Empire" also gave himself the title "Lord of all the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas" shortly after overthrowing Milton Obote and taking power in Kampala. For the point, name this former dictator of Uganda.

Idi Amin Dada

David Byrne adapted this leader's life into the musical Here Lies Love. In 1966, this leader screamed "They've let me down!" on live television after the Beatles declined an invitation to Malacanang Palace. This leader's husband died in exile in 1989, having been ousted by the People Power Revolution. For the point, name this "Steel Butterfly," the widow of former Philippine President Ferdinand, most notable for a collection of thousands of shoes.

Imelda Marcos

This organization carried out the sermo generalis ceremony. This organization operated both murus largus and murus strictus prisons. One of these organizations was formally abolished by the regent Maria Cristina in 1834. The Portuguese incarnation of this organization carried out auto-de-fé ceremonies. Another of these organizations, which focused on conversos and was led by Tomás de Torquemada, was set up by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. For the point, name these Catholic courts that investigated charges of heresy.

Inquisitions

The Algiers Agreement attempted to resolve a border dispute with this country and its eastern neighbor. The 14 of July Revolution overthrew King Faisal II in this country. This country launched the Al-Anfal campaign, which resulted in the gassing of the Kurdish village of Halabja. The United States launched Operation Desert Storm against this country after it tried to annex Kuwait. For the point, name this Middle Eastern country that was led by Saddam Hussein.

Iraq

This island was policed by British soldiers nicknamed the "Black and Tans." A program based on the "three F's" was adopted by its Land League, led by Charles Stewart Parnell. William Cosgrave was the first president of a "Free State" based here. Isaac Butt led its "Home Rule" movement, and Sinn Féin is the political wing of its namesake "Republican Army." For the point, name this site of an 1840s potato famine.

Ireland

The Ruthven Raid kidnapped this monarch who wrote Basilikon Doron and the True Law of Free Monarchies. He attempted to arrange a marriage between his son and the Infanta Maria in the Spanish Match and was called "the wisest fool in Christendom". This king faced the Bye Plot and an assassination attempt carried out by Roger Catesby and Guy Fawkes known as the Gunpowder Plot. For the point, name this first Stuart King of England who commissioned a namesake Bible.

James I

In one election, this president exacerbated a split in his party by joining with the "quids." As governor of Virginia, this man dealt with the revolt of Gabriel Prosser. The acquisition of Florida occurred in this president's tenure via the Adams-Onis Treaty. This promulgator of the Clark Memorandum and Roosevelt Corollary oversaw the Era of Good Feelings, and he was succeeded by James Madison. For the point, name this fifth President of the United States.

James Monroe

This man was the first person to claim the title of commissioner of the American Professional Football Association, though he was still playing games for the Canton Bulldogs at the time. In 1982, this man's Olympic medals were returned, decades after they were stripped due to his compromising his amateur status by playing professional baseball. This man was the gold medalist at the pentathlon and decathlon in 1912. For the point, name this former Carlisle Indian School star known as "the world's greatest athlete".

James Thorpe

This athlete is not from Memphis, but he joined Matt Vasgersian and Jim Ross to commentate for the short-lived XFL. This athlete used the catchphrase "win if you can, lose if you must, but always cheat" and was once the Mayor of Brooklyn Park. Chris Kyle, the protagonist of American Sniper, claimed to have punched this athlete in the face at a bar. Known as the "Body," this member of the Reform Party acted as a special guest referee at a WWF pay-per-view while simultaneously holding public office. For the point, name this former professional wrestler who served as Governor of Minnesota.

Jeese Ventura

A novel named for this man features a mystical bull-calf formula and fictionalizes many of the ideas found in its author's The White Goddess. Agabus the Decapolitan narrates a historical novel in which this man's right to the throne is usurped; in that novel by Robert Graves, he is a king. This character states "It is accomplished" at the end of another historical novel in which he hallucinates living an idyllic life. A novel by Nikos Kazantzakis that is titled for his "Last Temptation" was adapted into a film by Martin Scorsese. For the point, name this historical figure, the son of God.

Jesus Christ

The speaker in this event resolved to "endure the unendurable." This event was nearly prevented by hundreds of officers led by Kenji Hatanaka in the Kyujo incident, a failed coup at the Imperial palace where the central object of this event was smuggled out, supposedly in a laundry basket. The formal speech used during this event led to confusion, so announcers then explained the implications of the Potsdam Declaration. For the point, name this event in which Emperor Hirohito announced, over the radio, the surrender of Japan to end World War II.

Jewel Voice Broadcast

This man searched Fast Castle as part of a treasure hunt with Robert Logan. This man coined the phrase rabdology in a treatise of the same name, which describes devices he created to simplify arithmetic such as his promptuary. One of the devices this man created to simplify multiplication was inspired by lattice Multiplication, and is a set of rods known as his "bones." Henry Briggs developed a table for the function this man discovered, and in particular Briggs set those functions to use a base of 10. For the point, name this mathematician who discovered the logarithm.

John Napier

In the aftermath of this event, "Oklahoma houses" were built in Moxham to shelter the homeless, and Andrew Carnegie built a library that now houses a museum dedicated to this event. This event, which the courts labeled an "Act of God," was caused by a lack of maintenance by a Fishing and Hunting Club, of which Henry Clay Frick was a member. Over two thousand people died when this event struck the Conemaugh Valley. A failed dam caused, for the point, what 1889 catastrophe in Pennsylvania, the deadliest flood in American history?

Johnstown Flood

This monarch ended the use of Sandringham clocks. An attempt on this ruler's life was made by Jerome Bannigan. After joining the 1st Battalion of the Grenadier Guards, this man complained to Lord Kitchener about not being sent directly into combat. This man was heavily suspected of being a Nazi sympathizer after he and his wife visited Adolf Hitler in 1937. He gained the title of Duke of Windsor after his brother, the Duke of York, took the name George VI. For the point, what British king abdicated the throne in order to marry Wallis Simpson?

King Edward VIII

Richard the Lionheart supposedly created silver chains to imprison a member of this family after conquering Cyprus. A woman who married into this family, Anna Dalassene, served as de facto ruler while her son was on campaign. This family established the Empire of Trebizond, and its best-known member fought Robert Guiscard at Dyrrachium. In an effort to fend off the Seljuk Turks, that ruler from this dynasty invited people like Godfrey of Bouillonnand Bohemond of Taranto to his court after asking Urban II for aid. For the point, name this Byzantine dynasty that included Alexius I

Komnenos

Since antiquity, mines in the Badakhshan region of Central Asia have by far produced the largest supplies of this good. Cutting this inorganic substance, which the ancient Romans valued as an aphrodisiac, produces an odor from the trisulfide radical anion that also gives it its color. Glass and this solid material make up the non-gold stripes of Tutankhamun's burial mask. During the Renaissance, artists such as Titian crushed this material to make the pigment known as ultramarine. For the point, name this deep blue gemstone.

Lapis Lazuli

This actor has played the founder of Stratton Oakmont, as well as the director of Outlaw, whose company that built the Spruce Goose. This actor, who played Howard Hughes in The Aviator, played a poor artist in a James Cameron film about a 1912 naval disaster. For the point, name this actor who was not Oscar-nominated for his performance in Baz Luhrmann's 2013 adaptation of The Great Gatsby, nor for playing Jack Dawson opposite Kate Winslet in Titanic.

Leonardo DiCaprio

An early chapter in this novel lists Chateaubriand and the "Infamous Gregoire" among every celebrity and fad of the year 1817. In this novel, the death of real general Jean-Augustine Lamarque is mourned by the Society of the ABC. At the end of its chapter on Waterloo, a man named Pontmercy has his life saved by the thief Thenardier. An actual rebellion in June 1832, is fictionalized in this novel as a group of students joined by Marius who build a barricade before they are all shot. For the point, name this sprawling historical novel focused on the escaped convict Jean Valjean, by Victor Hugo.

Les Miserables

This country's only king served as Emir of Cyrenaica before uniting this country's three provinces; that king was overthrown in 1969 by members of the Free Officers Movement. That movement was led by the author of The Green Book, who led this country for 42 years before being killed near Sirte by members of the National Transitional Council. King Idris once ruled, for the point, what African country where Muammar Gaddafi ruled from Tripoli?

Libya

This city's police department was once led by Daryl Gates. The killing of three-year-old Stephanie Kuhen in this city led to three convictions in the "Wrong Way" murder trial. In 1992, Curtis Yarbrough rescued Reginald Denny at the intersection of Florence and Normandie Avenues in this city; that attack occurred during a riot triggered by a not guilty verdict for excessive force by police against Rodney King. The Watts Riots occurred in, for the point, what most populous city in southern California?

Los Angeles

This man played himself in the movie Rawhide, where he gives up his job to become a rancher. In a speech, this man said it was "an honor to have known Jacob Ruppert." This mansaid Miller Huggins was a "wonderful little fellow" and Joe McCarthy was "that smart student of psychology, the best manager in baseball." On July 4, 1939, this man told a crowd that in spite of "the bad break" he had received, he considered himself "the luckiest man on the face of the earth." For the point, name this New York Yankees first baseman who is the namesake of the disease ALS.

Lou Gehrig

This song's producer Charlie Greene attempted to obscure a slang term for the police with a cymbal crash. This song was inspired by the reaction to the closing of the Pandora's Box. It declares that it was "a field day for the heat," and describes "young people" with signs that "mostly say, 'hooray for our side'." This song, which was written in response to the Sunset Strip riots of 1966, was titled after an offhand remark made by its writer, Stephen Stills. "Stop, children, what's that sound, everybody look what's going down" declares the chorus of, for the point, what protest song by Buffalo Springfield?

"For What it's Worth"

Submarines supplied chocolate and Chelsea-brand cigarettes labeled with this phrase in order to boost morale amongst guerrilla fighters. This phrase was first used in a speech that spoke of the necessity of advancing from Corregidor to Australia and was fulfilled after the battle of Leyte Gulf. This promise was given after the failed defense of Bataan and subsequent fall of Luzon in 1941. For the point, give this three word promise spoken by Douglas Macarthur after leaving the Philippines.

"I Shall Return"

In this election year, Robert MacInnes lost a seat by six votes. In this election year, Eric Gandar Dower was elected by sixty-one votes over the third place candidate, Archie Sinclair. One party's leader in this election alleged that implementing a competitor's platform would require "some form of Gestapo." That competitor ran on the slogan "Let us face the future" and promised the creation of the National Health Service. For the point, give the year of the British general election in which the Labour Party scored a surprise victory over the Conservative Party leading to Clement Attlee replacing Winston Churchill as Prime Minister.

1945 U.K. General Election

In this year, NASA released the famous "Face on Mars" photo taken by the Viking 1 lander. In July of this year, an American Legion convention in Philadelphia was marred by an outbreak of what could be named Legionnaires' disease. In televised presidential debates during this year, the first since Kennedy/Nixon, the incumbent inaccurately said "there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe." That incumbent lost the election this year thanks to his pardon of Richard Nixon. For the point, name this year, when America celebrated its bicentennial.

1976

During this event, Vasile Malutan's request for two helicopters was denied with a unit commander replying, "You are on your own...good luck!" The aftermath of this event led to the formation of the National Salvation Front. It began after Pastor Laszlo Tokes' criticism of a nation's "Systemization" policy led to his eviction from a church in Timisoara. This event culminated in a Christmas Day execution of a nation's leader and wife Elena on live television. For the point, name this 1989 event in which Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown.

1989 Romanian Revolution

Approximately one decade prior to this event, residents of the town of Kibeho saw apparitions of the Virgin Mary. Philip Gourevitch accused one pastor during this event of allowing militias to access the Mugonero Complex. The French Military carried out Operation Turquoise in response to this event, which started after President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed in a plane crash. The RPF, led by Paul Kagame, took power after, for the point, what mass killings of Tutsis by the Hutus in 1994?

1994 Rwandan genocide

The Supreme Court ruled that this amendment protects corporate donations to political campaigns in the Citizens United case. Prior restraint almost always violates this amendment, as when President Nixon tried to use it to stop the New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers. For the point, name this Constitutional amendment that protects the freedoms of petition, assembly, press, religion, and speech.

1st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

The Koori and Noongar are two subgroups of these people. A false legend claims that, until a 1967 constitutional referendum, these people were legally classified as "fauna;" that referendum did stop the exclusion of these people from their country's census. In 2008, Kevin Rudd apologized for the "Stolen Generations," in which children of these people were taken by the state. Over 100,000 of these people currently live in New South Wales. For the point, give this term for people indigenous to Australia before British colonization.

Aborigines

This country's last monarch was a member of the Barakzai dynasty. An interview in Rolling Stone caused Stanley McChrystal's removal from this nation. The Durrani Empire was centered in this modern country, where two large monuments were destroyed in the Bamiyan Valley in 2001 and where Operation Enduring Freedom helped install a government led by Hamid Karzai. For the point, name this country ruled from Kabul.

Afghanistan

Andrew Szydlo wrote about a man who partook in this activity in his book Water Which Does Not Wet Hands. Practitioners of this activity include Michael Sendivogius, and some of its practitioners coined the term "magnum opus". Edward Kelley claimed to have learnt this activity from the archangel Uriel. Rubedo and Nigredo, or the reddening and blackening of substances, is used by this discipline to transmute rocks into the fabled philosopher's stone. For the point, name this medieval discipline whose practitioners sought to turn lead into gold.

Alchemy

This politician responded to Samuel Seabury's criticism of the First Continental Congress by writing A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress. His Assumption Act was passed after compromising to locate a nation's capital on the Potomac River and was influenced by his First Report on Public Credit. He debated with Thomas Jefferson over the Necessary and Proper Clause that later allowed the formation of the First Bank of the United States. For the point, name this first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury.

Alexander Hamilton

The early years of this organization were known as the "Rainbow Era." This organization's president George Warrington once claimed it was on a "glide path to self-sufficiency," and it was widely expected to shut down two years after assuming routes from twenty carriers in 1971. Its planned Gateway Project would build a new pair of tunnels underneath the Hudson River, and it was forced to truncate the Sunset Limited after Hurricane Katrina. Its most profitable route is the Acela Express, along the Northeast Corridor. For the point, what publicly-funded corporation provides intercity passenger rail service in the United States?

Amtrak

Mary Renault's many novels set among people of this ethnicity include Fire From Heaven and The King Must Die. A writer of this ethnicity wrote about an invasion in a play in which Atossa awaits news about her son; that playwright of this ethnicity legendarily died after an eagle dropped a tortoise on his head. Another writer of this ethnicity documented lawsuits and the"Five Ages of Man" for his brother Perses in Works and Days and described the origin of his countrymen's gods in Theogony. For the point, name this ancient ethnic group of Aeschylus and Hesiod.

Ancient Greeks

This President sent John Coffey and John Eaton to negotiate the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. This man fired Robert Randolph for embezzling from the Navy, and Richard Lawrence made this man the first U.S. President to be the subject of an attempted assassination. He appointed Roger Taney to the Supreme Court and fought with Nicholas Biddle over the Second Bank of the United States. The Indian Removal Act was passed by, for the point, what seventh U.S. President?

Andrew Jackson

The measured distance to this object was doubled upon Walter Baade's discovery of Type II Cepheid variables in this object. The Triangulum is theorized to be a satellite of this object. Edwin Hubble used this object to settle the Shapley-Curtis Debate over the size of the universe. This object is designated 224 in the New General Catalogue and 31 in the Messier catalogue, and is the largest galaxy in the Local Group. For the point, name this galaxy, the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way.

Andromeda Galaxy

This region's Marie Byrd Land is unclaimed. The Ross Dependency in this region is claimed by New Zealand, whose national airline charters flights from Auckland to McMurdo Station but, in 1979, lost a sightseeing plane that crashed into Mount Erebus on Ross Island here. The Drake Passage separates South America from, for the point, what least habited and coldest continent on Earth, where Richard Byrd flew over the South Pole?

Antartica

The Phillips Report investigated several shortcomings of this program. The "Fate has ordained" speech was a written in case part of this program had failed. The explosion of an oxygen tank during one of this program's missions almost led to the deaths of Jack Swigert, Fred Haise, and Jim Lovell. The Sea of Tranquility was the landing site of one of this program's missions. For the point, name this space program that sent 12 astronauts, including Neil Armstrong, to the moon.

Apollo Program

Members of this country's military were absolved from prosecution by the Law of Due Obedience. This country experienced the Infamous Decade after the overthrow of Hipolito Yrigoyen. This country was ruled as a military dictatorship under Leopoldo Galtieri in the early 1980s. The children of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo "disappeared" during the Dirty War in this country. For the point, name this country once ruled by Juan Peron from Buenos Aires.

Argentina

This work's first chapter, "Laying Plans," names "method and discipline" as one of five factors governing its subject. This work is believed to have been written during the Spring and Autumn period or the Warring States period, and ends with a chapter on the use of spies. For the point, name this sixth century BC treatise by Sun Tzu which notes "All warfare is based on deception."

Art of War

One of events ended with the caning of a man carrying two malfunctioning pistols. Another of these events took place at the Blair House and was carried out by Puerto Rican pro-independence activists. Within two weeks in September 1975, Lynette Fromme and Sara Jane Moore each carried out one of these events. The subject of another of these events quipped "I hope you're all Republicans" to his operating team. Gerald Ford was twice targeted by, for the point, what type of event, which John Hinckley carried out in March 1981 against Ronald Reagan?

Assasination attempts on U.S. Presidents

One of these events was blamed on the British secret service after two MI5 agents were captured in the Venlo Incident. The Kreisau Circle supported one of these actions, and an unimplemented one was dubbed Operation Foxley. One of these actions involved the placing of a bomb in the Wolf's Lair and was to be followed by Operation Valkyrie. That event of this type was the July 20 plot and led to the forced suicide of Erwin Rommel. For the point, name this type of action which sought to overthrow the Nazi regime by killing its leader.

Assassination Attempts on Adolf Hitler

One participant in this event tried to commit suicide by ingesting expired cyanide and jumping into a river, but the river was only a few inches deep. That man and several others had been organized by a man codenamed Apis to carry out this action. This event led to the July Ultimatum and was perpetrated by a member of the Black Hand named Gavrilo Princip. For the point, name this event, the killing of an Austrian Archduke that is considered to have sparked World War One.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

MONY Life Insurance Company investigator K.B. Ponder concluded this event was an accident. This event resulted in a funeral administered by Christian Nationalist Gerald L.K. Smith. The man who carried out this event was the son-in-law of Judge Benjamin Henry Pavy, who was about to be the victim of a redistricting plan. Its perpetrator was shot 62 times by bodyguards, with some speculating those shots killed the guards' boss. This event was carried out at the State Capitol by Dr. Carl Weiss. For the point, name this September 10, 1935, murder of a Louisiana Senator known as the "Kingfish."

Assassination of Huey Pierce Long Jr.

Modern people using the name of this empire are a subgroup of Arab Christians who were killed along with Armenians in one of the three Ottoman genocides. This empire was ruled by Sennacherib, whose "destruction" was the subject of a poem by Lord Byron. This empire's Black Obelisk records the conquests of Shalmaneser III. This empire collected a great mass of stone tablets at Nineveh, creating the world's first library under Ashurbanipal. For the point, name this empire which dominated the Middle East from the 1100's to 800's BC.

Assyrian Empire

Juan de Betanzos was married to a former wife of this ruler, who took revenge on an enemy by torturing Atoc. This ruler was killed despite the forces of his general Ruminahui nearby. In order to avoid being burned at the stake, he converted to Christianity with the help of Vincente de Valverde. With the help of his general Quizquiz, he was victorious at the battle of Quipaipan, winning a civil war against his brother, Huascar. This ruler offered to fill a ransom room with precious materials after being captured at Cajamarca. For the point, name this ruler of the Incan empire who was captured by Francisco Pizarro.

Atahualpa

This man's mausoleum is rumored to be buried near the "Lost City of the Giants" in Llanganates National Park. This leader won a civil war at the Battle of Quipaipan, but 5,000 of his forces were ambushed and defeated at Cajamarca. After the death of this man's father, Huayna Capac, he defeated and imprisoned his brother Huascar. This man requested to be strangled instead of burned at the stake by Francisco Pizarro. For the point, name this last sovereign ruler of the Incas.

Atahualpa

Populist politician Ignatius Donnelly wrote a book arguing that all civilization descended from this place. Francis Bacon discussed the college Salomon's House on the island of Bensalem in a book named for a "new" version of this island. Plato described its location relative to the Pillars of Hercules in his Timaeus. Some have hypothesized that stories about this place were inspired by the eruption of Thera, or Santorini. For the point, name this legendary ancient island which is thought to have been swallowed by the sea.

Atlantis

After this man's sudden death, he was succeeded by his son Ellac, who could not regain the momentum this man had prior to his loss at the Catalaunian Plains. This man faced a Visigoth-Roman alliance led by Theodoric and Flavius Aetius. Earlier, this brother of Bleda was persuaded to abandon plans to sack Rome by a personal plea from Pope Leo I. For the point, name this "scourge of God" who ravaged Europe in the fifth century CE as the leader of the Huns.

Attila the Hun

One building owned by this organization includes a "Crow's Nest," hidden behind a secret passageway, that lodges amateurs. In 1998, it served cheeseburgers and milkshakes at its Champions' Dinner, as requested somewhat-controversially by Tiger Woods. Its leader, Billy Payne, inducted Darla Moore and Condoleezza Rice to this organization in 2012 after previously supporting its ban on female members. For the point, name this golf club in Georgia that awards green jackets to the winner of its annual tournament, the Masters.

Augusta National Golf Club

One piece by this artist, which was ridiculed as a "snowman in a bathrobe," depicts the author of La pere Goriot. Six men are depicted with bare feet and nooses around their neck in another of his works, which commemorates their sacrifice in a siege during the Hundred Years' War. This sculptor of Balzac and The Burghers of Calais also depicted a seated man with his right elbow on his left knee. For the point, name this French sculptor of The Thinker, part of his Dante-inspired Gates of Hell.

Auguste Rodin

A man with this name was advised by the pope to allow marriage outside the "second degree" in the Libellus responsorium. One man of this name allied with Bertha, King Ethelbert's wife, and undertook a journey after Gregory I saw some angelic child slaves. A writer with this name described being admonished by his mother Monica after stealing some pears from a tree. Ambrose of Milan tutored that man of this name, who wrote City of God and was converted from Manichaeism. For the point, give this name shared by the first Archbishop of Canterbury and a saint from Hippo who wrote Confessions.

Augustine

Joe Hockey became this country's Ambassador to the United States in early 2016, having resigned as this country's treasurer in September 2015. The same month, Julie Bishop survived as Deputy Leader of this country's Liberal Party in its second leadership spill in seven months, which gave this country its fifth Prime Minister in five years. For the point, name this country, formerly led by Julia Gillard, where, in 2015, Malcolm Turnbull replaced Tony Abbott as Prime Minister.

Australia

William Drummond was killed for participating in this rebellion. After the perpetrator of this rebellion had a military commission rejected, he pointed a gun at the colonial governor in protest. John Ingram took over this rebellion's leadership after its namesake fermenter died of dysentery, and William Berkeley was ousted from the House of Burgesses in Jamestown as part of this rebellion. The city of Jamestown was burned to the ground by this revolt, which was quelled in 1677. For the point, name this Virginian colonial uprising.

Bacon's Rebellion

The first of these wars featured trench warfare along the Chataldja. After that first of these wars, one participant's border was drawn between the ports of Enos and Midya. The second of these wars was ended by two treaties, Constantinople and Bucharest. In both of these wars, the city of Adrianople was contested. Albania declared independence during the first of these wars, whose peace negotiations in London were interrupted by the coup of the Young Turks. For the point, name these two conflicts named for a mountainous peninsula in southeast Europe.

Balkan Wars

During one scene in this series, George Luz tricks his superior into cutting a fence by pretending to be Oliver Horton. In this series, the main characters train by running "three miles up, three miles down" Currahee Mountain, which names the first episode in this series. Herbert Sobel and Richard Winters are characters in this series that follows the title group through D-Day, Carentan, Market Garden, and the Bulge as they serve with the 101st Division. For the point, name this HBO miniseries based on a Stephen Ambrose series about the men of Easy Company.

Band of Brothers

The attacking side in this battle failed to outflank the defenders, led by Tuchkov, on their right through the forest near the village of Utitsa. The Raevsky redoubt in the center of the lines of the defenders in this battle was captured and recaptured several times. It began with an assault on Bagration's fleches by General Davout, and Davout's commander failed to commit the Imperial Guard in this battle. Barclay de Tolly was removed from command prior to this battle for refusing to give battle. For the point, name this battle fought by General Kutuzov, against Napoleon in Russia.

Battle of Bordin

During this battle, an ill-advised advance to the Emmitsburg Road was ordered by General Dan Sickles. For part of its first day, Union forces were led by Abner Doubleday. The order of "fix bayonets" was given at this battle by Joshua Chamberlain when his forces ran out of ammunition defending Little Round Top. At the end of this battle, Winfield Scott Hancock defeated a last-ditch attack led by George Pickett. For the point, name this 1863 defeat of Robert E. Lee in Pennsylvania.

Battle of Gettysburg

Charles Edwin Fripp's painting of this engagement depicts the 24th Regiment of Foot engaged in hand to hand combat at the foot of a smoke-obscured mountain. Lord Chelmsford's Second and Third Column were overrun in this battle by a "buffalo-horn" formation. Despite winning this battle, Cetshwayo refused to raid Natal in an attempt to prevent war. This battle was immediately followed by another, less successful engagement at Rorke's Drift. For the point, name this 1879 battle in which a British army was decisively defeated by the Zulu.

Battle of Isandlwana

In this battle, the ne'arin arrived from Amurru as the attacking army stopped to loot the enemy camp; they were then driven across the Orontes River. The surviving account of this battle is biased against Muwatalli II's side, but is still valuable to historians as the earliest description of battle tactics. For the point, name this largest chariot battle in history, fought between the Hittites and Rameses II's Egyptian army in 1274 BC.

Battle of Kadesh

The victor of this battle wrote two commemorations of it, known as the "Poem" and the "Bulletin." The campaign leading up to this battle had been prompted by one side's capture of Amurru, and in its early stages, two Shashu spies informed the eventual winner that his enemy was encamped in Aleppo. The winner of this battle succeeded due to his composite bows and faster chariots, prompting the signing of the first recorded peace treaty. For the point, name this 1274 BC battle between Ramesses the Great and the Hittites.

Battle of Kadesh

The festival Our Lady of Victory was created in commemoration of this battle, where a Genoan contingent was led by Gianandrea Doria. This battle was a reaction to the siege of Famagusta, and the Venetians, led by Agostino Barbarigo, fielded 6 galleasses during this battle. Miguel Cervantes lost his left arm in this battle, in which Don Juan of Austria used the Real as his flagship and defeated Ali Pasha. For the point, name this 1571 naval battle in the Gulf of Patras which saw the Holy League defeat the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Lepanto

Amos Doolittle made four engravings depicting this campaign. During the final stages of this campaign, 78-year-old Samuel Whittemore, acting alone, killed three enemy soldiers and miraculously survived being bayoneted multiple times. During this campaign, Jason Russell's house in Menotomy was the target of an ambush. This campaign began with a standoff between John Pitcairn and John Parker. Samuel Prescott warned the residents of one of this campaign's targets after William Dawes fell off his horse and Paul Revere was captured. For the point, name this series of battles fought on April 19, 1775, which started the American Revolution.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Shortly before this battle, Commander "Bull" Halsey was hospitalized with dermatitis and replaced by Raymond Spruance. An attempted feint at the Aleutians before this battle failed. The Hiryu was sunk in this battle, which saw extensive use of Dauntless dive bombers. The main American loss was the Yorktown, which sank after being torpedoed by a submarine. For the point, name this June 1942 naval battle, the turning point in the Pacific theater of World War II.

Battle of Midway

After this battle, the message "we will never leave Mike Durant" was repeatedly broadcast. The goal of this battle was to capture the warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid. Randy Shughart received a posthumous Medal of Honor for defending the pilot of Super Six-Four, one of two helicopters that crashed during this battle. For the point, name this 1993 battle, the subject of Black Hawk Down, in which 18 American soldiers were killed in the capital of Somalia.

Battle of Mogadishu

Metellus Scipio commanded the center for the losing side in this battle, with Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on his left. The losing commander of this battle was killed under the advice of Pothinus. It was fought along the bank of the Enipeus river. The winner of this battle used a fourth line of troops, thrusting with their pila to counter the opponent's superior cavalry, which was led by his former lieutenant, Titus Labienus. This battle was preceded by the Battle of Dyrrhachium. For the point, name this battle in which Julius Caesar decisively defeated the Optimates forces of Pompey the Great.

Battle of Pharsalus

A monument to this battle contains an obelisk with one niche that is missing a figure. Daniel Morgan led a group of American snipers during this battle, which contained the Battles of Bemis Heights and Freeman's Farm. Benedict Arnold received his leg wound at this battle, and after this battle, General Burgoyne surrendered to Horatio Gates. For the point, name this 1777 Revolutionary War battle in New York, which resulted in France's entry into the war.

Battle of Saratoga

The site of this battle was where the first "Kalkriese-type" face mask was discovered. This battle was followed by a clash on the "field of maidens," the Battle of Weser River. Segestes allied himself with the losers of this battle in an attempt to get revenge on the winner for marrying his daughter Thusnelda. The loss at this battle prompted a man to wander his palace shouting "give me back my legions!" The general Varus committed suicide after being ambushed by Arminius at this battle. For the point, name this disastrous defeat for the Roman army in a German woodland.

Battle of Teutoburg Forest

Almaron Dickinson commanded artillery at this battle, for which Colonel James Niell was not present; Niell's elected successor proceeded to get drunk and ravage the surrounding town of Bexar. The outcome of this battle precipitated the Runaway Scrape, and James Bowie was killed in bed at this battle, leaving command to William Travis. Tennessee volunteers were led by Davy Crockett in, for the point, what battle, a victory for Santa Anna at a San Antonio mission?

Battle of the Alamo

In a film depiction of this battle, a general says "Don't hurry. Let the [...] wedge close in. Let Buslai engage them" as a white-robed army approaches. Sergei Eisenstein depicted this battle in a 1938 film that fostered a legend that many Livonian soldiers fell and drowned here. For the point, name this 1242 battle, a victory for Prince of Novgorod Alexander Nevsky over a branch of the Teutonic Knights that took place on the frozen Lake Peipus.

Battle on Ice

One teacher here, Johannes Itten, promoted the Mazdaznan cult. The foundation course at this school was taught by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, and a museum dedicated to this school can be found in the White City of Tel Aviv. Its second head, Hannes Meyer, was dismissed from the city of Dessau in 1930 due to "Communist machinations." It was permanently closed rather than accede to Nazi demands to replace Wassily Kandinsky by its final director, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. For the point, what Weimar-era Modernist German art school was founded by Walter Gropius?

Bauhaus

A minimalist "new" style at this theater was introduced when it re-opened in 1951. The pit in this theater is designed to keep the orchestra invisible, and the tradition of dimming the house lights for performances started here. This theater's namesake circle espoused "volkisch" politics put forth by its founder's wife Cosima. For twenty years it was the only venue allowed to perform a music drama about the namesake Arthurian knight's search for the Grail, Parsifal. For the point, what opera house in a namesake German town was established by Richard Wagner for performances of his own works?

Bayreuth Festspielhaus

Legendarily, the Roman Stoic Epictetus claimed he would rather die than lose this possession, which defined him as a philosopher. A satirical treatise by the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate opposed these things, which were partly destroyed in a Spartan punishment for cowards. According to Cassius Dio, Hadrian was the first Roman emperor to consistently maintain this aesthetic item. For the point, name this appendage long-prized on older Greek men but long-deprecated in Rome, a type of facial hair.

Beard

A melody from this piece was used in the anthem "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia," which has made the modern playing of this composition controversial. A solo timpani plays a falling octave motif at the opening of this work's scherzo. Its final movement, in which cellos and basses "reject" melodies from the first three movements, has been called a "symphony within a symphony." A performance of this work at the fall of the Berlin Wall changed a word of its Friedrich Schiller text to "freedom". For the point, what final Ludwig van Beethoven symphony ends with the "Ode to Joy?"

Beethoveen's Syphony #9

This piece's fourth movement opens with the so-called "terror fanfare." German POWs in World War I introduced the tradition of playing this piece in Japan on New Year's. Its third movement gives a prominent solo to the fourth horn player. The running length of a compact disc was supposedly increased to fit this work, and Johannes Brahms claimed "any fool can see" a similarity between this piece and his first symphony. Its final movement is the anthem of the European Union, and features lyrics from a Friedrich Schiller poem. For the point, what final Ludwig van Beethoven symphony ends with the "Ode to Joy"?

Beethoven's Symphony #9

This city's increase in the production of linen after the American Civil War earned it the nickname "Linenopolis." A few days after the Milltown Cemetery shooting in this city, two corporals were attacked and killed after accidentally driving into a funeral procession. The Shankill Butchers carried out murders of Catholic civilians in this city. Bloody Friday was carried out in this city by the Provisional IRA, in the middle of a period of violence between Catholics and Protestants known as the Troubles. For the point, name this capital of Northern Island.

Belfast

This country's king threatened to abdicate rather than approve a law legalizing abortion in the 1950s. This country was home to Leon Degrelle's Rexist movement, a native Fascist party. The "Royal Question" referendum eventually re-admitted this country's king Leopold III, who had surrendered to Germany during World War II. For the point, name this country which forms an economic union with the other Low Countries, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

Belgium

A private Institute of Sex Research set up in this city during the 1920s coined the term "transsexual". The play "I Am a Camera" was adapted from Christopher Isherwood's novel "Goodbye to" this city, and was later made into the movie Cabaret. Berthold Brecht premiered his Threepenny Opera in this city, and many artistic endeavors in this city were later stopped by Ernst Rohm and the SA. For the point, name this bohemian center of the Weimar Republic during the 1920s, the capital of modern-day Germany.

Berlin

This theory is supported by the results of the COBE satellite, whose launch was delayed by the Challenger disaster; that satellite discovered anisotropies in a temperature otherwise stable at 2.726 Kelvin. Its name was proposed in jest by a defender of the steady state theory, Fred Hoyle. Georges Lemaitre first proposed that this event occurred, comparing it to a "Cosmic Egg" and the "Primeval Atom". For the point, name this cosmological event that occurred about 13.8 billion years ago.

Big Bang

This president signed the Family and Medical Leave Act into law. His administration oversaw the introduction of the Don't Ask Don't Tell Policy in the United States military. The US suspended its separate trade agreements with Canada and Mexico and entered NAFTA during his presidency. He defeated Bob Dole and George H.W. Bush to earn his two terms. For the point, name this president whose reputation was marred by the Monica Lewinsky scandal.

Bill Clinton

This event was inspired by sociologist Harry Edwards, the founder of the OPHR. One participant in this event was ostracized due to it as well as for his opposition to the White Australia policy. After this event, Time Magazine called it "Angrier. Nastier. Uglier" and Avery Brundage expelled the two Americans involved. During the event, Peter Norman wore a human rights badge while the Gold and Bronze medal winners at the 200 meter dash had to share a pair of gloves. For the point, name this event during the 1968 Summer Olympics in which Tommie Smith and John Carlos each raised one fist.

Black Power Salute

An itinerary of places around this geographical feature by Arrian of Nicomedia mentioned Ionopolis and Trapezus. Paphlagonia was a region along the southern edge of this body of water, at which Xenophon's Ten Thousand exclaimed "Thalassa! Thalassa!" Chersonesus was a colony on this body of water, which the Greeks called Pontus Euxinus. Chalcedon processed the grain trade from this body of water, which was grown in the Azov region. For the point, name this sea settled by some Greeks, who sailed northeast through the Bosporus by Byzantium to reach it.

Black Sea

This man received a royal pardon from Woodes Rogers shortly after landing at Beaufort Inlet. Alexander Spotswood ordered a force led by Robert Maynard to capture this man; after destroyed his new ship, the Adventure, and killing him in close combat, Maynard placed this man's severed head on his bow. Edward Teach was the real name of, for the point, what man who led the Queen Anne's Revenge in early American piracy?

Blackbeard

The 1991 Bicesse Accords were violated by UNITA's sale of these items, and a specific UN ban on these items was encouraged by the research of Robert Fowler. Charles Taylor was accused of dealing these items with the RUF. Unlike variants found in the DRC and Sierra Leone, Zimbabwean examples of this item are considered to be approved by the Kimberley Process, which curtails the flow of these items into the mainstream jewelry industry. For the point, give this term for controversial gems whose sales fund warlords in Africa.

Blood Diamonds

This event was instigated by a declaration at the Old South Meeting House that "this meeting can do nothing more to save the country!" The Beaver, Eleanor, and Dartmouth were raided during this event, which took place at Griffin's Wharf. The Intolerable Acts were passed in response to, for the point, what 1773 incident in which members of the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Mohawk Indians, dumped crates into Boston Harbor?

Boston Tea Party

This man joked that Ambassador Bryce Mackasey was a prostitute. This leader sent troops in Operation Friction in 1991, the first time since 1974 that his country engaged in direct combat operations. With his wife and an American couple, he was televised singing "When Irish Eyes are Smiling" on Saint Patrick's Day. This man was criticized for "sucking up" at the Shamrock Summit to his ally, Ronald Reagan. He was succeeded in his highest office by Kim Campbell. For the point, name this Progressive Conservative Canadian Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993.

Brian Mulroney

The Griffin case reinforced this legal decision, which was to be implemented "with all deliberate speed." Evidence submitted for this case included Kenneth and Mamie Clark's doll experiments. As part of the "massive resistance" campaign against the decision in this case, many Southern states became home to "segregation academies". For the point, name this 1954 Supreme Court case overturning Plessy v. Ferguson, mandating the integration of public schools.

Brown v. Board of Education

In this city's reckless preparations for Expo '58, skyscrapers controversially replaced historic buildings like Victor Horta's Maison du Peuple. In 1989, Rue Justus Lipsius was removed for a building where the Council of Ministers usually meets. The European Parliament meets in Luxembourg, Strasbourg, and this city. For the point, name this headquarters of NATO, de facto capital of the EU, and capital of Belgium.

Brussels

One leader of an empire in this modern-day country, Krum the Fearsome, used the silver-lined skull of Nikephoros I as a drinking cup after winning the Battle of Pliska. This country experienced a golden age under the reign of Simeon the Great, and much of Thrace was contained in this modern-day country. After the Battle of Kleidon, soldiers from this country were blinded by Basil II, leading to him being called the slayer of its people. For the point, name this country on the Black Sea, which has had capitals at Tarnovo and Sofia.

Bulgaria

The Omphalion is a round stone that these leaders stood on while being crowned. One of these leaders won the Battle of Kleidion and allegedly blinded the defeated army, earning the nickname "Bulgar-Slayer." Another of these leaders, married to the notorious Theodora, created a namesake law code that served as the basis for Western civil law. For the point, name these rulers who included Justinian and ruled from Constantinople.

Byzantine Emperors

This empire's history was detailed in a comprehensive historical encyclopedia called the Suda. One historian greatly exaggerated the atrocities committed by one ruler of this empire, claiming that "ten thousand times ten thousand times ten thousand" people died during his reign. A female historian born to of a powerful ruler of this empire wrote about her father's reign in the Alexiad. For the point, name this empire written about by John Skylitzes, Anna Comnena, and Procopius, who wrote the Secret History about the reign of Justinian I.

Byzantine Empire

Employees of this company documented their World War II experiences in the books Berlin Diary and London After Dark. An employee of this company had the wartime catchphrase "This is London." Lyndon Johnson apocryphally said he had lost "Middle America" after seeing an employee of this company declare that the Vietnam War needed to end in 1968. Another of its employees used the show See It Now to attack Joseph McCarthy. For the point, name this broadcasting company whose news division has employed Edward R. Murrow and Walter Cronkite.

CBS

A Japanese version of this discipline was called yenri, or the "circle method". George Berkeley opposed this discipline on the grounds that it made use of the "ghosts of departed quantities." Karl Weierstrass laid the theoretical foundations for this discipline by proposing the epsilon-delta definition of a center function. Guillaume de L'hopital published a textbook on this subject, which introduced his namesake rule regarding indeterminate forms. Gottfried Leibniz developed the integral form of this mathematical discipline. For the point, name this discipline in which one may take limits and find derivatives.

Calculus

A painting set in this country features a bare-chested man sitting in the Thinker pose in front of a green-clad Rogers' Ranger, anachronistically includes Simon Fraser, and controversially depicted its subjects in contemporary dress, rather than classical. Native legends from this country were used as the basis for The Spirit of Haida Gwaii and Raven and the First Men by Bill Reid. For the point, name this country, the setting of Benjamin West's painting of The Death of General Wolfe at the Battle of Quebec.

Canada

The largest stock exchange that trades in this currency is the TSX. This currency's record-low conversion rate of 62 American cents was reached in January 2002 under Prime Minister Jean Chretien. This currency has suffered recently due to falling oil prices reducing the value of its country's Athabasca oil sands. For the point, name this currency, nicknamed the "loonie," whose weakness hinders sports teams like the Toronto Maple Leafs

Canadian Dollar

Colonel John By built one of these in Upper Canada, near modern Ottawa, to help evade American attacks. Another of these was built over the Niagara Escarpment and was known as DeWitt Clinton's "big ditch." Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized one of these, which was built without locks, in Egypt, leading to a 1956 crisis. For the point, name these man-made waterways, including the Rideau, Erie, and Suez.

Canals

They aren't gates, but the Chu-Han contention was briefly ended by a treaty named for one of these structures at Hong. Examples of this structure's "contour" variety include the Magic one and the Flying Geese one. The legendary king Yu the Great created a system of these structures to deal with a great disaster. One of these structures was completed during the reign of Emperor Yang and begun by his father Wen of Sui. For the point, name this sort of structure, the "grand" one of which was used to transport grain from the Yangtze river and is the longest man-made waterway.

Canals

An owner of this building married Godfrey the Hunchback and promised her lands to Henry V, although she had already given them away to the papacy. This building was inherited by Matilda of Tuscany, who defended it against its most prominent visitor. A notable meeting that occurred here included the issuer of the bull Dictatus Papae and his enemy in the Investiture Controversy. At this location, a ruler was forced to wait outside for three days before he was let in by Pope Gregory VII and his excommunication lifted. For the point, name this Italian castle visited by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

Canossa Castle

This man negotiated the Treaty of Mon¸con with Gaspar de Guzm´an, a Spanish diplomat. Sweden was persuaded to ally with this man's nation through the Treaty of Barwalde. Henry de Cinq Mars opposed this man, as did a series of advisors who thought they had ousted this man on the Day of the Dupes. This enemy of the Huguenots personally conquered one of their last strongholds at La Rochelle. For the point, name this man, known as the Red Eminence, a French cardinal who advised Louis XIII.

Cardinal de Richelieu

With Wilhelm Jordan, this man names a method, used on matrices of coefficients taken from a system of equations, that creates a row-reduced matrix. After the Sun got in the way, this man used observations by Giuseppe Piazzi to determine the orbit of Ceres, the first discovered asteroid, in 1801. For the point, name this German mathematician, the namesake of the normal distribution in statistics and two of Maxwell's four equations.

Carl Fredrick Gauss

The target of this event had the slogan "evolution in continuity" and proclaimed a "political spring." Following this event, Mario Soares was the first person to be freely elected Prime Minister, since this event was followed by a two year Continuing Revolutionary Process led by the National Salvation Junta. The target of this event hid in the Largo do Carmo police station before surrendering to General Spinola. The MFA led this event, which is commemorated by Freedom Day on April 25th, the day on which it occurred. For the point, name this event which ousted Marcello Caetano in Portugal, named for a certain flower.

Carnation Revolution

Canute IV of Denmark and his brother Benedict were murdered by angry peasants in one of these buildings in Odense, where their bodies remain. One of these buildings, built in Mantua by Leon Alberti, has coffers painted on its large barrel vault. The construction of one of these buildings was funded by the Arte de Lana, and is topped by a double brick dome designed by Brunelleschi in Florence. Il Duomo is, for the point, what type of Christian religious building?

Cathedrals

To prepare this location, eminent domain was used to destroy Seneca Village. A 1981 reunion of Simon and Garfunkel served as a benefit concert for this location. This home of the open-air Delacorte Theater and the Tavern on the Green is bordered on the southeast by Fifth Avenue. For the point, name this Frederick Law Olmsted-designed green space in Manhattan, the most-visited park in the U.S.

Central Park

Volkswagen sued National Lampoon over a joke about this event. A man in this event was criticized for not using a telephone as he walked back to Lawrence Cottage. It occurred after a man left a party that was a reunion for the "boiler-room girls." That man admitted that immediately after this event he thought of the "awful curse" hanging over his family. Mary Jo Kopechne died in this event, which damaged a Massachusetts politician's presidential aspirations. For the point, name this 1969 event in which Senator Ted Kennedy's female colleague was killed when he drove his car off a bridge.

Chappaquiddick incident

This man's court is where the concept of lowercase letters was first developed. This man, who received an elephant from Harun al-Rashid, patronized the cultural work of Alcuin of York in a namesake "renaissance." This organizer of the Saxon Crusade appears in the Song of Roland as the commander of the army which is ambushed at the climactic battle. For the point, name this son of Pippin the Short who was crowned emperor by Leo III on Christmas Day 800.

Charlamagne

This man was Chief Justice when the West Coast Hotel decision became the "switch in time that saved nine." This man organized the Washington Naval Conference as Harding and Coolidge's Secretary of State. This man's snub of Hiram Johnson may have cost him the 1916 election. In 1935, his majority opinion invalidated the National Industrial Recovery Act's "voluntary codes" in the "sick chicken" case. For the point, name this Supreme Court Chief Justice of the 1930s, a former Republican who initially opposed the New Deal.

Charles Evans Hughes

One of this person's rivals peeks into his coffin in a painting by Paul Delaroche, who also depicted this man being taunted by soldiers. He was shown passing through an archway on horseback accompanied by Monsieur de St. Antoine in a painting created by an artist who also depicted him in civilian hunting dress. He appears in left profile, face-on, and right three-quarter profile in a triple portrait by that artist. For the point, name this English king who employed Anthony van Dyck before his execution at the behest of Parliament.

Charles I

After losing the Battle of Worcester, this man hid in an oak tree. This man's affair with Lucy Walter led to the birth of a son who lost the Battle of Sheriffmuir. Three years after his navy was attacked in the Raid on the Medway, this man signed the secret Treaty of Dover with France. This father of the Duke of Monmouth and husband of Catherine of Braganza permitted Parliament to pass the Test Act. Titus Oates concocted a fictitious plan to assassinate this man, leading to anti-Catholic hysteria. For the point, name this target of the Popish and Rye House Plots, a son of Charles I who was rose to the throne in the English Restoration.

Charles II

This ruler forced Francis I to sign the Treaty of Madrid after his victory at the Battle of Pavia. The revolt of the Comuneros broke out after Adrian of Utrecht ruled one of this ruler's kingdoms in his absence. This ruler signed the Peace of Augsburg with the Schmalkaldic League. After the death of Ferdinand II, this ruler co-ruled with his mother Joanna the Mad. For the point, name this ruler who was both King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor in the 16th century.

Charles V

During a brief retirement, this man wrote a three-volume memoir that began with The Call to Honor. This man was initially co-president of a provisional government before ousting Henri Giraud. He returned to his highest office after René Coty threatened to resign. The Secret Army Organization opposed this man, who was succeeded as president by Georges Pompidou. His tenure as president included his country's loss of Algeria and the mass unrest of May 1968. For the point, what father of the French Fifth Republic led Free French Forces during World War II?

Charles de Gaulle

The Redoutable was launched under this leader, who made his country the fourth nuclear power. Raoul Salan and Maurice Challe conspired to overthrow this leader in the Algiers putsch. This leader negotiated with the FLN to produce the Evian Accords, granting Algeria independence. This leader controversially declared "vive le Quebec libre!" while visiting Canada. Georges Pompidou succeeded, for the point, what first President of the French Fifth Republic, who led the Free French during World War II?

Charles de Gaulle

The planned Operation Resurrection was intended to return this man to power, and this leader sparked the "Empty Chair Crisis" after qualified majority voting was instituted in the EC. This man fled his nation's capital after the failure of the Grenelle Accords to resolve the 1968 student protests in his nation's capital, and he delivered the Appeal of June 18th during World War II as the leader of the Free French. For the point, name this first President of the French Fith Republic.

Charles de Gaulle

This man's opposition to the planned sharing and co-crewing of Polaris missiles led to his 1963 withdrawal of his country from NATO leader, the same year that he opposed British entry to the European Economic Community. This man was succeeded by his longtime deputy Georges Pompidou when he resigned the presidency just after a failed referendum in the light of the May 1968 protests. He signed the Evian Accords, ending the Algerian war. For the point, name this architect and first president of the Fifth Republic and Free French leader during World War II.

Charles de Gaulle

Timothy Tackett suggested this man was the biological father of Eugene Delacroix. He proposed a plan to partition a newly-independent Belgium. This man attended the Estates-General as Bishop of Autun, but proposed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy officially rendering the Catholic Church inferior to the French government. In his highest post, this man criticized the harsh demands of the Treaties of Pressburg and Tilsit, eventually resigning. For the point, name this foreign minister of Napoleon who represented France at the Congress of Vienna.

Charles de Talleyrand Perigord

This philosopher uses the travels of Uzbek and Rica to provide commentary on French politics in his Persian Letters. In a work banned by the Catholic Church, he believed that the geography of a country helped determine the type of government that developed there and advocated for the separation of a government's judicial branch from the legislative and executive. For the point, name this French Enlightenment philosopher of The Spirit of the Laws

Charles-Louis Montesquieu

Alfonso X of Castille described variants of this activity "of the four seasons" and an "astronomical" variant in the first section of his Book of Games. Soviet domination at this activity during the Cold War began with the success of Mikhail Botvinnik, while the only American World Champion at this activity before the fall of the USSR later got his citizenship revoked due to anti-Semitic comments and lived as a recluse in Iceland. For the point, name this board game whose famous players include Deep Blue, Garry Kasparov, and Bobby Fischer.

Chess

This man's administration signed the Shufeldt Treaty with Korea. William Chandler, constructed dozens of ironclads and started the Naval War College. While serving as New York's quartermaster general during the Civil War, this man befriended Roscoe Conkling. His navy secretary, This president vetoed the Chinese Exclusion Act and signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, the latter due in part to his predecessor's assassination by "disappointed office-seeker" Charles Guiteau. For the point, name this president who succeeded James Garfield.

Chester A. Arthur

These individuals were subject to the Harkin-Engel Protocol regarding cocoa production, and In re Gault extended due process rights to these people in delinquency proceedings. Hammer v. Dagenhart ruled that the Keating-Owen Act's prohibition on the sale of goods produced by these people was unconstitutional. For the point, name these people whose labor was exploited during the Industrial Revolution, as their fingers were small enough to reach inside machines.

Children

The Seguro Obrero Massacre took place in this country in response to an attempted 1938 National Socialist coup. Carlos Ib´a˜nez del Campo began the nationalization of this country's largest industry; that process was completed by a Popular Unity-backed president who defeated Jorge Alessandri in 1970. That leader of this country was overthrown in a 1973 coup by a dictator advised in economics by the Chicago Boys. For the point, name this nation led by Augusto Pinochet after the overthrow of Salvador Allende.

Chile

This disease radiated out from Calcutta in 1817 in the first of its seven canonical pandemics. This disease was stopped by removing the handle of the Broad Street pump in 1854 after pioneering epidemiology work by John Snow. A glass of water infected with this disease was used to commit suicide by Peter Tchaikovsky. For the point, name this disease that commonly kills in unsanitary conditions by causing dehydration through constant diarrhea.

Cholera

Early documents on this art form include the Laon and Gallen Codices. The Cecilian Movement reformed this genre, which in its early history featured scandicus, praepunctis, and quilisma neumes . One work in this genre portrays a "bulwark never failing." Early development of the Phrygian and Dorian modes occurred in this genre, including in a monophonic subgenre of chant named after Gregory the Great. For the point, name this art form performed in cathedrals.

Christian Church Music

This man's friend Gaspar Gorricio inspired him to write the Book of Privileges, and on this man's final voyage, he was attacked by El Quiban. On that same voyage, this man discovered the Cayman Islands and called them "Las Tortugas." This man was replaced as Governor of the Indies by Francisco Bobadilla, and his voyages were funded by Ferdinand and Isabella. For the point, name this Genoan explorer who commanded the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria.

Christopher Columbus

This man debated G.K. Chesterton in the 1931 Mecca Temple debate on religion. While in Detroit, this man gave the 1925 speech known as the "I Believe in the Law of Love" oration in support of Dr. Ossian Sweet. He angered a rival by sarcastically asking questions about where Cain obtained his wife or the truth about Adam's rib. This man's 12 hour long plea managed to save the lives of the "thrill killers" Leopold and Loeb. He asked questions to William Jennings Bryan about the Bible's "literal" nature. For the point, name this lawyer who defended John Scopes in the "Monkey Trial."

Clarence Darrow

For extraditing the killers of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus' sons, the Gabinians opposed this figure, who deposed Achillas and a brother influenced by Pothinus. Caesarion succeeded this half-sibling of Arsinoe IV after Marcus Agrippa won a naval battle, which prompted her to commit suicide via asp. For the point, name this pharaoh who lost the Battle of Actium, a co-ruler with Ptolemy XIII who loved both Mark Antony and Julius Caesar.

Cleopatra

One character played by this actor leads the title group in the theft of 14,000 gold bars during World War II in a 1970 film called Kelly's Heroes. Two of this director's films share a scene in which a flamethrower is used to clear out a bunker on the beach. One of those two 2006 films by this director was about a soldier who befriends a soldier kicked out of the Kempeitai and buries Tadamichi Kuribayashi, while the other is about the men who raised a flag on Mt. Suribachi. For the point, name this American director of Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima.

Clint Eastwood

An early 2000's health crisis in North America among users of this substance resulted from its mixture with levamisole, a downer used by veterinarians. Albert Niemann's 1860 dissertation described all the steps required to synthesize this compound, whose precursor factored into the experiments of Paolo Mantegazza. An 1884 pamphlet by Sigmund Freud popularized this drug's use for the relief of depression in Europe. This triple reuptake inhibitor is an alkaloid refined from a South American plant. For the point, name this drug once found legally in a soda rivaling Pepsi, a white powder which can be solidified into "crack."

Cocaine

This country attempted to rid itself of communist sympathizers in its Plan Lazo. Alberto Camargo served as the first leader of this country's National Front, which was comprised of Liberal and Conservative party factions that had earlier fought the Thousand Days War. The assassination of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan contributed to the outbreak of La Violencia in this country, and its more recent troubles include the kidnapping of Ingrid Betancourt by FARC operatives. For the point, name this oft-troubled South American nation with capital at Bogota.

Columbia

An alternative to this measure was proposed by a president who had sent T. Butler King to bring a certain state into the union without it first going through the territorial phase. This legislation was opposed by the Nashville Convention. A speech given in support of it was known as the "Higher Law" speech. This "Omnibus Bill" established the territories of Utah and New Mexico, admitted California as a free state, and included a new and harsher Fugitive Slave Act. For the point, name this last compromise drafted by Henry Clay, named for a year.

Compromise of 1850

This colony ceded the Oblong to its western neighbor in 1683. A border dispute with this state's northern neighbor was resolved in 1801, creating the Southwick Jog. It lost the Pennamite Wars, a dispute over control of the Wyoming Valley in present-day Pennsylvania. This state set aside the Firelands for victims of British arson in towns such as Danbury and New London. It ceded the remainder of its trans-Appalachian claims in 1800, giving up control of land that is now northeastern Ohio. For the point, the Western Reserve was claimed by what New England state?

Connecticut

One leader of this political party was criticized for attempting to appeal to young voters by wearing a baseball cap at the Notting Hill Fair. This party was led by William Hague after the loss of a prime minister who pulled his country out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism on Black Wednesday. Michael Haseltine challenged another leader of this party, who lost favor after trying to institute a Community Charge. That leader of this party was nicknamed "milk-snatcher" while serving as Education Secretary under Ted Heath. For the point, name this political party, which at various times was led by John Major and Margaret Thatcher.

Conservative

One secretary of war from this party had an affair with Christine Keeler, resulting in the Profumo Affair. This party removed its country's currency from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, resulting in Black Wednesday. Prime Ministers from this party have included Harold Macmillan and John Major. In May 2015, this party defeated Ed Miliband's party to retain control of the House of Commons. For the point, name this party which has led British Parliament since defeating Labour, with Liberal Democrat help, in 2010 under David Cameron.

Conservative Party of the U.K.

Lorenzo Valla discredited an alleged document written by this ruler which put Rome under the authority of the Papacy. This ruler claimed divine intervention and the sign of the Chi-Rho helped him defeat Maxentius. Two years after Galerius issued the Edict of Toleration, this ruler issued the Edict of Milan to give Christianity legal status within Rome. For the point, name this Roman emperor who won the Battle of Milvian Bridge.

Constantine the Great

The Milion, a monument inscribed with the distances to other cities, marked the beginning of this city's main street, the Mese. The Kentenarion Tower and Tower of Galata were two ends of a chain that defended this city's Golden Horn. The Tower of Galata was rebuilt in the Genoese district as a gift for Genoa's support against the Fourth Crusade, which sacked this city. In 1453, Mehmed II captured, for the point, what capital of the Eastern Roman Empire that was renamed Istanbul?

Constantinople

The document NSC-68 supported this policy, as did a work analyzed by Clark Clifford and George Elsey, the Long Telegram. This policy was criticized by Barry Goldwater, who instead asked, "Why not victory?" James Forrestal was called the "godfather" of this policy for disseminating the X Article. Alternate strategies to this policy were isolationism, detente and rollback. This policy, created by George Kennan, inspired the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, along with the creation of NATO. For the point, name this policy that sought to restrict the advance of Communism during the Cold War.

Containment

Alongside Demetrius and Chalcis, one of Macedon's Three Fetters was located in the citadel of this city. This city's name entered Greek lexicon as a verb meaning "to have sex" due to prostitute priestesses at a temple to Aphrodite outside this city. This city was burned to the ground after its capture by Romans under Lucius Mummius, and gives its name to a league created by Phillip II of Macedon. For the point, name this Greek city, located on a namesake isthmus between the Peloponnese and Athens.

Corinth

James Boswell's "account" of this island discusses the briefly successful republican movement led here by Pasquale Paoli, who ended five hundred years of domination of this island by Genoa. The Battle of Punto Novo ended the republic here. This island is now controlled by France, and is found to the north of the Italian-controlled Sardinia. For the point, name this large Mediterranean island where Napoleon was born.

Corsica

This crop was processed by the writers of the Lowell Offering and heavily traded in Manchester, England in the 19th century. James Hargreaves improved the processing of this crop by inventing the spinning jenny, and its fibers were separated from its seeds by another machine invented by Eli Whitney. For the point, name this cash crop, called "King" in the pre-Civil War American South, a fiber usually spun into yarn.

Cotton

Phineas Miller sold this invention at exorbitant rates after it was first created in Catherine Greene's workshop. William Longstreet improved upon this invention with his "breast roller." Its inventor made his fortune in gunsmithing after his patent for this creation was ignored. This machine used a rotating cylinder to move small hooks and brushes. For the point, name this machine invented by Eli Whitney that separated lint from seed in a slavery-intensive textile crop.

Cotton Gin

Union scouts and Virginian militia clashed around one of these places in Fairfax in the first land skirmish of the Civil War. A battle named for one of these buildings featured intense fighting at "Bloody Angle" near the Mule Shoe and followed the Battle of the Wilderness in the Overland Campaign. The Battle of Spotsylvania is named for one of these buildings, as is an engagement which was followed by a meeting at Wilmer McLean's house. For the point, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant following a battle near what sort of building in Appomattox?

Courthouses

David Turnbull allegedly planned the Ladder Conspiracy in this modern day country, which was suppressed by authorities in the Year of the Lash. The Virginius was intercepted on the way to help rebels in this modern day country during the Ten Years War. Hundreds of thousands died in this country due to the Reconcentration policy of Governor Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler. For the point, name this former Spanish colony where the USS Maine sank in Havana harbor.

Cuba

One member of this movement was executed for his supposed role in the "Conspiracy of the Ladder" and wrote under the pseudonym Placido. Carlos Manuel de Cespedes issued the "Grito de Yara" before starting a ten-year war attempting to achieve this movement's aims. This movement gained traction in the United States due to Valeriano Weyler's attempts to combat it, which earned Weyler the nickname "The Butcher". For the point, Jose Marti was the best-known member of what movement that attempted to liberate a Caribbean island from Spanish rule?

Cuban Independence Movement

The highest ranked target of this event, which also caused the deaths of Tyrone Woods and Glen Doherty, died of smoke inhalation on a bathroom floor. The alleged organizer of this event, Ahmed Abu Khattala was captured by Special Forces in June, 2014. Trey Gowdy of South Carolina is leading the investigation of it. One person almost had her career derailed due to statements she made after this event on talk shows attributing it to the film "Innocence of Muslims." That person is Susan Rice. For the point, name this event which led to the death of American Ambassador Christopher Stevens in Libya.

Cuban Revolution

This actress played the owner of London's Windmill Theater, which was allowed to feature nudity on the condition that the women did not move, in Mrs Henderson Presents. In another role, this actress judged whether a playwright could capture true love, earning the 1998 Best Supporting Actress Oscar. For the point, name this actress who portrayed Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love and M in eight recent James Bond films.

Dame Judi Dench

This movement was essentially the same as the publishers of The Polar Star and was split into the Northern Society and Southern Society. One of its failed proposals was to institute a Bolivarian dictatorship led by Sergei Trubetskoy. In the only significant action of this movement, three thousand soldiers rallied in St. Petersburg for "Constantine and constitution," trying to prevent the accession of Nicholas I. For the point, name this 1825 Russian uprising which took place in a namesake month.

Decembrist Uprising

Ezra Vogel wrote a controversial 2011 biography of this man titled for the transformation of his nation. This man announced a program known as the Four Modernizations. Zhou Enlai suggested that this man be rehabilitated following his purging during the Cultural Revolution. This man proposed the "one country, two systems" arrangement, and he gained power by outmaneuvering Hua Guofeng in 1978. For the point, identify this leader of China who oversaw the PRC's economic liberalization in the 1980s as well as the Tiananmen Square massacre.

Deng Xiaoping

This leader launched the Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign and described his economic policies as to "seek truth from facts." After the death of Zhou Enlai, this man was put under house arrest after being accused of organizing protests. This man, who obtained power after he forced Hua Guofeng to resign, authorized the use of force in the June Fourth incident. For the point, name this Paramount Leader of China during the 1980s who initiated various pro-market reforms and led during the Tienanmen Square protests.

Deng Xiaoping

Pat Maloney used Arthur Henning's expertise to develop and publish this statement, which was accompanied by the statement that "Boyle Leads in City." Two days after this theory was officially debunked, one of its subjects was photographed at a St. Louis train station, triumphantly displaying a statement of this theory while joking "That ain't the way I heard it!" The Chicago Daily Tribune infamously declared, for the point, what incorrect headline in November 1948, flubbing the result of a presidential election?

Dewey Defeats Truman

Four years after this event, its victim complained that the perpetrator broke rules by not ensuring blue sky below his target. The 78-year-old victim of this incident suffered a heart attack three days later, as a shot pellet had lodged near his heart, though most of his injuries were to the face and neck. For the point, name this 2006 accident in which quail hunter Harry Whittington was injured which, after Aaron Burr's duel, is the second shooting accident to involve a sitting American Vice President.

Dick Cheney's Shooting Accident

An assuredly fabricated solution to this mystery involves the New York banker Irene Bolam. A 1966 Fred Goerner book about this mystery quoted Naval Commander John Pillsbury. Chester Nimitz was quoted as saying the answer to this mystery involved people being captured by the Japanese in the Marshall Islands. Outlandish solutions to it involve participants working as spies for Franklin Roosevelt before World War II. This mystery involves what happened to Fred Noonan and a Lockheed Model 10 Electra in the Pacific Ocean in 1937. For the point, name this mystery about the disappearance of a female aviator.

Disappearance of Amelia Earhart

Dominic Mancini's account described the circumstances around this crime. James Tyrrell confessed to this crime, and evidence found during a renovation over a century later supports his account. One suspect in this crime is the Duke of Buckingham, who was a possible heir to the throne of England. The main suspect in this crime had previously served as Lord Protector before usurping the crown from one of the victims. For the point, which crime involved the disappearance of the two sons of Edward IV, and whose most likely perpetrator was their uncle Richard III?

Disappearance of the Princes in the Tower

This man, who served as an "anti-poverty czar" in the Nixon administration, once differentiated between "known knowns", "known unknowns", and "unknown unknowns." This man's namesake "doctrine" emphasizes high-tech weapons and air strikes rather than more ground forces, and was coined by reporters to describe his strategy during the Iraq War. For the point, name this man who also served as Secretary of Defense from 2001-2006 under George W. Bush.

Donald Henry Rumsfeld

The legendary king Codrus tricked an army of these people into killing him in order to save his city. An alliance of cities founded by this group in Asia Minor was called the hexapolis. The appearance of this group is connected to the mythical return of the children of Heracles. This group may have caused the "Dark Ages" by attacking a civilization that used the Linear B script. This group names an order of column that contrasts with the Ionic and the Corinthian. For the point, name this ethnic group that is thought to have destroyed the Mycenaean culture by invading Greece.

Dorian

One leader with this surname had an extravagant $2 million wedding with Michele Bennett. Another leader with this surname believed that Clement Barbot had transformed into an animal and therefore ordered the death of all black dogs in his country. That leader with this surname created the Tonton Macoute secret police force in 1959. For the point, give this surname of "Bebe Doc" and "Papa Doc," a pair of 20th century Haitian dictators.

Duvalier

This President's "nine businessmen and a plumber" Cabinet included George M. Humphrey, his Secretary of the Treasury. This man announced Operation Wetback, the deportation of over 1.5 million Mexican immigrants. The man's New Look policy, developed with his Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, involved a policy of "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in the event of an attack. His namesake Highway Act was inspired by the Autobahn during his time in Germany. For the point, name this Supreme Commander of Allied Forces during World War II and 34th U.S. President.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A proclamation read during this event ended with a call for the nation to "prove itself worthy of the august destiny to which it is called." The perpetrators of this event read their proclamation at the General Post Office. It included fierce fighting at Mount Street Bridge. This event began three days after the arrest of Sir Roger Casement, and was led by Tom Clarke and Patrick Pearse. The year after this event, Eamon de Valera became president of Sinn Féin. For the point, name this Dublin insurrection named for a holiday in 1916.

Easter Rising

A wheelchair and black-clad mourners appear in this artist's Death in the Sickroom. This artist's Vampire joins works like The Sick Child in his twenty-four-piece series The Frieze of Life. The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa may have inspired the background of a work by this man, in which the central figure stands near a railing with his hands against his face. For the point, name this Norwegian artist of The Scream.

Edvard Munch

The Republican candidate in this election was depicted as a steam locomotive called the "Defeatist Limited." During this election, Chuck Jones made the film Hell-Bent for Election to support the winner. In a speech in this election, the winner ridiculed assertions that he had sent a US Navy ship to Alaska to pick up his dog Fala. Democratic leaders insisted on dumping Henry Wallace from the ticket before this election and replacing him with a Missouri Senator. For the point, name this presidential election in which Franklin Roosevelt defeated Thomas Dewey to win his fourth term.

Election of 1944

A candidate in this year's election was attacked for his close association with Russian mystic Nicholas Roerich, and left his position as publisher of The New Republic to run. Another candidate in this election ran on a ticket with Fielding Wright after walking out of a major party convention following Hubert Humphrey's speech. Henry Wallace's Progressives and Strom Thurmond's Dixiecrats were factors in this election, whose outcome was wrong in the Chicago Daily Tribune. For the point, name this Presidential election in which Dewey did not defeat Truman.

Election of 1948

Senator James Eastland exposed the fact that this person's father had raped and killed women while in the U.S. Army in Italy. J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant talked about this person in a brazen interview with Look magazine, knowing they were protected by double jeopardy rules. This person, while visiting relatives in a town called Money, made the mistake of speaking "fresh" to a female grocery store owner. His mother insisted on an open-coffin funeral to show the world his brutally mutilated corpse. For the point, name this African-American teenager, who was murdered in 1955 in Mississippi.

Emmett Till

Following an assassination attempt on a foreign viceroy of this country, 30,000 of its residents were massacred on Yekatit 12. This country was the site of the largely decorational March of the Iron Will. A leader of this country shot himself on Easter Monday after imprisoning several British subjects at Magdala. Robert Napier led an expedition against this country's emperor, Tewodros II. Although this country successfully repelled invaders at the Battle of Adowa, it fell to Italian forces in 1936. For the point, name this country once known as Abyssinia and ruled by Haile Selassie.

Ethiopia

One empire based in this modern day nation built its capital at Lalibela and was led by the Agaw people. A kingdom in this nation had a port at Adulis and spoke the Ge'ez language, in which the Kebra Nagast was written. Under Ezana, that kingdom in this nation converted to Christianity and its rulers were supposedly of the Solomonic Line. For the point, name this nation ruled by the Zagwe and Axumite Kingdoms, a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa.

Ethiopia

This animal may have been domesticated following a papal decree that it could be eaten during Lent. During his Mexican exile, Leon Trotsky raised chickens and these animals. In the 1950's, Paul Armand-Delille accidentally killed off over ninety percent of this animal's European population by causing a myxomatosis outbreak. They aren't dingoes, but in the 1900's, a series of fences was built to keep these animals out of Western Australia. For the point, since it was brought to Victoria in 1859, what herbivore has wreaked havoc on Australia's ecosystem?

European Rabbit

The difference in the sun's height at noon between two cities in this modern-day country led Eratosthenes to calculate the circumference of the Earth; other Greek mathematicians who lived in this region included Hypatia, Heron, and Euclid. For the point, name this country where many scientific texts were kept but lost in the burning of the library of Alexandria.

Eygpt

The graffiti phrase "Beliefs become reality" anticipated this event, which was demanded by a leader who called "if you seek liberalization, come here." Gunter Schabowski's announcement of new refugee transit policies sparked this event, which began with sledgehammers and started the process of reunification. For the point, name this November 1989 event, a symbol of the end of the Cold War, which was requested by Ronald Reagan in his "Tear down this wall!" speech.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

This belief system is said to seek "the aestheticization of politics" in a Walter Benjamin essay about the "work of art". The most recent draining of the Pontine Marshes was undertaken by a leader of this philosophy. The Battle for Land and Battle for Births were programs set up as part of this ideology, which many Futurist artists later subscribed to after the peak of their careers. This ideology took its name from an object carried by lictors in ancient Rome, consisting largely of a bundle of tied sticks representing strength in numbers. For the point, name this authoritarian ideology of the Black Shirts in 1920s Italy.

Fascism

The Act establishing this organization names maximum employment, price stability, and long-term interest rate stability as its three goals. This organization uses monetary policy to meet those goals, as in December 2015 when its Board of Governors announced a quarter-point increase in the federal funds rate. Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke once led, for the point, what central banking system of the United States, now chaired by Jerome Powell?

Federal Reserve System

This political party was supported by John Fenno's Gazette of the United States. DeWitt Clinton and Rufus King were this party's last presidential candidates. Most delegates to the Hartford Convention were members of this party, whose platform was shaped by Alexander Hamilton. George Washington never officially joined, for the point, what early American political party whose only President was John Adams?

Federalist Party

Before this battle, a Union attack forced M.L. Bonham to retreat to Centreville. After this battle, the spy Rose Greenhow was arrested. This battle opened with Confederates under Nathan Evans defending the Warrenton Turnpike and Stone Bridge. At this battle, a rallying exhortation by Barnard Bee gave Stonewall Jackson his nickname. This battle ended when P.G.T. Beauregard's reinforced army forced Irvin McDowell to retreat. For the point, name this first major battle of the Civil War, fought near a Virginia rail junction.

First Battle of Bull Run

Two structures used to measure these events were located on Elephantine Island. These events were followed by seasons called peret and shemu, which coincide with the rise of Sirius. The area affected by these events was known as the "black land," in contrast with the "red land." The god Hapi personified these events, which ceased after the completion of the Aswan High Dam. For the point, name these formerly annual events in which a river's waters overflowed, bringing fertile sediment to Egyptian fields.

Flooding of the Nile

This leader enacted the Law of Political Responsibilities to justify the oppression of political opponents. The ETA carried out Operation Ogre, which assassinated one of this leader's supporters, Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco. This man briefly restored the monarchy by naming Juan Carlos I as his successor, who then reformed his country into a democracy. The Falangist and Carlist movements were merged during a 1930s civil war by, for the point, what Spanish dictator who died in 1975?

Francisco Franco

This man decided to keep his country neutral after a meeting at Hendaye. He saved the enclave of Melilla after leading a forced march of the Legión Extranjera; that campaign took place during the war against the Abd el-Krim brothers. This man took power with the help of fellow africanistas. Despite his neutrality, he sent the "Blue Division" to fight in World War II. He declared that after his death, Juan Carlos would succeed him. After taking power, this man merged the Carlists with his own Falange party. For the point, name this right-wing dictator of Spain

Francisco Franco

This person used the cover name "Morland" while resisting invaders. It's not Charles De Gaulle, but this person began a "crossing of the desert" after losing his seat in 1958. He became President with his "110 Propositions" after becoming leader of his party in the Epinay Congress. This person abolished the death penalty with the Badinter Act. He ordered a bombing of a group who criticized his nuclear weapons testing in the South Pacific and allied with other coalitions in two "Cohabitations." For the point, name this French Socialist Prime Minister who ordered the sinking of the Greenpeace Ship "Rainbow Warrior."

Francois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand

Early in his career, this man's oration prompted a riot in Pendleton, Indiana in which he permanently maimed his hand. Hugh Auld collected this man's wages during his time as a caulker in Baltimore. This frequent collaborator with Gerrit Smith ran with Victoria Woodhull on the Equal Rights Party presidential ticket in 1872. This supporter of the Seneca Falls Convention published three autobiographies, including My Bondage and My Freedom. For the point, name this founder of the newspaper The North Star, a former slave turned abolitionist.

Frederick Douglass

The "Smoking Him Out" cartoon depicted Democratic supporters of this party setting a barn on fire while proclaiming "Long life to Davy Wilmot." It nominated Martin van Buren for the 1848 presidential election in its founding year, but the Compromise of 1850 led most of its moderate members to leave the party. For the point, name this 19th century American single-issue political party named for its opposition to slavery?

Free Soil Party

Ableman v. Booth ruled Wisconsin's overturning of this law unconsitutional. Richard Henry Dana protested how this law, which was prompted by the ruling in Prigg v Pennsylvania, was applied to Anthony Burns in Boston. This law, alternatively known as the "Bloodhound Law," was supported within a broader compromise by Daniel Webster's "Seventh of March" speech. For the point, name this law, passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which required captured slaves to be returned to their masters.

Fugitive Slave Act

The capital of this leader became known as the "Latin Las Vegas" thanks to his close ties with Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky. This man rose to his highest post following the overthrow of Gerardo Machado in the Revolt of the Sergeants. This leader of the United Action coalition stepped down from office after the withdrawal of American support for his regime, having faced an attack on the Moncada Barracks. The 26th of July movement opposed, for the point, what Cuban leader, the predecessor of Fidel Castro?

Fulgencio Batista

One company in this industry put a double-headed eagle on the extra-wide white stripe in its flag. St. Louis, Missouri was founded by the Chouteau family that became wealthy through this industry. Members of this industry participated in the Rocky Mountain Rendezvous. This industry traded point blankets for their namesake product. John Jacob Astor founded an American company in this industry that lost their competition for market share with the Canadian Hudson's Bay Company. For the point, name this industry dealing in animal pelts.

Fur Trade

Peter Ward developed an alternative idea to this idea named for Medea. A computer simulation to test this idea features two organisms: black and white daisies. The books The Greening of Mars and A Rough Ride to the Future were written by this idea's formulator, James Lovelock, to advance it. Evidence for this idea includes the constant salinity of the ocean and steady levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For the point, name this hypothesis that suggests our planet is alive, and which takes its name from the ancient Greek embodiment of "earth."

Gaia Hypothesis

This character allies with Tullus Aufidius shortly after noting "My birthplace hate I, and my love's upon / this enemy town" in an Act Four soliloquy. This character's mother, Volumnia, kneels before this man, who cries "You have won a happy victory for Rome, but for your son...most mortal to him!" For the point, name this Roman general who led the Volsci in a stopped siege on Rome and whose story was told in one of Shakespeare's final tragedies.

Gaius Marcius Coriolanus

The rebellious governor Postumus created a breakaway empire named for this region that was eventually suppressed by Aurelian. Brennus led people from this region to victory against Rome at the Allia River before sacking the city in 390 BC. Ambiorix led a rebellion during a war in this region, which contained administrative centers at Narbo Martius and Lugdunum. One historian described this region as "divided into three parts," inhabited by the Belgae, Aquitani, and Celts. For the point, name this region which was annexed by Rome after the defeat of Vercingetorix by Julius Caesar, who wrote a history about his conquest.

Gaul

This man cited Tengrism mythology to claim legitimacy, noting that he had been chosen by the "Eternal Blue Sky." This man's defeat at Balan Dalzhut to his enemy Jamukha was described in a Uyghur-script "Secret History," though in his later career, this man conquered the Khwarezmian empire. Assisted by his general and successor Ogedei, this man also conquered the Western Xia and Jin Dynasties. This man's legacy in China was continued by his grandson, Kublai. For the point, name this Great Khan and founder of the Mongolian empire.

Gengis Khan

In one work, this thinker described private property as an "abstract right," rather than a natural one. A critique of one of this thinker's works introduced the quote "religion is the opium of the people." A "Struggle to the death" takes place between self-conscious beings in this thinker's master-slave dialectic. Karl Popper's The Open Society and its Enemies argued that Plato, Karl Marx, and this thinker were the intellectual origins of 20th century totalitarianism. For the point, name this German philosopher who wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit.

Georg Hegel

This person's wife was given the desk on which Robert E. Lee signed his surrender in the Civil War. He legendarily amassed a record 726 demerits during his time at West Point. This person was court-martialed for visiting his wife following the failure of the Hancock campaign due to the Kidder massacre. This person won the Battle of Washita River, destroying Black Kettle's village. His pronouncements of gold in the Black Hills led to a gold rush, and he met his end after leading an attack on a force led by Sitting Bull. For the point, name this American general who died while fighting the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

George Armstrong Custer

This composer included "La Paix" and "La Rejouissance" in a work for winds and percussion written to celebrate the signing of the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle. King George II supposedly stood up at the premiere of another work by this man, which is often performed at Christmas. for the point, what German-born English composer wrote the Music for the Royal Fireworks and the oratorio Messiah, which includes the "Hallelujah" chorus?

George Friedrich Handel

This politician labeled Medal of Honor winning opponent Leo K. Thorsness a "carpetbagger." Late in life, this man started an inn in Connecticut, and admitted its failure taught him lessons about small business that would have helped him in the Senate. He said "This chamber reeks of blood" in support of his bill sponsored with Mark Hatfield to end the Vietnam War. This man was forced to drop Thomas Eagleton from the ticket after the latter's history of shock therapy became public. For the point, name this South Dakota Senator who lost the 1972 presidential election to Richard Nixon.

George McGovern

After colliding with a truck driven by Robert Thompson, this man commented "This is a hell of a way to die." After the surrender of Japan, this man wrote "Yet another war has come to an end, and with it my usefulness to the world." During Operation Husky, this man participated in a race to Messina against Bernard Montgomery. While suffering from battle fatigue, Paul Bennett was slapped by this man. For the point, name this American general, known as Old Blood and Guts, who served under General Eisenhower during World War II.

George S. Patton

In a series of speeches to American troops, this man called a man fixing a telegraph wire in Africa the bravest he'd met. He won a race to Messina against his British counterpart Bernard Montgomery. This leader of the fictitious First U.S. Army Group saw his career stall after slapping a fatigued soldier. The Third Army was commanded after D-Day by, for the point, what American general known as "Old Blood and Guts?"

George S. Patton Jr.

As president, this man signed an expansion of Medicare for prescription drugs into law, known as Part D. This man's first attorney general was appointed after losing a Senate election to a dead opponent in Missouri. He appointed the first Hispanic Attorney General and the first black female Secretary of State, Alberto Gonzales and Condoleezza Rice. For the point, name this US President who succeeded Bill Clinton.

George W. Bush

A belief that divine protection could be granted by water known as maji maji arose from one of these places. The battles of Tanga and Sandfontein were fought to protect two of these regions. Togoland was one of these regions, and the Caprivi Strip was annexed into one of these entities in an agreement that declared Zanzibar would no longer be contested as a possible one of these entities. For the point, name these overseas entities that were divided between European powers in 1919 after their owner lost World War I and included modern Cameroon and Rwanda.

Germany's African Colonies

Bruce Jacob argued the losing side in this case, which overturned Betts v. Brady and extended Powell v. Alabama to non-capital cases. This unanimous decision, authored by Hugo Black, incorporated the Sixth Amendment in a case which acquitted a Panama City, Florida man charged with breaking into a pool hall. For the point, name this 1963 Supreme Court case which ruled that, even if they cannot afford one, defendants have the right to an attorney?

Gideon v. Wainwright

This group was alternately named for the founder of the anti-slavery Society of the Friends of the Blacks. This group presented a tripartite "constitutional project" calling for the abolition of death penalty and the institution of a unicameral legislature. The husband-and-wife team of Jean Marie and Madame Roland belonged to this group. This group was named after the southwestern department of France where Bordeaux wine is cultivated. They bitterly clashed with a radicalized faction known as The Mountain, or the Montagnards, and their downfall marked the start of the Reign of Terror. For the point, name this moderate faction during the French Revolution.

Girondists

This composer expanded his "Libera Me" into a full-scale mass in memory of Alessandro Manzoni, which became his often-performed Requiem. This composer's name was used as a coded rallying cry for the Risorgimento and the installation of Victor Emmanuel as king. This composer's historical work includes The Sicilian Vespers, though he is more known for an opera in which "La Donna e Mobile" is performed. For the point, name this Italian composer of Rigoletto and an opera set in ancient Egypt, Aida.

Giuseppe Verdi

European authority over this colonial region was enshrined in the Bond of 1844, which the Fante people agreed to. The Dutch sold Elmina castle, which processed slaves for centuries, to this colonial region. A siege of Kumasi was carried out by Garnet Wolseley in this region, which witnessed a 1900 desecration of the Golden Stool. For the point, name this site of the Ashanti Wars, a British colonial region which became Ghana after independence.

Gold Coast

A three-time holder of this position had his official portrait controversially painted by Don Bachardy. One holder of the position signed the Therapeutic Abortion Act, having gained this position by defeating George Christopher a year after delivering the "A Time For Choosing" speech at a national convention. In 2003, Gray Davis was recalled from this position in favor of, for the second time in its history, a popular actor. For the point, name this position held by Jerry Brown, Ronald Reagan, and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Governor of California

The Chilam Balam manuscripts note that the the four Bacabs survived this event, and Yu the Great survived one of these events with the help of a giant tortoise. After surviving one of these events, Pyrrha and Deucalion created a new race of humans by throwing stones over their shoulders. One figure discovered that this event had ended after a dove returned holding an olive branch. For the point, name these cataclysmic events, one of which Noah built an ark to avoid.

Great Floods

Peng Dehuai criticized this movement at the Lushan Conference. This movement targeted rats, flies, mosquitoes, and sparrows in the Four Pests Campaign and sought to implement backyard steel furnaces. This plan caused at least 15 million deaths in the Great Chinese Famine. For the point, name this 1958-1961 plan by Mao Zedong to quickly industrialize China.

Great Leap Forward

This event was partly caused by the capture of one participant by Robert Guiscard at the Battle of Civitate. This event occurred due to the undiplomatic actions of Humbert of Silva Candida. Attempts to reverse this event included the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Florence-Ferrara. In this event, issues like the filioque phrase in the Nicene Creed led Michael Cerularius and Pope Leo IX to mutually excommunicate each other. For the point, name this event which split Christianity into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches.

Great Schism

The dampened, corned type of this substance was a 14th century improvement on the dry, ground serpentine type. Taoist alchemists accidentally invented this substance when trying to come up with an elixir of immortality. This substance's original form was a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and carbon. Due to the production of different solid by-products, this substance was gradually replaced by smokeless varieties. For the point, name this substance used to shoot bullets out of firearms.

Gunpowder

One ruler of this dynasty died while trying to pray in a library, and a future ruler of this dynasty set up a namesake citadel at the city of Orcha where he defeated Vir Singh Deo. That ruler was more famous for setting up the "Golden Chain of Justice;" that ruler was Jahangir. His father set up the Dahsala system, and moved the capital to Fatehpur Sikri. That student of Bairam Khan had defeated Hemu the Grosser at the Second Battle of Panipat. For the point, name this Indian dynasty that included Akbar the Great.

Gupta Dynasty

Following their defeat in an 1814-16 war, these people were incorporated into an opposing force through the Treaty of Sugauli. These people often came from the Gurung, Magar, or Chhetri ethnic groups. These people used curved knives called khukuri. Reginald Dyer brought a regiment of these people to Amritsar in 1919, where they killed nearly four hundred people. Joanna Lumley campaigned for the rights of these people, who were once banned from living in the United Kingdom despite their service in the British Army. For the point, name these steadfast soldiers from Nepal.

Gurkhas

One ruler from this family attempted a land swapping agreement that was opposed by the Fürstenbund. That ruler from this family was visited by Pope Pius VI after his Edict of Idle Institutions closed monasteries in his realm. Another ruler from this family allied with France and Russia in the Diplomatic Revolution. That ruler from this family took the throne thanks to the 1713 Pragmatic Sanction, which prompted the War of the Austrian Succession. For the point, what ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire included Joseph II and Maria Theresa?

Habsburgs

This ruler founded the city of Antinopolis after the death of his Greek lover. This leader converted grain collectors known as Frumentarii into a secret police force. His forces defeated a rebellion started by Lucius Quietus, the Bar Kokhba revolt, and he ordered the construction of a fortification at the River Tyne to prevent barbarian invasions. For the point, name this Roman emperor, the successor of Trajan, who built a namesake wall in Britannia.

Hadrian

This leader divided his state into provinces called teklay ghizats. This man's realm was invaded after being blamed for a crisis at Welwel. He was targeted by a failed coup led by the Neway brothers, and sent the Kagnew Battalion to fight in the Korean War. This man assumed the title of negus after being named regent to Zauditu, daughter of Menelik II. In a speech before the League of Nations, he warned that "It is us today. It will be you tomorrow" after Italy's invasion of his country. For the point, name this emperor of Ethiopia revered by Rastafarians.

Haile Selassie I

Bunny Greenhouse claimed this company engaged in some of "the most blatant and improper" abuse she had ever seen. A former head of this company was hit with corruption charges in 2010 regarding the building of a plant on Bonny Island in Nigeria. This company's one-time subsidiary, Kellogg, Brown, and Root, had an employee, Jamie Jones, claim to have been gang raped at Camp Hope. This company's seven billion dollar contract leading up to the 2003 Iraq War raised suspicion since Vice President Dick Cheney was its former CEO. For the point, name this Houston based oilfield service company.

Halliburton

This team retired #3 in honor of a man who never played for them and was their most frequent opponent. Abe Saperstein gave this team a more "exotic" home even though the original players were all from Illinois. Its most famous player in the 1970's was Fred "Curly" Neal. This team is owned by one of the most powerful African-American executives, Mannie Jackson. In a loss, it once gave up a buzzer beater to 50-year old Red Klotz, who said "you'd have thought we'd killed Santa." This team's theme song is a whistled version of "Sweet Georgia Brown." For the point, name this exhibition basketball team who specialized in comedy stunts.

Harlem Globetrotters

This ruler commissioned a journey that would bring back live myrrh trees to grow in Egypt for the first time. The large Unfinished Obelisk, found in a stone quarry in Aswan, dates back to the reign of this pharaoh. This ruler sponsored an expedition which met the plump Queen of Punt. This ruler ordered the construction of the Djeser-Djeseru, a temple in the Deir el-Bahri complex. This leader during the Eighteenth Dynasty ruled as regent for her stepson. For the point, name this female pharaoh.

Hatshepsut

One monarch with this name and number was deposed in the "Farce of Avila" and was nicknamed the "Impotent." Another monarch with this name and number survived the Hotspur and Shrewsbury rebellions. The son of John of Gaunt shares this name and number with a Holy Roman Emperor who was in power during the Investiture Controversy. For the point, name this name and number also shared by a Bourbon French king from Navarre who gave significant rights to Huguenots with the Edict of Nantes.

Henry IV

This man wrote a thesis on nineteenth-century Europe called A World Restored. He tried to prevent American media from publicizing the bombing of neutral Cambodia and similarly tried to hide the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War. This diplomat met secretly with Zhou Enlai , opening the door for Nixon's visit to China. He was the co-recipient of a Nobel Peace Prize, with Le Duc Tho, for ending American involvement in Vietnam. For the point, name this German-born security advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford.

Henry Kissinger

Margaret George wrote a historical novel called the Autobiography of [this ruler]. The 2009 Booker Prize was given to a novel set during this king's reign and named for a Wiltshire estate. The Globe Theatre burned to the ground after a cannon used in a play named for this character burned its thatched roofs. Bring Up the Bodies is a novel about an advisor to this king, who reigns in England in Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall. One of this man's sons switches places with Tom Canty in Mark Twain's novel The Prince and the Pauper. For the point, name this king of England, who was advised by Thomas Cromwell and married six wives.

Henry VIII

As secretary of commerce, this man ended the 12-hour day in the steel industry. President Calvin Coolidge appointed this man head of a special Mississippi Flood Committee. After World War I, this man served as head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium; his success in that position led Woodrow Wilson to appoint him head of the American Relief Administration, feeding victims of famine in the Soviet Union. This man was named secretary of commerce by Warren G. Harding. For the point, name this president at the start of the Great Depression.

Herbert Hoover

This person was criticized by a February 2015 attack ad for being involved in a foundation that took twenty-five million dollars from the government of Saudi Arabia. In August 2014, this person said "don't do stupid stuff" is "not an organizing principle." This author of the memoir Hard Choices was criticized in March 2015 for using a private e-mail address while serving as Secretary of State. For the point, name this former First Lady, a leading 2016 Presidential candidate.

Hillary Clinton

A never-used Kodak-built backup component for this device is on museum display, as the Ritchey-Chrétien Cassegrain reflector built by Perkin-Elmer ultimately worked as promised. The null corrector in this device had to be replaced prior to its taking an image of hundreds of seemingly brightly colored blotches known as its Deep Field. In 2018, this device will be retired and replaced with the new James Webb model. For the point, name this telescope which was placed into Earth's orbit in 1990.

Hubble Space Telescope

A leader of this place formulated three R's for it, including research and reform. An art school was established in this place by painter Enella Benedict. Residents of this place could live in a camp in Bowen Park during the summer. This place was initially co-run by Ellen Gates Starr and was based on Toynbee Hall in London. This institution was located in "Little Italy," and it provided kindergarten for the children of immigrant sweatshop workers. For the point, name this settlement house operated in Chicago by Jane Addams.

Hull House

According to contemporary accounts, an early ruler of this country threw two columns off of his ship and settled where they landed. Previously, it had been inhabited by Irish monks called Papar. Later, this country was absorbed by another in the Old Covenant, which was signed after a long war called the Sturlung Era and left it under Norwegian rule. The oldest parliament in the world is this country's Althing. For the point, name this small volcanic country in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Iceland

President Ulysses S. Grant prevented large numbers of this minority from attacking Canada shortly after the Civil War. New York's Orange Riots in 1870 and 1871 were caused by denominational differences between members of this minority. A popular historical misconception is that members of this non-black minority were also owned as slaves because many of them immigrated as indentured servants. For the point, name this minority group that immigrated en masse to the United States from the British Isles after an 1845-52 potato famine.

Irish-Americans

Genghis Khan refused to adopt this religion's dietary customs after encountering it at Bukhara. The Hui and Uyghur peoples are Chinese minorities who practice this religion. Article 160 defines Malay people as following this religion. This religion's Qiblah was changed in its "Cow" sura to no longer point to Jerusalem, and quotations from this religion's prophet are collected in hadiths. Shia and Sunni branches make up, for the point, what religion, whose holy book is the Quran?

Islam

A bad DNA test in 2014 suggested that this person was Polish immigrant Aaron Kosminski. This person has also been identified with Montague Druitt and John Pizer, and perhaps his most intriguing identity is the Duke of Clarence. William Gull, the royal physician, is sometimes called this person due to apparent knowledge of surgical techniques. This person killed Mary Kelly and at least four other Whitechapel prostitutes in 1888. For the point, give this name used for the unknown killer who terrorized London.

Jack the Ripper

After one season, second baseman Eddie Stanky was traded to make room for this player. This former vice-president and spokesman for Chock Full O'Nuts coffee debuted two months before Cleveland Indian Larry Doby. He was signed as "a ballplayer with guts enough not to fight back" by Branch Rickey. The number 42 is retired by all MLB teams in honor of, for the point, what athlete whose 1947 debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers integrated Major League Baseball?

Jackie Robinson

The forces of one ruler with this name put down the Monmouth Rebellion, which led to trials known as the Bloody Assizes. One ruler with this name died at the Battle of Flodden Field. The birth of Mary of Modena's son with this name helped spark the Glorious Revolution. One ruler with this name was targeted by Robert Catesby and Guy Fawkes in the Gunpowder Plot. For the point, give this name of seven Kings of Scotland and the first Stuart King of England.

James

The book Twenty Years of Congress was written by this man, who created the First International Conference of American States as Benjamin Harrison's Secretary of State. James Mulligan released letters between Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad bookkeeper Warren Fischer and this man, who led the Mugwump faction of his party. Samuel Burchard hurt this man's presidential bid after claiming that the other party represented "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion". For the point, name this "Continental Liar from the State of Maine" who lost the 1884 election to Grover Cleveland.

James Blaine

This man is not Tom Evans but was accused of flirting with lobbyist and future Playboy model Paula Parkinson on a golfing trip. During a debate, this man vigorously brought up specific page references from his opponent's book, Earth in the Balance. This man told the Commonwealth Club of California that "primetime TV" mocked "the importance of fathers." Lloyd Bentsen told him "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy" in a debate. This man infamously misspelled the word "potato" while visiting an elementary school in 1992. For the point, name this Vice President of George H.W. Bush.

James Quayle

This composer's final work was prefaced with a quatrain and depicts a wood spirit. In one piece, this composer uses the English horn to depict a bird that guards the land of the dead. A piece by this man, originally written for the Press Celebrations, was performed under alternate names to prevent Russian censorship. This man was inspired by Elias Lonnrot's Kalevala to write tone poems such as Tapiola and The Swan of Tuonela. For the point, name this composer of Finlandia.

Jean Sibelius

One member of this organization was the Polish martyr Andrew Bobola. This organization's founder and his six companions took vows at Montmartre. One leader of this organization, Claudio Acquaviva, published its Ratio Studiorum, or "plan of studies." This organization's rules were set forth in its Formula of the Institute. Its creation was approved by Pope Paul III. The founder of this order was a Spanish soldier who was wounded in battle and wrote the Spiritual Exercises. For the point, name this Catholic order founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola.

Jesuits

Haim Moussa Douek was the last leader of these people in Egypt, having left in 1972. The Ethiopian based Falashas are "wandering" groups of these people, some of whom were rescued during Operation Solomon. The Lemba people claim common ancestry with these people, though their matrilineal descent is disputed. Some of these people were repatriated from Sudanese refugee camps under the Law of Return. For the point, name these people who likely migrated to Africa from present-day Israel.

Jewish

This composer wrote a piece for the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels that includes the aria "Sheep may safely graze." This composer of the Hunting Cantata omitted violins from the sixth and final piece of another collection by this man, written as a failed job application for the title Margrave. Frederick the Great provided the melody for the Musical Offering by, for the point, what German Baroque compser of a St. Matthew Passion that was revived by Felix Mendelssohn, as well as the Brandenburg Concertos?

Johann Sebastian Bach

This man described himself as "obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular" in order to persuade Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence. This man's Thoughts on Government was written in praise of mixed constitutions. As a lawyer, he claimed that "Facts are stubborn things" as he acquitted six British soldiers who participated in the Boston Massacre. This man signed the Alien and Sedition Acts to quell dissent during the Quasi-War. For the point, name this second President of the United States.

John Adams

This man was criticized for saying that people who don't study hard "get stuck in Iraq" and for the delivery of his "reporting for duty" speech. This man led a committee that accused Oliver North of tolerating drug smuggling. He became nationally prominent in 1971, when he testified before the Senate as a delegate from Vietnam Veterans Against the War. He was mocked by the wearing of band-aids, a reference to conspiracy theories about his Purple Hearts, and targeted by ads from Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. For the point, name this former Secretary of State.

John Forbes Kerry

While serving on the D.C. Circuit, this future Supreme Court justice ruled in favor of the Bush administration's military tribunals in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. This man denounced the "individual mandate" as excessive under the Commerce Clause, but defended it under Congress's authority as a tax in the majority opinion to NFIB v. Sebelius. This man gained his current post in 2005 after the death of his predecessor, William Rehnquist. The Affordable Care Act was upheld by a mostly-conservative Supreme Court led by, for the point, what current Chief Justice?

John G. Roberts Jr.

In one work, this man agrees with Lenin that debauching the currency is the easiest way to overturn society; that work attacks an agreement for breaking prior terms, calling it a "Carthaginian peace."Harvard's Niall Ferguson apologized after claiming that this man's sexuality explained his quote "In the long run, we are all dead". For the point, name this economist who warned about the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles in The Economic Consequences of the Peace.

John Maynard Keynes

During this man's Presidency, Caleb Cushing signed the Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Dynasty. John Botts tried to impeach this man, who was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives after his presidency. This Whig ran as Vice President in 1840 with the winner of the Battle of Tippecanoe. For the point, name this man who was dubbed "his Accidency" when he became President after William Henry Harrison's death.

John Tyler

This man helped raise money for a Central Park sculpture of Shakespeare by joining his brothers, Junius and Edwin, for a production of Julius Caesar. He plotted to kidnap a man at the Old Soldiers' Home with the help of David Herold and George Atzerodt. One accomplice of this man, Lewis Powell, stabbed William Seward the same night that this man shouted "sic semper tyrannis!" while leaping from the box at Ford's Theater. For the point, name this assassin of Abraham Lincoln.

John Wilkes Booth

This man's Mass for Troubled Times coincidentally premiered shortly after news of the Battle of the Nile reached Europe, giving it the nickname Nelson Mass. He wrote the melody for an anthem to Francis II that was later used as the tune for the Deutschlandlied. He spent much of his career as a court musician for the Esterhazy family, and was known as the "father" of both the string quartet and the symphony. For the point, name this composer of the oratorios The Seasons and The Creation.

Joseph Haydn

It's not David, but a large black cloud dominates the sky in one of this artist's paintings, which depicts Hannibal crossing the Alps. After witnessing the event, this artist created two paintings of The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, which differ in perspective. One of his paintings was displayed with lines from the poem Ye Marines of England, which state "The flag which braved the battle and the breeze no longer owns her." This painter showed a steamboat pulling a ship-of-the-line in The Fighting Temeraire. For the point, what Romantic painter depicted a train in Rain, Steam, and Speed?

Joseph Mallord William Turner

Troops loyal to this leader threw the corpses of fleeing Istrians into sinkholes called foibe. A movement known as MASPOK opposed this man, who used the Goli Otok prison for political dissidents. As a military leader, he was targeted in Operation Rosselsprung and fought against the Chetniks. This dictator's country underwent the Informbiro period after he split with Stalin, leading him to help found the Non-Aligned Movement. For the point, name this leader of the Partisans who became the communist dictator of Yugoslavia.

Josip Broz Tito

One revolt during this period was ended at the Third Battle of Uji and its leader, Go-Toba, was exiled to the Oki Islands. The Northern and Southern Courts were started during this period, which was dominated by the shikken regents from the Hojo clan. The Kemmu Restoration ended this period that began after the Taira lost to the Minamoto, who set up a bakufu government in a namesake capital. For the point, name this period following the Heian, the first Japanese shogunate.

Kamakura Shogunate

A monarch of this name declared the right of every traveler to "lie down to sleep by the roadside without fear of harm". Isaac Davis and John Young traded guns and cannons to the first king of this name, which literally means "the very lonely man" or "the man set apart." Christianity replaced a system of sacred law called kapu under the second monarch of this name, whose first holder secured hospitality with the Law of the Splintered Paddle. A man with this name won the Battle of the Leaping Mullet Fish to secure control of the archipelago where James Cook was murdered. For the point, give the regnal name of the first five kings of Hawai'i.

Kamehameha

This man moved the relics of Saint Columba from Iona to Dunkeld to protect them from Vikings. This man was succeeded by his brother Donald I, and his sons Constantine I and Aed also held the throne. This man's connection to the Gaelic kingdom of Dal Riata is unclear, and it is believed that he inherited the throne from his Pictish mother rather than conquering Pictland. Under the reign of Donald II, this man became known as the first King of Alba. For the point, which man nicknamed The Conqueror is considered the first king of Scotland?

Kenneth MacAlpin

An article about this event has a title translated as "Shame on you, clowns!" Allegations about this event blamed Russian conductor Igor Markevitch, while conspiracy theories have implicated members of the Masonic lodge Propaganda 2. A séance led the police during it to raid the town of Gradoli. After this event, a corpse was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 parked on the via Caetani. This event culminated in the Red Brigades killing the president of the Christian Democracy Party. For the point, name this 1978 event in which a former Italian Prime Minister was kidnapped and murdered.

Kidnapping of Aldo Moro

During this war, many people fled to safety at Miles Morgan's fortified house. In the last battle of this war, John Alderman shot an enemy leader. It was sparked by the murder of Christian convert John Sassamon. This conflict featured hundreds dying during the Great Swamp Fight, and the losing side's leader was killed while fleeing to Mount Hope, Rhode Island. Mary Rowlandson's captivity narrative describes this war, whose leader was also known as "Metacomet." For the point, name this bloody 1670's war between New Englanders and an American Indian coalition led by a Wampanoag chief.

King Phillip's War

John Balliol was replaced by a council of twelve after holding this position for only four years. The Darien Scheme perpetrated by holders of this title failed to create a colonial empire based in Panama. Idi Amin's fantastical claim to be the last one of these people was made into a 2006 film. After the death of Queen Elizabeth I, a holder of this title from the Stuart line gained control of the English monarchy. For the point, name this title, held by James VI, abolished by the Acts of Union of 1707 that subsumed its namesake country into Great Britain.

King of Scotland

One holder of this position defeated the mercenary leader Phalaikos in the Foreign War. Another holder of this position produced the Great Rhetra, yet another died at the Battle of Leuctra. This position was held by the cautious Archidamus and by the man who attempted to block Mardonius and Xerxes at Thermopylae, Leonidas. The Agiad and Eurypontid lines simultaneously provided this position. For the point, name this leader of a warlike Greek city-state.

King of Sparta

One of these works questions Joshu's Dog, giving an ambiguous answer, while another of these works in the same collection discusses a man who became a wild fox for hundreds of lives. The Book of Equanimity, the Collection of Stone and Sand and the Blue Cliff Record collect many of these works, which are used to provoke the "great doubt" within a student. For the point, name these statements, stories, or questions, such as "What is the sound of one hand clapping?", used in the study of Zen Buddhism.

Koans

During this war, the Kagnew Battalion captured prisoners in the Battle of Pork Chop Hill. Fighter jets met at MiG Alley during this war, which included the Bodo League and No Gun Ri massacres. This war's early phases involved the challenge of crossing the Pusan Perimeter. A commander in this war was removed for advocating the use of nuclear weapons against China, and replaced with Matthew Ridgway. For the point, name this war in which the amphibious landing at Inchon took place and Douglas MacArthur was relieved of command.

Korean War

Charles Fahy was accused of suppressing evidence in this case by hiding a report from naval intelligence. Robert Jackson's dissent in this case noted that the central figure was "born on our soil" and that the central law would have been indefensible in less uncertain times. This case, which dealt with the legality of Executive Order 9066, was preceded by Hiribayashi v. United States. For the point, name this controversial 1944 Supreme Court case that upheld the legality of Japanese-American internment.

Korematsu v. United States

Musician Daryl Davis famously "converted" members of this organization. This group's name is derived from the Greek word for "circle". Nathan Bedford Forrest founded the first iteration of this organization, of which he was the first Grand Wizard. For the point, name this white supremacist organization whose members wear white hoods and robes.

Ku Klux Klan

This author wrote a collection of essays detailing "Life in George W. Bush's America." One of this author's characters plays piano at the Holiday Inn in Midland City. That character, Bunny, and his father, Dwayne Hoover, appear in this man's novel Breakfast of Champions. This author wrote about a man who meets Eliot Rosewater while in a mental ward after surviving the firebombing of Dresden, which this author survived as well. For the point, Billy Pilgrim travels to the planet Tralfamadore after becoming "unstuck in time" in what American author's Slaughterhouse Five?

Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

The tune of this song is used in another song that begins "Let's denounce the old world, Let's shake the dust from our feet." The tune of this song is used in a Russian revolutionary song entitled "The Worker's [this song]." One verse of this song exhorts its listeners not to spare the accomplices of the Marquis of Bouille. The refrain of this song exhorts listeners to "Form your battalions, march on, march on." A unit of particularly enthusiastic singers of this song caused it to be named after that unit's home city. For the point, name this national anthem of France.

La Marseillaise

After a battle in this body of water, the winning commander's use of Horatio Nelson's tactics led that battle to be nicknamed "the false Nile." The USS Spitfire and USS Providence were sunk during a battle in this body of water off the shores of Valcour Island. Thomas Macdonough commanded a victorious battle in this body of water during the War of 1812 off the shores of Plattsburgh. For the point, name this lake that separates northern New York from northern Vermont, sometimes considered the sixth Great Lake.

Lake Champlain

These devices are used in confocal scanning microscopes. The "wiggler" version of this device was built by John Madey. These items were patented by Gordon Gould. The Albert Einstein paper proposing the feasibility of these devices defined the A and B coefficients as an electron's probability of moving between states and emitting a photon. For the point, name these devices which produce coherent beams of light from stimulated emission.

Lasers

This company's CFO, Erin Callan, was named its "Straight Shooter" in 2006. George Herbert Walker IV, the second cousin of George W. Bush, served as chairman for Neuberger Berman, the investment management wing of this company. This firm's CEO, Dick Fuld, received over $500 million in compensation before this firm's Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008, the largest bankruptcy filing in history. For the point, name this defunct financial services firm, a former member of the Big Five with Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, and Bear Stearns.

Lehman Brothers

Manetho relates how an army of these people led by the Moses-like priest Osarseph ravaged Egypt. A statue in Angkor Thom supposedly depicts King Yasovarman as one of these people. Hagioscope windows in churches were designed for these people. A king who was succeeded by Guy of Lusignan, Baldwin IV, was one of these people. Father Damian worked in a colony of these people on the island of Molokai. For the point, name these people who were historically hunned for having a contagious, disfiguring skin disease.

Lepers

Members of the Blackfeet tribe attempted to steal this group's rifles, one of the few hostilities encountered by this group. Fort Clatsop was constructed by members of this group, which quartermaster Charles Floyd accompanied. A slave named York was a member of this group, which set out from St. Louis, and was guided by Sacagawea. For the point, name this group sent by Thomas Jefferson on an exploration mission to the newly-acquired Louisiana Purchase.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

After the death of a member of this family, a poem beginning "Those midnight stars are sadly dimmed" was written. A member of this family died at age three and was honored with the poem "Little Eddie." Another member of this family had a cleft lip and was given a nickname because of his constant wriggling "like a tadpole." Children in this family disrupted White House meetings with animals, although one would die of typhoid fever early in his father's presidency. While Tad died young, Robert Todd from this family lived to adulthood. For the point, name this family of the assassinated sixteenth President of the United States.

Lincoln Family

This crime was solved by matching a fragment of wood to the ladder from which it came, by a team under the father of Gulf War general Norman Schwarzkopf. The mysterious "Jafsie" was an accomplice to this crime, which began in Hopewell, New Jersey and probably was a bungled attempt to secure a ransom payment. In a possible case of immigrant scapegoating, Bruno Hauptmann was executed for this crime. For the point, name this 1932 event in which the son of a renowned trans-Atlantic pilot was found dead.

Lindbergh Baby Kidnapping

The plaintiff in this case hired attorney Henry Weismann, who described locations as "well ventilated" and "always sweet smelling." The majority opinion in this case claimed a certain trade "has never been regarded as an unhealthy one" and was written by Rufus Peckham. A dissent in this case insisted that the "Fourteenth Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics." For the point, name this 1905 Supreme Court case defending "liberty of contract," which struck down a New York law limiting the number of hours a baker could work each day.

Lochner v. New York

In this city, police mistakenly shot Jean Charles de Menezes thinking he was a terrorist. In 2006, planes flying out of this city were targeted by a planned liquid-explosive terrorist attack. Two weeks after one terrorist attack in this city, an event of similar scale failed; both attacks involved targeting a bus and three subway trains along this city's "Tube". For the point, name this city which was attacked in 2005, a day after securing the 2012 Summer Olympics.

London, England

William Waller and Philip Stapleton were two of eleven members suspended from this body after being accused of treason. The Vote of No Address was repealed by this body after the battle of Preston, and the Earls of Essex, Manchester and Warwick were forced to step down from military commands after it passed the Self-Denying Ordinance. This body was assembled after a rout at Newburn led to the capture of Newcastle. Many of its members walked out after Thomas Pride arrested several other members, leaving the "Rump" parliament. For the point, name this legislative body under Charles I which lasted for a whopping eight years.

Long Parliament

This monarch employed a network of diplomatic agents called the King's Secret. This king faced a strike of judges in response to the taxation policies of his minister, Rene de Maupeou. The Cellamare Conspiracy attempted to replace this king's regent, Philippe d'Orleans. This king fired the economist John Law after the Mississippi Bubble and was known as the "well-beloved." The dying words "After us, the deluge" are attributed to this king's mistress Madame du Pompadour. For the point, name this king whose successor was executed during the French Revolution.

Louis XV

This man captured Aeclanum in a conflict sparked by the assassination of Marcus Livius Drusus. This man persuaded Bocchus I of Mauretania to betray an opponent while he was serving under a future rival. He later received a Grass Crown for winning the Social War. He won the First Mithridatic War and defeated rivals at Colline Gate. This first dictator for life was also the first to introduce proscription and the first Roman to march on Rome with his army. For the point, name this Roman general who was rivals with Gaius Marius.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Cassander named himself King of this empire in 302 BC as part of the short-lived Antipatrid dynasty, which was overthrown by Antigonus. This empire's 338 BC victory at Chaeronea allowed it to ally the Greek city-states against Darius III. Pausanias assassinated this empire's ruler before the beginning of that war against Persia, which was decided at Gaugamela. For the point, name this ancient kingdom ruled by Philip II and Alexander the Great.

Macedonia

Talmadge Hayer confessed to killing this man, the shooting of whom was preceded by a man yelling "Get your hand outta my pocket!" This founder of the Organization of Afro-American Unity characterized JFK's assassination as "chickens coming home to roost". This follower-turned-rival of Elijah Muhammad delivered the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech shortly before meeting his counterpart, Martin Luther King, Jr. For the point, name this African-American Muslim civil rights leader who went by a single-letter surname.

Malcolm X

This program refurbished the Cominco plant as part of its P-9 Project, and it absorbed the similar British "Tube Alloys" program under the direction of Leslie Groves. One of its facilities was built to take advantage of TVA hydroelectric dams at Oak Ridge, and it used a gun range at Alamogordo to carry out the July 16, 1945 Trinity test. For the point, name this program led by J. Robert Oppenheimer from Los Alamos National Labs, where the first nuclear weapons were produced.

Manhattan Project

An organizer of this event drew on a very similar demonstration that he had led in 1941 to advocate for better treatment of sleeping car porters. Bayard Rustin's role in this event was sometimes minimized due to his Communist affiliations, and another leader of this event, John Lewis, is now a longtime Congressman from Georgia. This event centered on a speech about the "table of brotherhood." For the point, name this 1963 demonstration "for jobs and freedom" at which the "I Have a Dream" speech was delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr.

March on Washington

Arthur Scargill led a coal strike against this politician, and faced a conflict against Leopoldo Galtieri. This politician's opposition to give children a third of a pint of milk per day led to the nickname, "Milk Snatcher." This leader resigned from one position after instituting a poll tax known as the Community Charge, was targeted by the Brighton Hotel bombing, and won the Falklands War. For the point, name this "Iron Lady," the first female Prime Minister of Britain.

Margret Thatcher

The Carl Sagan Memorial Station was established on this celestial body southwest of Acidalia Planitia. Its Schiaparelli Crater, named for the discoverer of supposed "canals" on this planet, was the planned site of the Ares 4 mission until an accident stranded Mark Watney on this planet in a 2011 Andy Weir novel. In 1997, the Pathfinder probe landed on, for the point, what "Red Planet?"

Mars

After being given a 300-page report related to this day, Daniel Patrick Moynihan threw it to the ground and stomped on it. A song about this day begins "it doesn't make much sense...there ought to be a law against anyone who takes offense" to celebrating it. A debate about this day led to the moving of the 1993 Super Bowl from Arizona after that state rejected celebrating it. Jesse Helms filibustered over the creation of this holiday, saying it honored a Communist. For the point, name this holiday celebrated on the third Monday of January to honor a civil rights leader

Martin Luther King Day

John Coode led a rebellion after the Glorious Revolution in this colony. The Battle of Severn took place in this colony during an era known as the "plundering time". That era led Governor William Claiborne to revoke a law originally passed under a member of the Calvert family, who protected Catholics in this American colony by that 1649 Toleration Act. For the point, name this colony once governed by Lord Baltimore.

Maryland

A C Major piece in this form by Joseph Haydn was subtitled "In Time of War." The first complete example of this musical form was written by Guillaume de Machaut, and over forty "parody" examples of this form are based on the song "L'homme arme." One of these pieces supposedly prevented the Council of Trent from banning polyphony. Giovanni Palestrina wrote one of them for Pope Marcellus, and its final section is usually the "Agnus Dei." For the point, "Kyrie" and "Gloria" are sections of what musical setting of the Catholic liturgy?

Masses

Items presented during this event included a telegraph and a miniature railway. The traveller John Manjiro provided assistance during this event, which was preceded by James Biddle's failed attempt at the same goal. This event resulted in the appointment of Townsend Harris to a new consulship. During this event, the appearance of the Black Ships forced the signing of the Convention of Kanagawa. For the point, name this event in which a US Commodore forcefully opened an isolationist island nation to foreign trade.

Matthew Calbraith Perry's expedition to Japan

One ruler of this empire was born Simhasena, but was legendarily renamed for a skin blemish caused by poison. The compiling of the Arthashastra began under this empire. Megasthenes served as ambassador to this empire, which was founded after it overthrew the Nanda Empire. After conquering the state of Kalinga, one ruler of this empire converted to Buddhism and had his edicts inscribed on various pillars. For the point, name this empire located in modern day India that was ruled by Chandragupta and Ashoka.

Mauryan Empire

The rule of this family is the primary subject of the Chronicle of Fredegar. One ruler from this family was baptized by Saint Remigius; that ruler was also the first to implement Salic law. The Alemanni were defeated by the forces of this dynasty at the Battle of Tolbiac by King Clovis I. The last ruler of this dynasty was overthrown by Mayor of the Palace Pepin the Short. For the point, name this Frankish dynasty that was succeeded by the Carolingians.

Merovingian Dynasty

Robert Toombs opposed this conflict, saying "We had territory enough, Heaven knew." When the House of Representatives voted to honor officers who served in this conflict, John Quincy Adams loudly voted no, then suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died two days later. As a representative, Abraham Lincoln doubted the validity of this war via the Spot Resolutions, and a philosopher refused to support either slavery or this war by paying his poll tax, as noted in Civil Disobedience. For the point, name this 1840s war, unpopular in the North due to fears that slavery would expand in new territory won along the Rio Grande.

Mexican-American War

One group in this country had a city at Tollan and claimed to have migrated from Aztlan. One archeological site in this country contained a "well" called the Sacred Cenote, where adherents prayed to the rain god Chac. Another archaeological site in this country contains the Avenue of the Dead, the Temple of the Sun, and the Temple of the Moon. For the point, name this country which contains the Mayan ruins of Palenque and Chichen Itza and the Aztec ruins of Tenochtitlan.

Mexico

One work by a Nobel laureate from this country is dedicated to C. Wright Mills and is set on the deathbed of the title tycoon, who refuses his wife, Catalina. A travelogue of this country entitled The Lawless Roads focused on the persecution of the Catholic Church in this country in the 1930s. In this country, Coral Fellows helps the protagonist escape from the Lieutenant, though he is eventually betrayed by the Mestizo in Graham Greene's The Power and the Glory. For the point, name this country, the setting of The Death of Artemio Cruz by Carlos Fuentes.

Mexico

This city's first female mayor was Rosario Roble, and it is currently led by Miguel Mancera. An 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck this city in 1985, and as this city hosted the 1968 Summer Olympics, students were killed in this city's Square of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco Massacre. The Angel of Independence stands above a mausoleum honoring Miguel Hidalgo in this city's Paseo de la Reforma. For the point, name this North American city, the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world.

Mexico City

A group of hardliners sought to overthrow this leader in the August Coup. He attempted to reform his nation's economy by instituting perestroika and advocated for "openness" with glasnost. He renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the "Fall of Communism" in 1989 across Eastern Europe. For the point, name this last General Secretary of the USSR.

Mikhail Gorbachev

This city changed hands after the battle of Desio, but the winning family died out after Filippo Maria Visconti bore no heirs, leading to the creation of this city's Golden Ambrosian Republic. The Peace of Lodi ended this city's wars with Venice and established the Sforza family as the rightful rulers of this city. For the point, name this city in Northern Italy, the capital of Lombardy.

Milan

Charles Rangel periodically introduces bills to bring back this procedure. This procedure was often protested by the burning of cards, which became the subject of the free speech case U.S. v. O'Brien. Jimmy Carter pardoned nearly everyone who avoided this procedure, including those who fled to Canada or fraudulently obtained 4-F status. For the point, name this procedure which forcibly added men to the fighting ranks, most recently during the Vietnam War.

Military Draft

These people were the first to develop a burial coffin called the larnax. These people created a type of pottery known as Kamares ware. The chronology of these people is divided into sections based on either their pottery or palace construction. These people were devastated by the Thera eruption. Many artworks created by this people depict bull-leaping, including a large fresco. The Phaistos Disc is a relic of these people, who developed the Linear A script. This civilization was studied by Arthur Evans, who led an excavation of Knossos. For the point, what Ancient Greek civilization was centered on Crete?

Minoans

This leader resided in a city known as the "Versailles of the Jungle," Gbadolite. This man formed the political party MPR, whose ideals were established in the Manifesto of N'Sele. He called for foreign aid in repelling forces in a breakaway province in Shaba I and Shaba II. This leader sought to move his country away from colonial legacy which included renaming his country's capital from Leopoldville to Kinshasa. This man rose to power after leading a coup against Patrice Lumumba and deposing Joseph Kasa-Vubu a few years later. For the point, name this dictator who renamed his country Zaire.

Mobotu

This composer wrote a "Dance of the Persian Slaves" for an opera that depicts the revolt of furloughed guardsmen. This composer described as "free from German profundity" a tone poem whose choral version became an intermezzo in Sorochyntsi Fair. The streltsy and Old Believers rise up against Peter the Great in this man's Khovanshchina. His only completed opera ends with the Holy Fool singing "Flow, Flow, Bitter Tears" after the False Dmitry has taken power, and depicts the title tsar during the Time of Troubles. For the point, what Russian composer wrote Night on Bald Mountain and the opera Boris Godunov?

Modest Mussorgsky

The "H" on the jersey from one of this city's sports teams is erroneously thought to represent early settlers of this city, the "Habitants." Like San Diego, this city was awarded a National League MLB team in 1969; that team's name referenced the 1967 World's Fair held in this city. Until they moved to Washington, D.C., the Expos played in the Stade Olympique in, for the point, what French-speaking Canadian city?

Montreal

German businessman John Rabe established a "Safety Zone" before a battle in this city. En route to a battle in this city, two soldiers had a contest to see who could be the first to kill 100 people using their swords. A treaty that was signed in this city ceded Hong Kong to Britain and ended the first Opium War. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the "Rape" of, for the point, what Chinese city?

Nanjing

This actress plays a character who is nearly abducted by Fingermen shortly before the Old Bailey is destroyed by a terrorist wearing a Guy Fawkes mask. This actress, who played Anne Boleyn in 2008, will play Jackie Kennedy in an upcoming film. For the point, name this actress who played Queen Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy and won an Oscar for her role in Black Swan.

Natalie Portman

his man's greatest victory was defeating Samuel Sturgis at the Battle of Brice's Crossroads. After the Battle of Chickamauga, this man was reassigned for making death threats against superior Braxton Bragg. This officer first distinguished himself by leading 4,000 troops in an escape from Fort Donelson. He apocryphally claimed his secret was getting "there firstest with the mostest." This general was accused of leading a massacre of black soldiers at Fort Pillow. For the point, name this Confederate cavalry leader who was also the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.

Nathan Bedford Forrest

One of these places was placed on land owned by Robert E. Lee's wife that was confiscated by the government in 1864. Edward Everett spoke for two hours at the dedication of another of these locations, which another man claimed "we can not consecrate" in an address that opened "Four score and seven years ago". For the point, name these locations, like the former battlefield of Gettysburg and Arlington, where American soldiers are buried.

National Military Cemeteries

The pottery of this culture frequently depicts strings of trophy-heads along a mythical killer whale. This culture created underground irrigation channels called puquios. Thomas Woodman dubiously claimed that this culture used cotton hot-air balloons. This people had a capital at Cahuachi and were influenced by the preceding Paracas culture. This culture created images of hummingbirds and monkeys by removing red pebbles from the desert ground. For the point, name this South American civilization known for their geoglyph "lines."

Nazca

One of these objects was nicknamed the "Auntie Ju," and another produced by Heinkel was nicknamed the "Griffin." The most famous of these objects employed automatic divebrakes and was known for the sirens produced by the "Jericho Trumpet." These objects were often protected by Messerschmitt 109s. The most famous of these vehicles was the Stuka, and these vehicles carried out a raid on Coventry during the Blitz. For the point, name these aircraft whose dropped explosives caused firestorms during the Blitzkrieg.

Nazi Bombers

In Flanders, a group with this belief system known as Blood, Soil, Honour, and Loyalty, emerged in 2004. The Lansdowne Road Football Riot was caused by a group with this belief system, known as Combat 18. This ideology is possessed by Landser, a criminally-outlawed rock band. This ideology is often ascribed to Jobbik in Hungary and to the Golden Dawn party in Greece. The Verbotsgesetz 1947 law in Austria was violated by the National Democratic Party, a party with this ideology. Possessors of this ideology often air their thoughts on Stormfront. For the point, name this xenophobic, Holocaust-denying ideology that is resurging in Europe.

Neo-Nazism

Prachanda led a lengthy Maoist insurgency in this country that is currently led by K.P. Oli. This country's elite units were donated to India and Great Britain under the Tripartite Agreement. Narayan Shah unified this country against the Malla kingdoms, and this country served as the only official Hindu country in the world until the abolition of the monarchy in 2008. Gurkha units are heavily associated with this country. For the point, a massive April 2015 earthquake struck what Himalayan country with capital at Kathmandu?

Nepal

A religious leader from this country led the Doleantie schism and founded the Anti Revolutionary Party. This is the northernmost country where religious groups were split by pillarization, a policy promoted here by Abraham Kuyper. In this modern-day country, the Five Articles of Remonstrance were signed by followers of a man whose teachings were condemned at the Council of Dort, Jacobus Arminius. The Mennonite Church was founded in this country, where the Pilgrims briefly lived in the city of Leiden. For the point, name this country where Calvinism was practiced by the House of Orange

Netherlands

Attempts to centralize the meat industry in this city were protested by butchers using the 14th Amendment, resulting in the Slaughterhouse Cases. Michael Brown was told "you're doing one heck of a job" while being incompetent in this city. Edward Pakenham was killed in a battle fought in this city after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent; that battle was a victory for Andrew Jackson. For the point, name this city, which was devastated by Hurricane Katrina and is the largest in Louisiana.

New Orleans

One political faction in this state was originally known as the "Equal Rights Party" and was led by William Leggett. The "Barnburner" and "Hunker" factions split over the issue of slavery in this state. A Flour Riot in this state, part of the larger Panic of 1837, was led by the Locofoco faction of this state's Democratic Party. Martin Van Buren created a namesake "Regency" in this state's capital, which dominated the state legislature in the early 19th century. For the point, name this Northern state, which was long dominated by the political machine Tammany Hall.

New York

In this city, William Kieft fought against the Lenape tribe in the Wappinger War. The first European settlement in this city was created in 1609 when the Half Moon sailed through its Narrows. Peter Stuyvesant created a canal on this current city's Broadway. For the point, name this American city once called New Amsterdam, where the financial center of Wall Street commemorates a structure that protected against Native Americans.

New York City

This team had a super fan named Karl Ehrhardt who held up a sign reading "There Are No Words" after it won a title. This team won a game partially thanks to a "shoe polish" incident in which Cleon Jones claimed to have been hit on the foot. In its first championship series, Ron Swoboda and Tommie Agee made brilliant catches. Nolan Ryan won his only World Series with this team, whose star pitchers included Jerry Koosman and Tom Seaver. For the point, name this team which won the 1969 World Series, a "Miracle" team that had lost 120 games back in its first year of 1962.

New York Mets

This law was questioned by Bentley's paradox and re-applied in vector fields using surface integrals by Gauss. A test of this law used lead weights mounted on a torsion balance by Sir Henry Cavendish. This inverse-square law, the subject of a plagiarism dispute with Robert Hooke, relates a force to the product of two masses and the distance between them. Isaac Newton described, for the point, what law that describes how any pair of bodies are attracted to each other by a fundamental force?

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Samuel Sturgis failed to trap these people, who only lost one man in attacking David Perry at Cottonwood soon before withdrawing at Clearwater. This group included Ollokot and Looking Glass, who both died at the Battle of Bear Paw. In surrendering to Oliver Howard and Nelson Miles, the leader of this group declared that his "heart is sick and sad" and he "will fight no more forever". For the point, name this tribe of the Pacific Northwest that attempted to go to Canada in 1877 under the leadership of Chief Joseph.

Nez Perce

A conflict in this country led Bernard Kouchner and others to found Doctors Without Borders; in that civil war, Chukwuemeka Ojukwu led a breakaway republic in this country's southeast centered on the oil refining city of Port Harcourt. The Biafran Civil War split, for the point, what most populous African nation, where 15 million people live in Lagos?

Nigeria

This country's history is the subject of the Ibadan School, established by Kenneth Dike. One leader of this country, Yakubu Gowon, gave a speech proclaiming "no victim, no vanquished" at the end of its civil war. That civil war in this country led Bernard Kouchner and others to establish Doctors Without Borders. The Igbo people attempted to break away from this country and establish the Republic of Biafra. For the point, name this most populous African country whose capital moved from Lagos to Abuja in 1991.

Nigeria

In this body of water, Russian vessels mistook fishing boats for Japanese warships in the Dogger Bank incident. This sea was the site of the first naval battle in World War I, the Battle of Heligoland Bight. In 1965, British Petroleum discovered oil in this body of water, whose reserves are also drilled by Statoil of Norway. For the point, the Rhine River empties into what sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between the UK, Germany, and Norway?

North Sea

Planning for this event was done in the home of Michael Fortier. On the day of this event, its main perpetrator wore a shirt reading "Sic semper tyrannis" and carried a copy of The Turner Diaries with him. One of the motivations behind this event was the death of Randy Weaver at Ruby Ridge. This event was carried out on the two-year anniversary of the Waco Massacre. It resulted in the destruction of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. For the point, name this terrorist attack carried out by Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh in the Sooner State.

Oklahoma City Bombing

This religious denomination performs baptisms by doing three full submersions in a natural body of water. This denomination's leader Avvakum was burnt at the stake a few years before one of their monasteries self-immolated in the face of troops crossing the frozen Lake Onega. These people, who were on the losing end of a conflict called the Raskol, were accused of supporting Empress Sophia when the streltsy revolted. This denomination retained a two fingered sign of the cross even after the reforms of Patriarch Nikon. For the point, name these people suppressed in the 1600s for refusing to modernize along with the Russian Orthodox Church.

Old Believers

This man led the army which routed Spain at the Battle of the Dunes. This close ideological ally of Henry Ireton increased his control over first the Rump and then the Barebones Parliaments. This man was responsible for Irish massacres at Wexford and Drogheda. This military opponent of Prince Rupert led the Eastern Association's cavalry at Marston Moor. For the point, name this Roundhead who became Lord Protector of England following the overthrow of Charles I in the Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell

In 1994, this man raised a then-record 16 million dollars from direct mail solicitations when running for the Senate. This Republican lost to Charles Robb during a failed 1994 bid for the Senate in Virginia. In 1990, the ACLU helped this man get his convictions vacated from a scandal that involved his secretary, Fawn Hall, shredding numerous documents. While serving as a National Security Council staffer, he masterminded arms deals that channeled profits to the enemies of the Sandinistas. For the point, name this Marine Corps lieutenant colonel who was convicted for his role in the Iran-Contra scandal.

Oliver North

This civilization's writing system is displayed by the Cascajal Block found in Lomas de Tacamichapa. Matthew Stirling studied its sites at La Venta and Tres Zapotes. Art from this civilization shows "elongated men" as well as 10 large monuments found at San Lorenzo in modern-day Veracruz. For the point, name this Mesoamerican civilization dating from 1500 to 400 BC, known for its construction of large stone heads.

Olmecs

According to its author, the groundwork for this book was laid out with the publication of an anonymous work on natural history called Vestiges. This work's sixth edition inserted a chapter refuting the criticisms of George Mivart. The ideas of this text were called a "Universal Acid" by Daniel Dennett. For this book's fifth edition, the author modified it to include a phrase that was first used by Herbert Spencer. Its full title describes the "means of natural selection" and the "preservation of favored races in the struggle for life." For the point, name this book by Darwin.

On the Origin of Species

Carl Friedrich Gauss earned his position at Gottingen after using his method of least squares to compute one of these entities. A sixteenth century model for these entities placed them in a system of inscribed spheres and Platonic solids. Apollonius of Perga explained an apparent contradiction in these entities with the concept of epicycles. Isaac Newton used the inverse-square law of gravitation to explain three laws governing these trajectories. For the point, name these astronomical paths governed by Kepler's Laws.

Orbits

This poet wrote "Be patient and strong; someday, this pain will be useful to you" in a collection of love poetry that focuses on a married woman named Corinna. That collection, Amores, along with the later Ars Amatoria, may have led Augustus to exile this poet to Tomis. Book one of a fifteen-book work by this author includes the story of Daphne, who is saved from the chasing Apollo when she is turned into a laurel tree. For the point, name this Roman poet of Metamorphoses.

Ovid

A candidate in this political party controversially won a 1988 presidential election after computer systems crashed. Hand picked successors in this party were given approval in the dedazo process. A member of this party nationalized the oil company PEMEX. That man was Lorenzo Cardenas. This party lost power after the election of PAN candidate Vicente Fox in 2000. For the point, name this political party that for much of the 20th century dominated Mexican politics.

PRI

This party devalued its nation's currency in 1994's "December mistake," after which it plunged into debt paying off the tesobonos that were issued by this party's outgoing leader to raise support for the incoming Ernest Zedillo. Plutarco Calles founded this party in the aftermath of Alvaro Obregon's assassination. For the point, name this political party that, after seven decades in power through leaders like Carlos Salinas, was defeated by Vicente Fox's PAN in 2000's Mexican presidential election.

PRI

One leader of this country was deposed in 1977 and executed two years later for authorizing the murder of Ahmed Raza Kasuri. This country's former president, Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq, died after his plane crashed after lifting off from Bahawalpur. Its Chagai district was the site of two nuclear tests in May 1998, a response by its Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, to nuclear tests performed by its neighbor, India. For the point, name this Islamic Asian country with capital Islamabad.

Pakistan

This event celebrated Joshua Slocum's circumnavigation of the globe on the ship Spray three years earlier. An attraction at this event, known as A Trip to the Moon, later became the keystone at Luna Park in Coney Island. A nearby X-ray machine was left unused during the most famous occurrence at this event, which happened inside the Temple of Music. During this event, alternating current brought electricity from Niagara Falls forty miles away, and powered the electric chair that eventually executed the anarchist Leon Czolgosz for his actions here. For the point, name this 1901 World's Fair in Buffalo, where William McKinley was assassinated.

Pan-American Exposition

One twentieth century president of this country was ousted by Andres Rodriguez after winning eight elections. This nation's first president forbade people of European descent from marrying each other, and another president of this country died at the Battle of Cerro Cora. This country defeated Bolivia in the Chaco War and, under Francisco Solano Lopez, lost the War of the Triple Alliance, in which more than half its adult male population was killed. For the point, name this South American country governed from Asuncion.

Paraguay

This government issued the Decree on Hostages in retaliation for the execution of prisoners of war. This government lost control of Fort Issy shortly before its enemy's main attack, during which suspected traitor Jaroslav Dombrowski was killed. Gustave Courbet was blamed after supporters of this government tore down the Vendôme Column. The Bloody Week ended this government after Patrice MacMahon used Baron Haussmann's renovated streets to execute the orders of Adolphe Thiers. For the point, name this socialist government that ruled the capital of France following the Franco-Prussian War.

Paris Commune

The Radcliffe Line determined the boundary for this event. The Lahore Resolution was an early precursor to this event, which took place according to the terms of the Mountbatten Plan. Major proponents of this event included Muhammad Ali Jinnah, though conflicts that arose out of it resulted in the deaths of almost 500,000 Hindus and Muslims. For the point, name this 1947 action that split a British colony into a predominantly Hindu nation and the predominantly Muslim Pakistan.

Partition of India

This man said that the middle class needed to stand up to environmental extremists who put birds" ahead of families. In 1992, this man claimed 38% of the New Hampshire G.O.P. primary vote to frighten incumbent George Bush. He described a "religious war...for the soul of America" at the Republican National Convention of that year. In one election, numerous Palm Beach County voters probably voted for this man using a confusing "butterfly ballot" instead of Al Gore. For the point, name this conservative who ran on the Reform Party ticket in 2000.

Patrick Buchanan

One of these events was led by Nils Dacke in Sweden against Gustav Vasa. Jack Cade led one of these events that looted London before being driven out by its citizens. One led by Guillaume Cale in Normandy was called the Jacquerie. John Ball encouraged one of these events that destroyed the Savoy Palace, eventually forcing Richard II to agree to abolish serfdom at Mile's End. Wat Tyler led, for the point, what sort of event, in which angry farmers revolted against the government?

Peasant Wars

This leader attacked the general Cimon for taking bribes from a Macedonian king. He increased tensions with Lysander by moving the Delian League treasury to his city and his time in power saw the construction of a building under Iktinos and Kallikrates at the Acropolis. At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, he gave a Funeral Oration and commissioned the Parthenon. For the point, name this leader of Athens during its Golden Age.

Pericles

This person may have been mockingly called "Squill-head" on account of his unusually large head. This ostracizer of Cimon was mentored by Ephialtes. This person spearheaded the adoption of the Megarian Decree, which prompted a conflict where he put trust in the walls of the city and the navy. He person gave a famous funeral oration and helped construct the Parthenon. For the point, name this Athenian leader who died of the plague, ending the first portion of the Peloponnesian wars.

Pericles

This general became the commander of his country's armies after a predecessor's offensive on the Ladies' Walkway failed. To end one mutiny, this general promised no offensives until American troops arrived. This leader used a three-colored throwing axe as his personal emblem and was accused of "pessimism" by Ferdinand Foch. This general who rallied his men in 1916 with the cry "On les aura!" is rarely commemorated because of his tenure as the president of the Vichy regime. For the point, name this French World War I general who was the hero of Verdun.

Philippe Petain

The uninhabited Henderson Island lies just northwest of this island. Operation Unique led to charges of sexual assault for a significant portion of this location's populace, which included the conviction of Mayor Steven Christian in 2004. Fletcher Christian settled on this island after successfully leading a mutiny against William Bligh. For the point, name this Pacific island, one of the British Overseas Territories, whose population is descended from the crew of the Bounty.

Picitairn Islands

Henry Hunt ordered his cannons to slowly stop firing before this action. A "copse of trees" was the supposed end goal of this event, in which soldiers were taunted with chants of "Fredericksburg!" The left flank of this action was destroyed by the 8th Ohio Infantry regiment. James Longstreet was actually in command during this military action, although it is named for the commander who led the vanguard assault. For the point, name this disastrous attack on Cemetery Hill during the Battle of Gettysburg which marked the "high-mark of the Confederacy."

Pickett's Charge

This action was supposed to have taken place at the same time as an attack on the enemy's right flank by "Allegheny" Johnson. During this event, the late William Pender's division was commanded by Isaac Trimble. This event began with a 170-cannon bombardment by Porter Alexander. Lewis Armistead was killed during this event after reaching the "copse of trees" on Cemetery Ridge. This action reached the "high-water mark of the Confederacy," and took place the day after the fighting at Little Round Top. For the point, name this failed assault during the Battle of Gettysburg.

Pickett's Charge

This leader unretired after John Crosbie announced an unpopular gas tax and Joe Clark's government dissolved. He refused to take cover after protesters threw bottles at him during the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day Riots, and he responded "Just watch me" to the question of how far he would go to solve the kidnapping of Pierre Laporte by the FLQ during the October Crisis. For the point, name this 1970s Liberal Prime Minister of Canada whose son, Justin, became Canada's Prime Minister in 2015.

Pierre Trudeau

A proof of one of this mathematician's theorems makes use of the Gorenstein Property. This man developed the method of "infinite descent" to prove his namesake right triangle theorem. A theorem named for this man was proven when a man used the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture to relate elliptic curves to modular forms. Andrew Wiles proved that theorem named for this man three hundred years after his death, which concerns the integer solvability of a three term equation. For the point, name this French mathematician, with a "last theorem" that took centuries to solve.

Pierre de Fermat

The Earl of Dunmore built a 14-meter-high stone cupola in the shape of this food in Scotland. The Ginaca machine peeled and cored this fruit, whose crowns can be replanted. In 1900, a plantation and cannery were built by James Dole, cousin of Sanford Dole, the President of Hawaii. For the point, name this tropical fruit named for its resemblance to the cones of a conifer tree.

Pineapple

This team offered a $15,000 bonus to a 1938 draft pick who was an Oxford Rhodes scholar. Future Supreme Court justice Byron White played for this NFL team. In 1974, this squad drafted four Hall of Famers in one year. During a playoff game, a pass intended for John Fuqua ended up in the hands of Franco Harris, who scored on this team's "Immaculate Reception." This team's Hall of Famers have included "Mean" Joe Greene and quarterback Terry Bradshaw. It has won more Super Bowl championships than any other team. For the point, name this AFC North football team from Pennsylvania.

Pittsburgh Steelers

Aristocrats in this country often had hexagonal portraits of themselves painted on their coffins. This country's nobility was believed to descend from the Sarmatian tribe, giving rise to the culture of Sarmatism. In this country, the Nihil novi edict and the Henrician articles strengthened the power of its nobles. This country's legislature was often crippled by a legal right called the liberum veto. Under the Golden Liberty system, this country was effectively run by the sejm parliament. For the point, nobles called szlachta enjoyed extensive privilege during what country's Commonwealth with Lithuania?

Poland

One unit of this type is commemorated by Bertel Thorvaldsen's Lion Monument. One unit of this type was destroyed when it bought time for their leader to escape to safety via the Passetto. Two thirds of one unit of this type was destroyed in the insurrection of 10 August 1792 at the Tuileries Palace. In 1998, Alois Estermann, a leader of this unit was murdered by one of its members. The Medici colours are used in a striped red, yellow, and blue ceremonial uniform of one of these units that was apocryphally designed by Michelangelo. For the point, name these units, one of which serves as the bodyguards of the Pope.

Pontifical Swiss Guards

This company was founded by Alexander Majors to compete with the Butterfield route. Its employees were equipped with locked mochilas and specially-printed Bibles. Wells Fargo bought the assets of this company, which constructed relay stations every ten miles along its route, when it closed two days after the opening of the first transcontinental telegraph in 1861. For the point, what company delivered mail to California on its namesake steeds?

Pony Express

A doctrine promulgated by this pope was protested by Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger. Early in his reign, this pope had to flee to Gaeta. This pope issued the encyclical Quanta Cura, and his bull Ineffabilis Deus declared the Immaculate Conception to be dogma. This pope declared himself a "prisoner in the Vatican" after Italian troops occupied Rome. This pope convened the First Vatican Council, which defined papal infallibility, and issued the Syllabus of Errors. For the point, name this longest reigning pope.

Pope Pius IX

This country signed the Treaty of Meuthen with England, with whom it had earlier allied in the Treaty of Windsor. The aftermath of the Battle of Aljubarrota saw this country crown John I king, and this country's 1910 revolution overthrew a dynasty that was installed in this country's Restoration War, the Braganza dynasty. This country was forced into a union with its neighbor by Phillip II, resulting in the Iberian Union. For the point, name this country, which borders Spain and has its capital at Lisbon.

Portugal

This nation arrested the Mamluk sphere of influence at the Battle of Diu, and it will supposedly lead a grand "5th Empire." Zumbi led Palmares in opposition to this nation's imperialism. A general from this nation captured the island of Ormuz from Ismail I, in addition to the city of Goa. One of this nation's colonies contained quilombos and was east of the demarcation line of the Treaty of Tordesillas. For the point, name this empire that dominated 16th century Indian Ocean trade and colonized Brazil.

Portugal

Along with plums, these objects name a war that was ended by the Treaty of Teschen. Frederick the Great apocryphally ordered a field of these objects to be placed under armed guard which led to their prompt theft. Antoine-Augustine Parmentier helped to overturn laws outlawing the cultivation of these objects. Charles Trevelyan was accused of not doing enough to relieve a famine caused by the failure of this crop. For the point, name this tuber, whose destruction by blight caused an Irish famine.

Potatoes

According to legend, this city's first settlement was the Vysehrad Castle. Jan Zizka's Hussite forces won the Battle of Vitkov Hill outside of this city, and the Count of Tilly won the Battle of White Mountain outside of this city. Two noblemen representing Emperor Ferdinand II were thrown out of a window in this city, sparking the Thirty Years' War. Two notable defenestrations have taken place in, for the point, what capital of the Czech Republic?

Prague

To consolidate his rule, this monarch ordered all civilian-owned weapons to be melted down and =molded into twelve massive bronze statues. In his first act as a king, this monarch banished his minister and former regent Lu Buwei. This emperor, who ordered that all books not dealing with divination, medicine, or agriculture be burnt, is buried in a tomb surrounded by thousands of statues. For the point, name this builder of the Terracotta Army and first Chinese emperor from the Qin Dynasty.

Qin Shi Huang

Two of this leader's children with Maria Martinez had names referencing the opera Aida. This leader required churches to post a slogan translated as "God in Heaven, [this man] on Earth." This man's brutal secret police, the SIM, was led by Johnny Abbes, and was responsible for planting a bomb in Romulo Betancourt's car and killing the Mirabal sisters. He was killed when his Chevrolet Bel Air was ambushed outside the capital in 1961. In the Parsley Massacre, this leader's troops killed thousands of neighboring Haitians. For the point, name this man who, in 1937, became dictator of the Dominican Republic.

Rafael Trujillo

After a player left one of these teams for the other, he had a pig's head thrown at him during a game. Following the Hungarian Revolution, these two teams signed players such as Zoltán Czibor and Ferenc Puskas. After one of these teams signed Alfredo di Stefano, he instead played for the other after the interference of their country's dictator. One of these teams' slogan "Mes Que Un Club" signifies its support of Catalan culture, while the other was the favorite club of Francisco Franco. For the point, which two Spanish soccer teams used to feature rivals Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi?

Real Madrid and FC Barcelona

The exploits of Rodrigo Diaz during this period inspired a Castilian epic poem. After losing the Battle of Alarcos in this period, Alfonso VIII united Navarre, Aragon, Castille, and others at Las Navas de Tolosa against the Almohads. The Treaty of Granada signed by Ferdinand and Isabella ended, for the point, what centuries-long campaign by Christians to retake the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors?

Reconquista

Howard Beale suggested that this period was born out of politicians' exploitative desires. The sitting president during this period was labeled a racist by Kenneth Stampp, who portrayed his opponents as noble crusaders. William Archibald Dunning led a school of thought about this period which condemned this period as "the nadir of national disgrace." This period was termed "America's Unfinished Revolution" by Eric Foner, who argues against the historical treatment of this period that blamed scalawags and carpetbaggers for its failings. For the point, name this period of American history, during which the South was brought back within the Union after the Civil War.

Reconstruction

Laws designed to protect this process were gutted in the court ruling in the U.S. v. Cruikshank case. The Brooks-Baxter War caused the end of this process in Arkansas, and this process was demonized in the 1920s by the Dunning School. This process went ahead without either the Ironclad Oath or the Wade-Davis Bill, but was nonetheless vigorously advocated by men such as Zachariah Chandler and Thaddeus Stevens. The Compromise of 1877 ended this period. For the point, name this time period in which the federal government attempted to rebuilt Southern society on an equal basis.

Reconstruction

This artist depicted a one-eyed Batavian chieftain crossing swords in his The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis. In another of his paintings, seven men observe as Aris Kindt's corpse is being examined by the title doctor. A woman holds a chicken in his depiction of the Shooting Company of Frans Banning Cocq. For the point, name this Dutch artist of The Anatomy Lesson and The Night Watch.

Rembrandt

Gilbert Ryle accused this man of making a "category-mistake," and the city of Utrecht banned this thinker's teachings in 1642. This philosopher, who posited that the pineal gland was the "seat of the soul," addressed the fact that his senses might be deceived by a demon and proposed the dualistic nature of the body and mind. For the point, name this author of Meditations on First Philosophy who stated "I think, therefore I am."

Rene Descartes

Pauline Sabin founded a group to support this cause after hearing a speaker claim to represent "the women of the United States." This cause was supported by the New York based "Molly Pitcher Club." The Cullen-Harrison Act accomplished one goal of this cause, which was backed by the Women's Moderation Union. John D. Rockefeller Jr. eventually endorsed this cause because of the "unprecedented" increase in crime. It was supported by people who felt the Volstead Act had simply resulted in bootlegging. For the point, name this goal accomplished by the 21st Amendment.

Repealing Prohibition

In 2014, the first Fields Medal awarded to a descendant of this country was given for that man's work on the geometry of numbers and the rank of elliptic curves. Another mathematician from this country gave the sine function its original name, jya, while another gave a formula generalizing Heron's Formula for cyclic quadrilaterals. One man from this country left four notebooks of unproven results upon his untimely death in 1920 after being discovered by and collaborating with, G.H. Hardy. For the point, name this home country of Srinivasa Ramanujan.

Republic of India

In this country's south, Dravidian languages like Telugu and Tamil are spoken. This country's fifth most spoken language was primarily written using the Modi script until the 1950's. Its 1947 constitution creates no official language; government business here is bilingual, including English due to this country's colonial past. For the point, name this country on an Asian subcontinent where Hindi is spoken by hundreds of millions of people.

Republic of India

When preceded by "National", this names a short-lived political party led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. When preceded by "Liberal", this word names a splinter party that nominated Horace Greeley for president. Most commonly, this word names a party founded in Ripon, Wisconsin. Ben Wade, Thaddeus Stevens, and Charles Sumner adopted tough stances on reconstruction that made them "radical" members of this party. For the point, name this American political party, the rivals of the Democrats.

Republican Party

This politician aided the cause of Andrew Furuseth by sponsoring the Seaman's Act to protect sailors' rights. This husband of the suffragist Belle Case set himself aside in favor of Montana Democrat Thomas Walsh when it came time to pick a leader of the Congressional Teapot Dome investigation. This one-time running mate of Burton Wheeler was succeeded in the Senate by a son of the same name, who was in turn succeeded by Joe McCarthy. For the point, name this advocate of the pro-labor union "Wisconsin idea," a 1924 third-party presidential candidate and leading Progressive nicknamed "Fightin' Bob".

Robert "Fightin' Bob" LaFollette

This man discussed hiding battle plans in sketches of butterflies in his book My Adventures as a Spy. This man's soldiers planted fake landmines and avoided non-existent barbed wire, extending a siege to 217 days. This man held a rally at the Crystal Palace, where he was convinced to form a female counterpart to an organization he founded. This man first gained fame for holding out at the Siege of Mafeking, which inspired him to found a camp at Brownsea Island. After meeting this man, Juliette Gordon Low was inspired to found the Girl Scouts of America. For the point, name this founder of the British Scout Association.

Robert Baden-Powell

This man's assassin was wrestled to the ground by three men, including George Plimpton, and Juan Romero placed a rosary in this man's hand after his death. He delivered an impromptu speech in Indianapolis atop a flatbed truck after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. This former Attorney General was running in the 1968 Democratic primary when he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. For the point, name this brother of John F. Kennedy

Robert Kennedy

This man led a filibuster against the Aldrich-Vreeland Act and exposed Philetus Sawyer's attempt to bribe him to fix a court case. He established workers' compensation and a graduated income tax as part of his state's namesake "idea." This Republican chose Democrat Burton Wheeler as his running mate for a third-party campaign that won his home state in 1924. The direct primary, referendum, and recall election were among the political innovations of, for the point, what progressive Wisconsin senator?

Robert LaFollette

This man's attempts to keep the country gentlemen who opposed him in check led him to oppose the Peerage Bill. The Porteous Riots took place during his term, and he helped England overcome the South Sea Bubble disaster by instituting the "sinking fund" in his role as Chancellor of the Exchequer. This man oversaw the War of Jenkins's Ear and the "Whig Ascendancy" following the death of Queen Anne. For the point, name this prime minister to George I and II, the first person to hold that role.

Robert Walpole

This man introduced words like "powwow" and "papoose" to English with his "A Key Into the Language of America". This man supported the signers of the Portsmouth Compact, including William Coddington. He wrote a dialogue between Truth and Peace which sparked a pamphlet war with John Cotton and attacks a "Bloody Tenent". This man signed treaties with the Narragansett Indians and welcomed Anne Hutchinson to his colony. For the point, name this supporter of religious toleration who founded Providence Plantations, a colony that would become Rhode Island.

Roger Williams

The architect Domenico Fontana renovated this city, whose walls were reinforced by the military engineer Giuliano da Sangallo. The anti-Spanish policies of Paul IV incited a invasion of this city led by Phillip II. During Charles V's sack of this city in 1527, Clement VII took refuge in its Castel Sant'Angelo. This city has made a concert venue out of the Baths of Caracalla and a hospital can be found on its Tiber Island. For the point, name this city, the capital of the Papal States before the foundation of its enclave of Vatican City.

Rome

Charles de Bourbon was said to have been shot by Benvenuto Cellini while attempting to perform this action, which was resisted from the Castel Sant'Angelo. One leader is said to have proclaimed "vae victis" while measuring tribute after performing this action, which occurred after the Battle of the Allia. One of these actions led to the deposition of Romulus Augustulus. For the point, name this action, performed by troops under Brennus, Alaric, and Odoacer, which involved partially destroying a city in central Italy.

Sacking of Rome

The arrival of French ships at Tybee Island near this city forced a withdrawal by John Maitland. This city was captured by Archibald Campbell in the Revolutionary War, and Casimir Pulaski died during a failed retake of this city. Joseph Wheeler's cavalry harassed a force that captured this city, along with 25,000 bales of cotton and 150 guns. For the point, name this "Christmas present" to Abraham Lincoln at the end of the Sherman's March to the Sea in Georgia.

Savannah

One end of Liverpool's Anfield Stadium was named for its similarity to a battleground in this war. Dead bodies were removed from the battlefield of Spion Kop by stretcher-bearers led by Mohandas Gandhi in this war. Redvers Bullers was disgraced during the Black Week in this war, in which his three attempts to relieve Colenso, Kimberley, and Mafeking all failed. The Treaty of Vereeniging ended this war, which was partially caused by the Jameson raid. For the point, name this war between the British and Dutch settlers in South Africa.

Second Anglo-Boer War

In 2004, the person serving in this role was a former National Endowment for the Humanities head who had blasted the National History Standards in 1994 for being too "politically correct." In 1978, the person serving in this role was a culture buff known as "Joan of Art." In 1995, duties of this role were carried out by a woman who earlier co-founded the Parents Music Resource Center to demand warning labels on "objectionable" music. That woman has since separated from her husband, the Nobel winning author of An Inconvenient Truth. For the point, name this role whose duties were carried out by Lynne Cheney and Tipper Gore.

Second Lady of the U.S.

The Synod of Bishops was established at this event. It opened with the declaration "Gaudet mater Ecclesia." Sedevacantists opposed this council. Gaudium et Spes was one of the four Apostolic Constitutions arising from this event which also produced the Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium. This council controversially absolved Jews of guilt for the death of Jesus in Nostra Aetate. For the point, name this Church council, convoked by John XXIII and continued by Paul VI, which allowed for the use of the vernacular in mass, among other liberalizing reforms.

Second Vatican Council

This was the highest post held by a man whose 2003 speech on direct democracy was sponsored by the Holocaust denying Barnes Review journal. A man in this post published a portion of the Pentagon Papers he read into the Congressional Record in 1971. A more recent man to hold it would have become the first convicted felon to win re-election to the Senate, but lost that election and died in a plane crash two years later. This post was held by Mike Gravel and the Senator who served as a Republican longer than anyone in history. For the point, name this position held for over 40 years by Ted Stevens.

Senator of Alaska

One work inspired by this event opens with a voice repeating "missing." A triple string quartet by Steve Reich commemorating this event opens with the first violin imitating a phone left off the hook. John Adams' On the Transmigration of Souls memorializes this event with sound from the voice recorder of American Airlines Flight 11. A 1,776 foot tall building nicknamed "Freedom Tower" was built to remember and replace two towers that were destroyed during this event. For the point, name this 2001 terrorist attack.

September 11th

This city's Yu Gardens were home to the Small Swords Society. Only foreigners were allowed in this city's Huangpu Park until 1928. Zhou Enlai purged hundreds of Communists in a 1927 massacre in this city. This city is the world's busiest container port city and is home to a waterfront district called the Bund, opposite the Oriental Pearl Tower. For the point, name this most populous Chinese city, which lies on the southern end of the mouth of the Yangtze River.

Shanghai

An engagement in this campaign was mockingly dubbed "The Woodstock Races" for the speedy retreat of the losing side. William McKinley personally intercepted stragglers, and the winning general made a famed ride from Winchester, during the last battle of this campaign. Despite a surprise attack led by Jubal Early, the Confederates lost the culminating battle of this campaign at Cedar Creek. This campaign, known simply as "The Burning," may have inspired Sherman's scorched earth tactics during the March to the Sea later in the year. For the point, name this 1864 campaign in which Philip Sheridan rampaged through Western Virginia.

Shenandoah Valley

The production of this commodity by indebted laborers in Samut Sakhon was investigated in 2015 by the Associated Press. In 2014, Charoen Pokphand Foods, the world's largest farmer of this food, was found by The Guardian to purchase feed from fishing boats manned by unpaid laborers. For the point, name this seafood that has been peeled by slaves in Thailand.

Shrimp

The diary of Tanya Savicheva documents this event, noting on its last pages that "everyone died. Only Tanya is left." The Sinyavino Offensive unsuccessfully attempted to relieve this event. One participant in this event was successfully contained by the Karelia fortified region, and one side was supplied by the Ice Road during the winter, with trucks crossing the frozen surface of Lake Ladoga. Bombardment and starvation killed over a million Soviet citizens in, for the point, what 872 day Nazi siege of what is now St. Petersburg?

Siege of Leningrad

The killer of this hero names a cancelled operation of the Spring Offensive. This hero was killed by a figure who saw where a linden leaf landed on him; that killer of this hero was Hagen. The Rosamund stone tells the story of this hero. In the Anglosphere, this hero's name is given to a defensive structure officially called the Westwall that ran parallel to the Maginot Line. This hero kills Reginn, his foster father, after learning the language of birds by drinking the blood of the dragon Fafnir, who this hero slew. For the point, name this German hero of the Ring Cycle.

Siegfried

This author compared the "Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics" in one work. He fled from the Nazis after his daughter, the author of The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense, was interrogated by the Gestapo. This author of Civilization and its Discontents developed a model of the psyche as id, ego, and super-ego. For the point, name this Austrian psychologist, the author of The Interpretation of Dreams.

Sigmund Freud

This book notes that only man has acquired the "significant power to alter the nature of the world" in describing the "Obligation to Endure." "A strange blight crept over" a hypothetical town in this work's opening, "A Fable for Tomorrow." The EPA was formed after public reaction to this book's description of the effects of DDT and other pesticides. For the point, name this 1962 environmentalist text by Rachel Carson.

Silent Spring

Alleged communist supporters from Nanyang University in this city were rounded up during Operation Coldstore. Marina Bay is part of this city's "CBD", or Central Business District. Located directly south of Johor Bahru, this city's layout was mapped in the Jackson Plan following Hussein Shah's sale of this city to Stamford Raffles. In March 2015, NUS University in this city played host to the state funeral of founder Lee Kuan Yew. For the point, name this city-state located on the southern tip of the Malaysian Peninsula.

Singapore

In one role, this man has a bus door slammed in his face as his credit appears on screen. He directed a film in which a meddlesome dog is strangled by Lars Thorwald, who is later repeatedly blinded by the protagonist's camera flashbulbs. The original ending of one of his films features the Golden Gate Bridge being covered by the title creatures. In another film by this director, Eva Marie Saint and Cary Grant are chased across Mount Rushmore. For the point, name this "Master of Suspense," the director of Vertigo, The Birds, and North by Northwest.

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock

Two answers required. Jason Socrates Bardi published a 2006 popular history of a dispute between these two people. John Collins and Isaac Barrow encouraged one of these two men to publish his discovery. One of these people called his discovery the "method of fluxions," but his dot notation fell out of favor compared to the other's notation using the letter d. For the point, name these two mathematicians, one English and one German, who independently developed differential and integral calculus.

Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

This man led an expedition up the Orinoco River, which he described in his book The Discoverie of Guiana. This man wrote a Historie of the World, with "Historie" spelled ending "IE," while imprisoned. After returning from a second expedition to find El Dorado, this man was executed for plotting to overthrow James I. His favor in the royal court soured following his marriage to Elizabeth Throckmorton. For the point, name this British explorer who sponsored the settlement of the Lost Colony of Roanoke in the state whose capital bears his name.

Sir Walter Raleigh

This man's "second voyaging" was a change in focus from science to virtue. This man served as leader of the Prytaneis on the day that six generals were put to death for failure to collect the dead at Arginusae. He had his own execution delayed until the Delias returned to Athens. This man, who only "knew" that he knew nothing, was sentenced to death for corrupting youth in 399 BC. For the point, name this Athenian philosopher, whose thought is recorded in a series of dialogues by his student, Plato.

Socrates

This company's CEO, Kazuo Hirai, pressured Amy Pascal to edit one of this company's films so that Kim Jong-Un's head would not explode. The "Guardians of Peace" demanded that this company cancel that Seth Rogen film, The Interview, and released a series of hacked internal e-mails from this company. For the point, name this Japanese company, whose other entertainment products include the Playstation.

Sony

One athlete from this country had her silver medal from the 2012 Olympic 800-meter event disputed because of concerns over her true gender. Another athlete from this home of Caster Semenya was found guilty of culpable homicide in 2014, then of murder in 2015, for the death of his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp. For the point, name this African country represented by a man who wore Flex-Foot Cheetah racing blades, Oscar Pistorius, who was imprisoned in Pretoria.

South Africa

Shortly before the Declaration of Independence was signed, this state was the site of the Battle of Sullivan's Island. This state was home to the guerilla bands of Andrew Pickens. In this state, the site of the siege of Ninety Six, a Loyalist militia was surrounded and defeated at Kings Mountain, and Cornwallis defeated Horatio Gates at Camden. This state was where Daniel Morgan defeated Banastre Tarleton at Cowpens, and where the "Swamp Fox" Francis Marion operated. For the point, name this state where the port of Charleston was besieged.

South Carolina

This country disappointed the June Democracy Movement by postponing democratic reform until after it hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics. One president of this country was convicted due to his role in the Gwangju Massacre. This country has been referred to as the "Miracle on the Han River" due to its economic boom in the 20th century. For the point, name this country which hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang on an East Asian peninsula.

South Korea

According to a false legend, the first person in this position was responsible for German not becoming an official language of the United States; that man was Frederick Muhlenberg. Dan Webster received nine protest votes for this position in 2015, while Colin Powell received one vote, as the Constitution allows this Congressional position to be held by someone who is not a member of Congress. In 2016, a former holder of this position, Dennis Hastert, was accused of sexual misconduct. For the point, name this political position, currently held by Paul Ryan, which sets Agenda in the lower house of Congress.

Speaker of the House

This ruler was opposed by Philippe Villiers' Knights Hospitallers in the Siege of Rhodes. This ruler conquered Belgrade in 1521 and dominated Louis II's army at the Battle of Mohacs, leading to the partition of Hungary, but his advance into Europe was ended in 1529. This lawgiver was the father of Selim II. For the point, name this Ottoman sultan, called "the Magnificent."

Suleiman I

After this game, the winning coach noted that "Detroit has had" Hank Stram's defense "for years." In this game, Willie Wood returned a Len Dawson interception 50 yards and Max McGree caught two touchdowns from Bart Starr. In January 2016, a compilation broadcast of all of this game's plays was broadcast on NFL Network on its 49th anniversary. For the point, name this game in which Green Bay defeated Kansas City in the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game

Super Bowl I

Nils Dacke led a peasant uprising in this country. In a bout of insanity, one ruler of this country murdered various noblemen from the Sture family. In 1520, Christian II reneged on his promise of amnesty, instead carrying out a "bloodbath" in this country's capital. One ruler of this country defeated Albrecht von Wallenstein, but died himself, at the Battle of Lutzen; that House of Vasa ruler was Gustavus Adolphus. The Kalmar Union included Norway, Denmark, and, for the point, what Scandinavian country with capital Stockholm?

Sweden

Nils Dacke led a peasant uprising in this country. In a bout of insanity, one ruler of this country murdered various noblemen from the Sture family. In 1520, Christian II reneged on his promise of amnesty, instead carrying out a "bloodbath" in this country's capital. One ruler of this country defeated Albrecht von Wallenstein, but died himself, at the Battle of Lutzen; that House of Vasa ruler was Gustavus Adolphus. The Kalmar Union included Norway, Denmark, and, for the point, what Scandinavian country with capital Stockholm?

Sweden

In this country, the Lion of Al-lat was destroyed in May 2015. One leader of this country is opposed by the FSA and the Islamic Front. Palmyra is controlled by ISIS in this country, where Bashar al-Assad has been opposed by rebels since 2011. For the point, name this middle eastern country embattled by civil war in cities like Aleppo and its capital, Damascus.

Syria

This bill was modified by the Landrum-Griffin Act, which required secret elections. Brown v. United States struck down a provision in this bill requiring affected parties to sign an anti-Communist oath. This bill, which forbade secondary boycotts and allowed states to enact right-to-work legislation, was passed over Harry Truman's veto in 1947. For the point, what legislation named after a New Jersey representative and Ohio senator modified the Wagner Act and outlawed closed shops?

Taft-Hartley Act

This rebellion lost power after Yang Xiuqing's execution after he attempted to wrest control from its leader. This rebellion ended after forces under Zeng Guofan took Nanjing, which had been renamed Tianjing by this rebellion. Frederick Townsend Ward took part in fighting against this rebellion. This rebellion suffered defeats at the hands of "Chinese" Gordon and the Ever Victorious Army. The leader of this rebellion joined the God Worshippers' Society and believed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ. For the point, a "Heavenly Kingdom" was set up by Hong Xiuquan, the leader of what rebellion against the Qing dynasty?

Taiping Rebellion

Arthur Waley, the first translator of this work into English, believed that it was finished, but other translators such as Edward Seidensticker disagree. This work's protagonist has a mid-life crisis after turning 40 and contemplates his future in the "Illusion" chapter, which precedes "Vanished into the Clouds," a completely blank chapter. The protagonist of this work marries Princess Aoi in its first chapter and has an affair with Lady Fujitsubo. For the point, name this Heian-era work by Lady Murasaki, often considered the world's first novel.

Tale of Genji

In 1996, members of this group castrated Mohammad Najibullah and dragged him by a truck through the capital, and members of this group killed 10 Iranian diplomats in Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998. In 2015, after two years, this group announced the death of its leader. This group carried out the destruction of various Buddha statues at Bamiyan and was ousted from power after a NATO coalition force invaded in 2001. For the point, name this terrorist group whose insurgents seek to regain control of Afghanistan.

Taliban

This dynasty established various Protectorates General to pacify the East, West and North. Huang Chao led a military uprising against this dynasty shortly after he massacred tens of thousands of Arabs and Jews in Guangzhou. This dynasty was briefly usurped by the Zhou Dynasty under Empress Wu Zetian, and was briefly replaced by the State of Yan after an uprising led by a half Sogdian half Turkish general. For the point, name this Chinese dynasty that faced the An Lushan rebellion and succeeded the Sui Dynasty.

Tang Dynasty

This President ordered the dishonorable discharge of 167 innocent black soldiers in the Brownsville Affair. Conservation of the environment, control of corporations, and consumer protection were the "three C's" of this President's Square Deal. For the point, name this president who succeeded William McKinley and unsuccessfully ran for a third term as a Bull Moose candidate.

Teddy Roosevelt

The Green Bank device of this type is at the center of the U.S. National Radio Quiet Zone. The Gregorian and Cassegrain reflector types were improvements on the first known one of these devices, designed by Hans Lippershey. A simple reflecting type of these instruments using two mirrors was developed by and named for Isaac Newton. Galileo used one of these of his own design to discover the four largest moons of Jupiter. for the point, name these devices used for remote viewing of celestial objects.

Telescope

This many statues made up the Monument to the Eponymous Heroes. A board of this many men were appointed to create the Twelve Tables. The Alexandrian Canon is a list of this many great Attic orators. In the Roman army, mutinous troops were punished by being divided into groups of this size, each of which would have to beat one of their members to death. The strategoi were a group of this many generals elected every year in Athens. Cleisthenes organized Athenian society into this many phyles, or tribes. For the point, how many years was the Trojan War believed to have lasted?

Ten

In response to this campaign, Operations Pegasus and Niagara Phillip relieved forces commanded by David Lownds. Phillip Davidson urged attention to this campaign even before the massacre at Hue. A picture taken by Eddie Adams during this military campaign depicts a man in a plaid shirt with a snub-nosed pistol to his head. William Westmoreland was criticized due to his unpreparedness for, for the point, what coordinated offensive by the Viet Cong that launched on a lunar holiday?

Tet Offensive

The documentary Ecstasy of Order discusses the 2010 World Championship in this event. Its accompanying music includes arrangements of Bach's French Suite No. 3 and the folk song Korobeiniki. T-spins are commonly used in this game, which shipped over 35 million copies with the original Game Boy. Alexei Pajitnov designed, but the Soviet government claimed the royalties to, for the point, what puzzle video game in which falling blocks are arranged to complete and clear horizontal lines?

Tetris

King Albert of Sweden gave Gotland to these people so that the Victual Brothers would be eliminated. A Landmeister commanded each national chapter of this organization, which was opposed by the Lizard Union. They lost a battle on Lake Peipus, the Battle of the Ice, to Alexander Nevsky. This group was defeated by Jogaila and Vytautas the Great at the Battle of Grunwald under the direction of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen while fighting a namesake war against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For the point, name this group of knightly crusaders from Germany.

Teutonic Knights

This group contested the independence of the Prince-Bishophoric of Warmia in the War of the Priests after losing to Poland and Prussia in the Thirteen Years War. The Livonian portion of this group was defeated at the Battle on the Ice by Alexander Nevsky, and King Jogaila and Duke Vytataus crushed this polity's forces at the Battle of Grunwald, where they were led by Grandmaster Ulrich von Jungingen. For the point, name this military order of German Crusaders.

Teutonic Knights

This organization's defense of Germany against the Hussites resulted in it losing Samogitia in the Treaty of Melno, which ended the Gollub War. The Livonian Branch of this organization was crushed by Alexander Nevsky at the Battle on the Ice, and this organization's Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen was killed by Polish forces at the Battle of Grunwald. For the point, name this German organization of knights active in Northern Europe whose original purpose was to aid Christians on pilgrimages to the Holy Land.

Teutonic Knights

Sarah Hale was the chief advocate for making a national holiday stemming from this event. This event was prepared by Elizabeth Hopkins, Mary Brewster, and two other women who managed to survive the winter. An account of this event in Mourt's Relation states "yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty." A gift of food from Massasoit led to, for the point, what 1621 event that inspired a November holiday?

Thanksgiving

William of Aumale's forces repelled the army of David I at the Battle of the Standard during this conflict. Robert of Gloucester was freed as part of a prisoner exchange after the Rout of Winchester during this conflict. The treaty of Wallingford ended this conflict, which allowed for the throne to be passed on to Henry II. This war was sparked by a succession crisis due to the death of William Adelin in the White Ship Disaster. For the point, name this 12th century conflict that began after King Stephen usurped the English throne from Matilda.

The Anarchy

Commerce flowing in and out of this body of water were subject to the Sound Dues, and the Skane market was an annual herring market on this body of water. The Victual Brothers pirated commerce in this body of water, with safe ports at Rostock and Straslund, as well as the island of Gotland. Kronstadt guarded the approach from this body of water to St. Petersburg, and it is connected to the North Sea by the Kiel Canal. The Hanseatic League dominated trade in, for the point, what body of water, bordered by Germany, Sweden, and Denmark?

The Baltic Sea

In Zoroastrianism, this event involves the appearance of the Saoshyant and is called Frashokereti. In Islam it is comprised of the Yawm al-Qiyamah and Yawm al-din and includes a battle between Isa and Masih al-Dajjal. Some Christians believe it includes the Battle of Gog and Magog and the appearance of the Wh*re of Babylon. This concept is the general subject of the field of eschatology. For the point, identify this event which, according to Christianity, may include a rapture and is described in Revelation.

The End of the World

The Allon Plan was a proposal to partition territory involved in this conflict. The USS Liberty was sunk during this conflict, whose end led to the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 242. Shortly before this conflict, the Straits of Tiran were closed by Gamal Abdel Nasser. The winning side in this conflict gained the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank and the Golan Heights thanks to a surprise attack that devastated the Egyptian air force. For the point, name this 1967 Arab-Israeli war that lasted less than a week.

The Six Day War

The opening piece of this work is sometimes published with an added "Schwencke measure." Twentieth-century imitations of this work include Dmitry Shostakovich's Opus 87 and Paul Hindemith's Ludus Tonalis. Its opening piece's 35 measures mostly consist of rising arpeggios in C major, and it was written to promote a system which, unlike meantone, could modulate across the entire circle of fifths. For the point, what collection of keyboard works by Johann Sebastian Bach, followed by a similar Book 2, features a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key?

The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1

As emperor, this man began the Alimenta welfare program for children, and his victories over Decebalus lead to the conquest and addition of Dacia to the empire. This correspondent of Pliny the Younger launched military campaigns into Parthia that brought the Roman empire to its largest extent. When this man succeeded Nerva, he became the second of the five good emperors. For the point, a column was built in Rome by what emperor, the successor of Nerva?

Trajan

One party recovered the Colonia de Sacramento, land in present day Uruguay, in these treaties. Lingering issues in them were resolved by the later Treaties of Rastatt and Baden. In these treaties, one party received the Asiento, a monopoly on South American slave trade. Britain received Newfoundland and gained parts of Rupert's Land from the French in these treaties. As a result of these treaties, Philip of Anjou became king of Spain but renounced any claim to the French throne. For the point, name this series of treaties signed in 1713 which ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

Treaty of Utrecht

An amended line in this treaty's Article IX said that certain citizens would now be "admitted at the proper time" instead of "as soon as possible." This treaty was negotiated by a former U.S. consul in Havana named Nicholas Trist, who ignored the President's attempts to recall him. Jefferson Davis proposed a failed amendment to this treaty which was opposed by Democratic leadership. The Wilmot Proviso banning slavery in the territory acquired failed to be added to this treaty. This treaty set the Rio Grande as a border for Texas. For the point, name this treaty that ended the Mexican-American War

Treaty of the Guadalupe-Hidalgo

According to The Economist, this country has produced more foreign fighters in Syria than any other. In November 2014, Beji Caid Essebsi was elected its president, defeating incumbent Moncef Marzouki. In this country, Mohamed Bouazizi's suicide by self-immolation led to the Jasmine Revolution and the overthrow of Zine el Abidine Ben Ali. In March 2015, 22 people were killed in a terrorist attack on the Bardo Museum in this country's capital. For the point, which North African country bordering Algeria and Libya was the starting point of the Arab Spring?

Tunisia

Former UAW President Leonard Woodcock was the first person to serve in the modern incarnation of this position. John Huntsman resigned this position during the Obama administration to run for the 2012 Presidential nomination. Prior to being Director of the CIA, George H.W. Bush served in this role unofficially, because this post didn't exist until January 1979, shortly after the U.S. ended its diplomatic recognition of Taiwan. Max Baucus currently holds, for the point, what American diplomatic post based in Beijing?

U.S. Ambassador to China

This entity's seal includes a floating liberty cap above a flag wreathed in olive branches. The Origination Clause adversely affects this entity's power, and one power held by this entity was held toapply only to the appointment of officials in Myers v. US. The standing rules of this body provide for closed sessions as well as the ability to invoke cloture, a method of bringing debate to a quick end with 67 votes. Filibusters are often used in this chamber to effectively raise vote requirements to 60. For the point, name this upper house of the U.S. Congress, currently consisting of 100 members.

U.S. Senate

Kaiser Wilhelm I settled one dispute between these two countries by establishing a border at the Haro Strait. "Twisting the lion's tail" was a commonly used technique in elections during the 1800s to inflame tensions between these two nations. James K. Polk's slogan of "Fifty-four forty or fight!" referred to his desire to increase tensions between these two nations over the Oregon territory, which bordered both of these nations. For the point, name these two nations who frequently clashed in the 19th century before developing the "Special Relationship" after World War II.

U.S. and U.K.

At this event, Robert Stockton made an unfortunate joke about "plenty of living bodies to replace the dead ones." This event's problems were caused by the failure to repeat the tests made on an object called the "Orator." Shortly after this event, Julia Gardiner became engaged to President John Tyler. This event resulted in the death of Secretary of State Abel Upshur after a demonstration of the "Peacemaker" went awry. For the point, name this 1844 disaster in which a naval gun exploded, killing two Cabinet members.

USS Princeton Disaster

This company attempted to recruit people working for its competitors in Operation SLOG. Barack Obama's former campaign manager David Plouffe advises this company, which was founded by Travis Kalanick. In 2013, it partnered with Home Depot to deliver Christmas trees in select cities, though this competitor of Lyft has been criticized for classifying its drivers as independent contractors and its automatic "surge pricing". For the point, name this controversial smartphone taxicab-hailing app.

Uber

Carlo Cattaneo and Vincenzo Gioberti wrote in favor of this movement, and supporters of this movement were heavily influenced by the secret society named the Carbonari, or "charcoal burners". The secret Plombieres Agreement increased the strength of this movement under Camillo di Cavour. The Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi destroyed the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in order to achieve this goal. For the point, name this 19th century movement also called Risorgimento that sought to create a country centered at Rome.

Unification of Italy

A legend in this country concerns the vengeful spirit Black Vaughan, who was finally exorcised by a mother with a newborn baby. The beast of Bodmin was a phantom cat that terrorized much of this country's bumpkin inhabitants. A king of this country ordered that all children born on May Day be executed, but that didn't kill his bastard son by Morgause. The Battle of Camlann was fought in this country, and afterwards, one of its kings went to Avalon. For the point, name this modern day country whose folklore includes the Excalibur sword and King Arthur.

United Kingdom

During this election, an accusation of one side's party platform requiring "some sort of Gestapo" to implement was received poorly by the public. The campaign promise "Let us face the future" was used by the winning side in this election, which saw Archibald Sinclair, the Liberal Party leader, lose his seat. The winning candidate in this election promised to create a universal National Health Service and replaced a man who had delivered the "blood, toil, tears, and sweat speech". For the point, name this first post-war election in the UK, which saw Winston Churchill's Conservatives lose to Clement Attlee.

United Kingdom General Election of 1945

While teaching at this school, Robert Fogel co-wrote a book controversially claiming that some slaves benefited from slavery, called "Time on the Cross." One professor at this university argued that it is difficult to predict the impact of an economic policy based solely on historic data, known as the Lucas Critique. A group of advisors to former Chilean President Augusto Pinochet were known as the "boys" from this school. The theory of monetarism originated with a professor at this school, a critic of Keynesian economics named Milton Friedman. For the point, which Midwestern university is known for its free market school of economics?

University of Chicago

Cheryl Hopwood successfully challenged this university's law school's affirmative action program. This university's law school's whites-only admission standards led to the creation of the Thurgood Marshall School of Law, which was found not to be "separate but equal" in Sweatt v. Painter. In 2013, the Supreme Court remanded to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals a case alleging that this university's admission policies were not "narrowly tailored." In 1966, this university saw a massacre take place when Charles Whitman shot people from a tower on its campus. For the point, name this state university sued by Abigail Fisher in the South Central US.

University of Texas

One of this polity's colonies rebelled in the Revolt of St. Titus, and it feuded over Comacchio with Ercole I of Ferrara in the Salt War. The Kingdom of Negroponte was a colony of this city, which was targeted by an alliance between Louis XII of France and Pope Julius II, resulting in the War of the League of Cambrai. The Arsenale, a massive shipyard, was built in, for the point, what "Most Serene Republic," an Italian city with many canals?

Venice

Left-wing opposition to the formation of this government was led by its namesake 80. During the Vel D'hiv roundup, it held thousands in the Winter Velodrome and sent them to an internment camp at Drancy. Joseph Darnand headed its paramilitary force, the Milice, and this government's motto was "Work, Family, Fatherland" under Marshal Pétain. For the point, name this government led by Pierre Laval from a former spa town, a French Nazi puppet state.

Vichy France

This author founded a journal whose literary editor was Jessie Faucet. This sociologist wrote a book whose opening chapter, "Of Our Spiritual Strivings," states that the title group experiences America through "the veil" and develops a "double consciousness." This first editor of The Crisis advocated for the development of a small African-American elite, the "talented tenth," which was opposed to the Atlanta Compromise proposed by Booker T. Washington. For the point, name this sociologist who wrote The Souls of Black Folk and co-founded the NAACP.

W.E.B. DuBois

During this event, Pete Smerick and Mark Young wrote a memo warning against increasing federal pressure. This event took place at the Mount Carmel Center, home to a Seventh-Day Adventist sect that was suspected of weapons violations; as a result, Janet Reno approved FBI intervention, leading to the deaths of 76 people when the compound burned down during a tear gas attack by federal agents. For the point, name this 1993 siege of David Koresh's community of Branch Davidians, commonly called by the Texas city near the compound.

Waco Siege

Ida Klaus created a modified version of this law for New York City. The Supreme Court upheld the legality of an organization that was formed out of this law after a challenge from Jones & Laughlin Steel. This law didn't apply to federal government and railroad workers. Along with the Norris-Laguardia Act, the Taft-Hartley Act weakened many parts of this law. The National Labor Relations Board was created out of this law in order to ensure collective bargaining. For the point, name this 1935 New Deal labor law.

Wagner Act

In this war, Robert Ross's troops marched to the capital after winning the Battle of Bladensburg. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair led Thomas Jefferson to issue an embargo on American exports, helping provoke this war. Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended this war. For the point, name this war between Great Britain and United States that ended in 1815.

War of 1812

Piedmontese forces crushed the Chevalier de Belle Isle at the Battle of Assietta during this conflict, which saw the British beaten at Fontenoy by Maurice de Saxe. The Battle of Dettingen, fought in this war, was the last time a British monarch led troops into battle, and Louisbourg was captured during this war's American phase, King George's War. The War of Jenkin's Ear was a subsidiary of this war, which was sparked by Frederick the Great's invasion of Silesia. For the point, name this war, caused by resistance to the Pragmatic Sanction and the inheritance of Empress Maria Theresa.

War of Austrian Sucsession

The territories exchanged at the end of this conflict were further defined in the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship." One side raised funds for this conflict through the tax collecting expedition of Patricio Lynch, and it opened with one side occupying the port of Antofagasta. The Esmeralda was sunk by the Huascar in this conflict, which was ended through the Treaty of Ancon. The Atacama Desert's reserves of guano and saltpeter were a major cause of, for the point, what 1880s conflict in which Bolivia was defeated by Chile and lost access to an ocean?

War of the Pacific

Aaron Burr's Morning Chronicle published this man's political letters that were written under the name of Jonathan Oldstyle. The most popular 19th century biography of Christopher Columbus was penned by this author. This author wrote historical stories, such as "The Legend of the Arabian Astrologer" and "Governor Manco and the Soldier" in his collection Tales of the Alhambra. One of his stories is set in Tarry Town and features a Hessian trooper who terrorizes Ichabod Crane. For the point, name this author of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow."

Washington Irving

Early in this conflict, David Lenox was fired on near Miller's Farm while carrying out orders from William Rawles. The Mingo Creek Association pushed for this conflict, which included the Battle of Bower Hill, part of an attack on the tax collector John Neville's home. The Watermelon Army helped end this conflict under the command of "Lighthorse" Harry Lee. For the point, name this conflict during Washington's presidency, sparked by Alexander Hamilton's taxation of a certain alcoholic beverage.

Whiskey Rebellion

Philip Wigle and John Mitchell had their death sentences commuted for their roles in this event. The Mingo Creek Association was enraged by John Neville's change of heart regarding this event. General "Light-horse Harry" Lee gained fame for putting down this rebellion, the only time a sitting U.S. President led troops in the field. It stemmed from Alexander Hamilton's effort to repay the public debt from the Revolutionary War. An unpopular excise tax triggered, for the point, what Western Pennsylvania revolt over a distilled spirit?

Whiskey Rebellion

This man was criticized by his people for his alliance with Francis, Duke of Anjou which ended when Anjou's forces were massacred in an attempt to conquer Antwerp. In a speech to the Council of State, this man spoke in favor of religious freedom. This man gained his nickname after a conversation with Henry II of France when he pretended to know about a secret agreement to exterminate Protestantism. This man was assassinated by Spanish sympathizer Balthasar Gerard after being declared an outlaw by Philip II. For the point, which Prince of Orange was the first leader of the Dutch Revolt?

William I of Orange

The Wilson-Gorman Revenue Act scaled back a tariff passed by this man, who earned the nickname the "Napoleon of Protection." He employed campaign manager Mark Hanna for two successful "front-porch" campaigns against William Jennings Bryan. Hawaii was annexed by this president, who passed the Gold Standard Act to end bimetallism. For the point, name this 25th U.S. President, who was succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt.

William McKinley

The narrator of one of this author's poems states "those that I fight I do not hate / those that I guard I do not love" and commemorated the failed rebellion of republicans Patrick Pearse and James Connally in another poem. This poet of "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" incorporated his theory of history as a gyre in a poem where a rough beast "slouches toward Bethlehem to be born". For the point, name this Irish poet of "The Second Coming" and "Easter, 1916."

William Yeats

Spectators of this event congregate on Henman Hill. This event was the final major in its sport to adopt equal pay for men and women. Over three days in 2010, Nicolas Mahut and John Isner played the longest match in history at this tournament, where, in 2013, Andy Murray broke a 77-year streak without a Men's Singles winner from the host country. For the point, name this tennis event played on grass courts at the All-England Club in London.

Wimbledon

A lack of proper uniforms among this man's troops caused Phineas Riall to treat them as militia in the Battle of Chippewa. This man captured a fort defended by six "Heroic Cadets" and Nicolas Bravo, and he commanded alongside Jacob Brown at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. This general produced a strategy to control waterways in order to strangle the South. For the point, name this long-serving Union general, a victor of Chapultepec who designed the Anaconda Plan.

Winfield Scott

Matthew Hopkins gained an epithet for his participation in this activity. Cornelius Loos and Friedrich Spee protested against some of the largest of these events, which occurred in Trier and Wurzburg in the 16th and 17th centuries, respectively. These events grew in popularity after the spread of Heinrich Kramer's book Malleus Maleficarum, which detailed the activities of this event's subjects. These events focused on finding people who were said to consort with the Devil in Sabbaths. For the point, in what events did people search for alleged magic users, often killing them afterwards?

Witch Trials

The second of these people was tortured to death by He Jian. An arrangement made Luo Yixiu the first of these people, and Jiang Qing was the fourth and last of these people, becoming the "Great Flagbearer of the Proletarian Revolution" and a member of the Gang of Four. For the point, name these women who were married to the first chairman of the Communist Party of China.

Wives of Mao Zhedong

The crime of smuggling this commodity out of the country was called "owling." The Duke of Sutherland ordered some "clearances" to expand production of this good. The Cockayne Project attempted to ban the export of this commodity, which was traded by the Merchants of the Staple. This commodity was soaked in stale urine by fullers. The seat of the Speaker of the House of Lords is a sack filled with this good, which was frequently exported to Flanders. For the point, name this commodity which is treated with carding and obtained from sheep.

Wool

The aftermath of this event led to the Drexel Mission Fight and the awarding of twenty Medal of Honor awards. Leonard Colby rescued Little Lost Bird during this event, after which Nelson Miles criticized James Forsyth's leadership. This event started after Black Coyote refused to hand over his rifle to the 7th U.S. Cavalry Soldiers, and resulted from tensions caused by Wovoka's Ghost Dance Movement. For the point, name this 1890 massacre of Lakota tribe members.

Wounded Knee Massacre

In this event, Nicholas Hubbard and the playwright Pierre Beaumarchais were part of one side, while Francis Dana declined an offer to participate for the other. Lucien Haunteval requested that merchant claims be paid off by the American government in this event, and Jean-Conrad Hottinguer's demand for a 50,000 pound bribe to meet with Charles Talleyrand was met with the reply, "No, no, not a sixpence!" The Quasi-War resulted from, for the point, what Adams administration scandal involving Elbridge Gerry, Charles Pinckney, and three unnamed French diplomats?

XYZ Affair

The "percentages agreement" was established at this meeting. The accords from this meeting called for the expansion of a government based in Lublin. Part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were given to one participant in this meeting, and that participant agreed to attack the Japanese empire 90 days after Germany was defeated. For the point, name this conference between the "Big Three" Allied leaders in the Crimea near the end of World War II.

Yalta Conference

The southern end of the Tihamah lies in this country, which disputes the Hanish Islands with Eritrea. The Mahrah Sultanate governed in this modern day country, which includes the island of Socotra. In 2000 in this nation, a small explosives-laden boat detonated itself next to a refueling U.S. destroyer. This country's current civil war involves a Shia-led Houthi insurgency. For the point, name this Arabian Peninsula country whose capital is Sana and whose port city of Aden was the site of the USS Cole bombing.

Yemen

This number is in the exponent of Gelfond's constant. The solution to the Basel problem is this number squared over six. The Chudnovsky Brothers developed the supercomputer m-zero to calculate this number using an algorithm based on one by Srinivasa Ramanujan. Johann Lambert proved that this number is irrational using the continued fraction expansion of the tangent function. For the point, name this ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

pi

One section of this work establishes solidarity with the Chartist and agrarian reform movements. This book advocates ten "planks," including a graduated income tax and universal free education, and its opening describes the opposition posed by a "holy alliance." This work claims that "a spectre is haunting Europe," and defines history in terms of class struggles. For the point, name this 1848 work that implores the "workers of the world [to] unite," written by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, which inspired a namesake political movement.

The Communist Manifesto

Banker John Riordan saved people from this event by claiming hundreds as dependents. A photograph of the lead-up to this event taken by Hubert van Es depicts numerous people at the Pittman Apartment building. The build-up to this event used the playing of "White Christmas" as a signal for American personnel to move into position. Shortly before it took place, Operation Frequent Wind evacuated 7,000 people, including many American civilians. After this event, a city was renamed "Ho Chi Minh City." For the point, name this April 30, 1975, event in which the capital of South Vietnam was captured.

The Fall of Saigon

One of these documents claims to lay the foundation of a government of "men for men", rather than "angels" for men. Robert Yates opposed these documents in a similarly titled set of opposing documents written under the pseudonym of "Brutus." William Duer wrote a series of essays defending these documents under the name of "Friend of Publius," the pseudonymous author of these documents. The spread of factions in democracy is warned against in the tenth entry of, for the point, what set of 85 essays, written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, to promote the U.S. Constitution?

The Federalist Papers

This building was designed by Sostratus and commissioned by a member of the Diadochi who brought Alexander the Great's body to Memphis, named Ptolemy I. Three earthquakes destroyed this building, whose remains can be visited by scuba divers. It employed a large mirror to reflect sunlight, as well as fire during the night. For the point, name this wonder of the ancient world on the island of Pharos near Alexandria, Egypt, which protected passing ships.

The Great Lighthouse

To impress Diane Nguyen, part of this structure is stolen by a drunken Bojack Horseman. In 2004's The Day After Tomorrow, a tornado destroys it; so does the original Sharknado, as it scales Mount Lee. It originally referenced a housing development in the nearby hills and included the word "LAND".For the point, name this 45-foot-tall sign, a cultural landmark overlooking, and advertising the name of, the film district of Los Angeles.

The Hollywood Sign

This event was compared to "an entomologist killing a beetle on a pin" by one of its perpetrators. This event involved a murder committed with a chisel, after which the victim was dumped at Wolf Lake. Its perpetrators pled guilty, but were spared the death penalty after a 12-hour speech by their lawyer, Clarence Darrow, who argued that Nietzsche's writings were to blame. For the point, name this 1924 "Trial of the Century" in which the murderers of Bobby Franks, two University of Chicago students, were sentenced to life in prison.

The Leopold and Loeb Murder Case

The McDonald Ranch House was a key assembly site for this program. A "Special Engineer Detachment" who worked on it operated IBM punch-card calculators under the supervision of Hans Bethe and Richard Feynman. Dropping pieces of paper helped Enrico Fermi calculate the yield of one of its prototypes. For the point, name this program supervised by general Leslie Grove and directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer, which resulted in the first atomic bomb.

The Manhattan Project

This work was loaned to the Oval Office for several months in 2011. Four people in this painting wear yellow armbands and are depicted only from the shoulders down. The wall in the background of this painting has been defaced with graffiti and a splattered tomato, and this painting's subject has a ruler and pencils in hand. First published in Look, it depicts a 1960 scene in which six-year-old Ruby Bridges is on her way to William Frantz Public School. For the point, in what Norman Rockwell painting do four U.S. Marshals enforce Brown v. Board of Education?

The Problem We All Live With

This event gave rise to the "golden youth," club-wielding street gangs known for their musk perfume. Supporters of this event commemorated the period before it with "victim's balls." This event was followed by the White Terror, and it resulted in the repeal of the Law of the Maximum and the Law of Suspects. A target of this event was mysteriously shot in the jaw after being arrested in the Hotel de Ville. This event ended the power of the Committee of Public Safety. For the point, name this period of the French Revolution in which the Reign of Terror was ended.

Thermidorian Reaction

A play titled for this man is sometimes called "the power of God" and was written by Jean Anouilh. This man's death is partly caused by William Hamleigh at the end of Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth. This man rejects power, fame, glory and physical safety from four tempters in a T.S. Eliot play in which he is murdered by four knights. Pilgrims journey to visit this man's shrine in a collection of poems by Geoffrey Chaucer. For the point, name this archbishop of Canterbury who was supposedly murdered on orders from Henry II.

Thomas à Becket

The massacre of Chumik Shenko occurred in this region during an expedition led by Francis Younghusband, and the battle of Chemdo forced one leader of this region to flee from Potala Palace. This region became "autonomous" after a 17 point agreement, and the Simla convention set its southern boundary at the MacMahon Line. Tenzin Gyatso was forced to flee this region when it was conquered by the People's Liberation Army. For the point, name this mountainous region under Chinese administration and led in exile by the Dalai Lama.

Tibet

This man presented a doctrine of the international community" to justify intervention in Kosovo on humanitarian grounds. This leader revised Clause IV of his party's constitution to create the "New" version of that party. Negotiations between Bertie Ahern and this man produced the Good Friday Agreement. He was succeeded by his Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown. For the point, name this UK Prime Minister from 1997-2007.

Tony Blair

This man was able to conquer one castle after flooding it by diverting a river. He defeated Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki, and started the construction of Osaka Castle. Due to his peasant birth, he took the title of regent rather than shogun. Towards the end of his life, this man tried to conquer China, but failed in his invasions of Korea. He set up a Council of Five Regents to allow his son to inherit power, which failed when Tokugawa Ieyasu took over as shogun. For the point, which second of the Three Unifiers of Japan after Oda Nobunaga helped end the Sengoku Period?

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

The Amur River Bridge extended this project. Finance Minister Sergei Witte oversaw its construction, which included a section that circled around Lake Baikal and was inspired after Nicholas II traveled to Vladivostok. World War II supplies were sent from the Eastern European theater to the Pacific theater by, for the point, what transcontinental railroad that traverses the large, sparsely populated majority of Russia?

Trans-Siberian Railway

John Alcock and Arthur Brown received a Daily Mail Prize for performing this action. Rene Fonck's attempt to perform this action ended with the deaths of Charles Clavier and Jacob Sclaroff, in part due to Fonck's insistence on bringing a refrigerator and sofa. The Orteig Prize was established for any Allied pilot that could perform this action, which was first completed on May 21, 1927. For the point, what action was completed by The Spirit of St. Louis, for the first time without breaks or a co-pilot, by Charles Lindbergh?

Transatlantic Flight

A work by one of these people hails Richard I as the "father of valor" and describes his death as "a very cruel event." A form of rhyming debate called a tenso was invented by one of these people named Cercamon. Dancers and jugglers called jongleurs often accompanied these people. These people composed biographical songs called vida and dirges called planh. Eleanor of Aquitaine patronized several of these people, and her grandfather William IX was one of them. Bernard de Ventadour and Arnaut Daniel were prominent examples of these people. For the point, name these wandering poets of the Middle Ages who composed songs in Occitan.

Troubadours

This politician initiated a controversial National Energy Program and included a Notwithstanding Clause in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms when he repatriated his country's constitution. This predecessor of John Turner said "Just Watch Me" during the October Crisis and was in power during the first Quebec independence referendum. For the point, name this Liberal politician who was Prime Minister of Canada for most of the 1970s.

Trudeau Sr.

The Brady Hotel in this city was founded by KKK leader W. Tate Brady. A jury ruled this city's Police Chief John Gustafson was both derelict of duty and corrupt. Inflammatory headlines in its newspapers caused a mob to threaten the life of shoeshine boy Dick Rowland. An incident in this city began after the reported Memorial Day "rape" of a female elevator operator. The Greenwood District in this city, which was known as the "Black Wall Street," was destroyed in an event that featured World War I biplanes dropping firebombs on black homes. For the point, name Oklahoma city that was the site of a massive 1921 race riot.

Tulsa

In 1979, the strongest of these events, Tip, killed 13 Marines in a fire on Guam. In 2013, cities in Palau were completely destroyed and thousands of people were killed when Tacloban City was hit by the eyewall of one of these named Haiyan. The Philippines and West Pacific are struck by, for the point, what tropical cyclonic storm systems, otherwise called hurricanes when they strike in the Atlantic?

Typhoon

In 2015, Harvard's Laurence Tribe claimed that the EPA would make the burning of this thing "part of our national energy policy." In 1854, William Lloyd Garrison burned this document, calling it an "agreement with Hell" and a "covenant with death" for its support of slavery. For the point, name this document that activists against the burning of American flags want to amend.

U.S. Constitution

In honor of the defending champion, the late Payne Stewart, the 2000 iteration of this event began with a 21-drive salute into the Pacific Ocean; that iteration of this event was the most lopsided in its history, with a champion at 12-under and runner-up at 3-over. Phil Mickelson has finished second in this event six times, including at Bethpage Black twice. Jordan Spieth followed his 2015 Masters championship two months later by winning this event, whose final round is traditionally played on Father's Day. For the point, name this major golf tournament that precedes the British Open and PGA Championship.

U.S. Open

In June 2014, the leader of this country introduced a fifteen point peace plan that called for a weeklong ceasefire. In this country, the key transport hub of Debaltseve was recently taken over by separatist fighters. The Minsk Protocol was meant to stop the war in this country, but fighting has continued in the Donbass region. In 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean peninsula from this country. For the point, name this Eastern European country currently experiencing a civil war, whose capital is Kiev.

Ukraine

This caliphate's princes sponsored the building of Mshatta and Qusayr Amra. This dynasty sponsored a building with a notable mosaic cycle of landscapes. The Dome of the Rock was built by this dynasty's ruler Abd-al-Malik. This dynasty came to power after Hasan signed a treaty with Muawiya I. This dynasty was overthrown by Abu Muslim. For the point, name this dynasty overthrown by the Abbasids whose capital was in Damascus.

Umayyad

In apartheid South Africa, this image was the leftmost inset flag, joining the Natal and Orange Free State flags in the center stripe. Fiji is holding a contest for a new flag without this image, while a silver fern could replace this image, unless the Red Peak wins in the first stage of a New Zealand referendum. The St. George, St. Patrick, and St. Andrew crosses feature in, for the point, what national flag, found in the upper left corner of both the Australian and New Zealand flags?

Union Jack

During Operation Pastorius, 8 intelligence operatives infiltrated this country. The Lookout Air Raids caused numerous fires in this country, and one of this country's oil fields was bombarded by the I-17. This country names a bomber designed by the German Ministry of Aviation for long-range attacks, and six people died in this country after the explosion of a Fu-Go, a fire balloon, in 1945. For the point, name this country, whose Aleutian Islands were invaded during World War II.

United States of America

Several structures in this land form have an almost-straight "jogged axis" layout. A discovery made in this land form made by Neapolitan strongman Giovanni Batista Belzoni in October 1817 was later rebuilt in full in the British museum. El-Qurn is a peak overlooking this place. 63 sub locales within this area are denoted by KV numbers. Starting in 1914, Lord Carnarvon sponsored excavations in this geographic location led by Howard Carter. For the points, name this area across from Thebes off the Nile, where many New Kingdom pharaohs are buried.

Valley of the Kings

This adjective was first applied to a historical event by a female economist who signed many articles with the name "Adam Smith," and served as ambassador to the United States. Following an event known by this adjective, different stamps were affixed to old koruna banknotes, and Vladimir Meciar came to power. During an earlier event described by this adjective, the Civic Forum was established following the resignation of Gustav Husak and the democratic election of president Vaclav Havel. For the point, name this English adjective prefixing a 1993 "Divorce" that split, and a 1989 "Revolution" that liberalized, Czechoslovakia in a gentle way.

Velvet

In this city, Jerzy Kulczycki opened The Blue Bottle after recovering sacks of a certain food item from retreating Turks. A group of philosophers from this city promulgated the ideas of Ernst Mach and advocated logical positivism. The arrival of the Nazis caused the decline of the "coffee-house culture" in this city, which was also where a thinker wrote The Interpretation of Dreams and The Ego and the Id. For the point, name this workplace of Sigmund Freud, the capital city of Austria.

Vienna

One battle that took place near this city allegedly led to the inventions of the bagel and the croissant That battle took place on the nearby Kahlenberg Hill north of this city and included the largest cavalry charge in history, led by the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Jan Sobieski III. For the point, name this city besieged by the Ottomans in 1683, the capital of Austria.

Vienna

After an airstrike on the Independence Palace during this conflict, one leader declared himself to have "divine" protection and was declared to be like "Winston Churchill" by one ally. Cable 243 was sent during this war to convince that ruler to remove his brother as the head of the ARVN Special Forces. The Strategic Hamlet Program was unsuccessfully implemented during this conflict, and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. tacitly endorsed the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem during this war. For the point, name this lengthy, Southeast Asian conflict fought between two halves of a country with capitals at Hanoi and Saigon, respectively.

Vietnam War

Francis Sands is a CIA operative during this conflict in Denis Johnson's novel Tree of Smoke. Walter Dean Myers' Fallen Angels, set during this conflict, is often banned in schools for its gory depictions of this war. Ted Lavender is shot while returning from the bathroom in the title story of a collection set during this war written by Tim O'Brien. For the point, name this war, the setting of The Things they Carried, which saw American soldiers attacked during the Tet Offensive.

Vietnam War

One member of this group, Pelagius, founded the Kingdom of Asturias on the Iberian peninsula. After the 507 AD Battle of Vouille, this group was pushed out of Gaul by Clovis and the Franks. This group accelerated the fall of Rome by killing Emperor Valens at Adrianople in 378. For the point, name this Germanic group, led by Alaric and Theodoric in the fifth century CE, the western group of the two main divisions of Goths.

Visigoths

Stagings of this play in the 1950s at Luttringhausen and San Quentin prisons are the subject of the documentary The Impossible Itself. A character in this play confuses a turnip for a carrot, standing near a single tree. In its final act, Pozzo is led on a leash by his slave Lucky. Each act of this play ends with a messenger boy assuring the protagonists that the title character will arrive soon, though he never does. For the point, name this play featuring Vladimir and Estragon, written by Samuel Beckett.

Waiting for Godot

Two of these objects were used to save a Roman army from Commius and Vercassivellaunus. These objects were made in the Cyclopean style in Mycenae and Tiryns. A project of the emperor Aurelian was inspired by Servius Tullius' earlier use of these objects in Rome. At Alesia, Caesar used examples of these objects called contravallations and circumvallations. The Athenians accessed the port of Piraeus using "long" ones of these; a later Roman one extends from the River Tyne to Solway Firth. For the point, name these defensive structures exemplified by one named for Hadrian across Scotland.

Walls

This man's contributions to the 1964 World's Fair included his development of "Audio-Animatronics." Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln and The Hall of Presidents were created by this man, whose "Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow" was turned into an amusement park, featuring the "World Showcase" in 1982. For the point, name this founder and namesake of amusement parks in Anaheim and Orlando, the latter of which includes EPCOT and the Magic Kingdom.

Walt Disney

This man defeated Muzio Clementi in a duel before Emperor Joseph II. He wrote out none of the cadenzas for a Clarinet Concerto written for Anton Stadler. A five-voice fugato that recapitulates all of the themes from the last movement ends his 41st symphony, while another work by this man, his Serenade No. 13, opens with a Mannheim rocket theme. For the point, name this Austrian composer of the Jupiter Symphony and the light "Eine Kleine Nachtmusik."

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

The Black Tom explosion killed 7 people in New Jersey during this war. The Four Minute Men, working for George Creel's Committee on Public Information, spread propaganda supporting this war. Henry Cabot Lodge was an early advocate for this war, which William Jennings Bryan protested by resigning as Secretary of State. The interception of the Zimmerman telegram and the sinking of the RMS Lusitania sparked U.S. entry into, for the point, what war that Woodrow Wilson failed to "keep us out of?"

World War I

A foreign minister of this country, Edvard Kardelj, was the main architect of its "socialist self-management" policy. The Non-Aligned Movement was founded in its capital. In 1948, this communist country split ideologically from the Soviet Union. It was first led by the former partisan Josip Broz Tito, and its constituent republics included Croatia and Serbia. For the point, name this Balkan nation that broke up in 1991.

Yugoslavia

During the 1980's, this country's army attacked civilians in Matabeleland in the Gukurahundi. Its president at the time, Canaan Banana, was convicted for homosexuality in 1998. The Movement for Democratic Change, an opposition party in this country, is led by a former union leader who left the Patriotic Front of the ruling ZANU party, Morgan Tsvangirai. For the point, name this African country that has suffered from hyperinflation under Robert Mugabe.

Zimbabwe

Mayor Fletcher Bowron said this event was mostly carried out by Southerners. After this event, Senator Jack Tenney's Committee called the National Lawyers Guild "Communists" and blamed Nazis for it. Governor Earl Warren ordered the McGucken Committee to investigate this event's causes. Tensions were high prior to it because of the Sleepy Lagoon murder case the year before. In the lead-up to this event, police officers known as the "Vengeance Squad" and others stripped "pachucos" of their clothing. For the point, name these 1943 disturbances in Los Angeles in which white sailors attacked flamboyantly dressed Latino youths.

Zoot Suit Riots

One ruler of this empire ordered the slaughter of cows so that their calves would empathize with him after the death of his mother, Nandi. This empire's rise led to a chaotic period called Mfecane, or "the crushing." One leader of this empire introduced a — short spear, the iklwa, to its impi forces. This empire defeated British forces at — Isandlwana before over-advancing and losing at Rorke's Drift on the Natal border. For the point, name this South African empire led by Cetshwayo and Shaka.

Zulu Empire

A worker in this state was convicted of a crime thanks to testimony from his girlfriend Twila Hoffman. In this state, a mentally challenged woman known as Patricia McGee was sexually assaulted. The perpetrator of that crime in this state was stabbed to death there in a bar argument in 1976 and had previously made money giving autographs to police officers. The conviction of a man who kidnapped and raped a woman in this state was vacated because he was not told of his right to remain silent. For the point, name this state where Ernesto Miranda was arrested.

Arizona

This non-Christian god's name and symbol were incorporated into the Voortrekker monument in Pretoria, South Africa. Scholars sometimes compare Psalm 104 to an earlier "Great Hymn" dedicated to this deity, inscribed on the tomb of Ai. Horemheb opposed worship of this deity. According to Sigmund Freud, this deity's chief promulgator was a close relative of Moses. Amarna was the main site of worship of this god, who was symbolized by a disk with rays shooting down from it. For the point, name this unitary solar god briefly imposed by the New Kingdom pharaoh first known as Amenhotep IV.

Aten

One athlete with this nickname won the US Open while carrying a colostomy bag due to a recurrence of cancer and, earlier, won gold medals in the hurdles and javelin at the 1932 Olympics. Another athlete with this nickname was a part of "Murderers Row" when he broke his own single-season home run record. That man was sold by Harry Frazee in 1920, spawning his namesake "curse" on the Red Sox. For the point, give this nickname shared by golfer Mildred Didrikson Zaharias and slugging Yankee Hall of Famer George Herman Ruth.

Babe

An infantry commander at this battle, Adam Lewenhaupt, abandoned his supply train following his defeat at Lesnaya. After the would-be commander of this battle's losing side was shot in the foot, Gustaf Rehnskiold assumed command. The escape of this battle's losing side to the Ottoman-controlled Bender was followed by the Pruth River Campaign. Before this battle, the Cossack hetman Ivan Mazepa switched allegiances. This battle was a major defeat for a wounded Charles XII, who had earlier won the 1700 Battle of Narva. For the point, name this 1709 victory for Peter the Great during the Great Northern War.

Battle of Poltava

A process posited by this theory was the subject of the ABC paper. An event predicted by this theory was followed by a period of time during which the gravitational force was as strong as the other fundamental forces, known as the Planck epoch. During a radio broadcast, the name for this theory was coined by Fred Hoyle, who actually opposed Georges LeMaitre's' idea of it. Evidence for this theory came from the linear relationship between redshift and distance posited by Edwin Hubble. For the point, name this scientific theory that suggests the universe was born from a singularity.

Big Bang

This region shares its name with the class of World War I battleships that improved on the Courbet class. This region is the home of a savory pastry called the galette. A war of succession fought over a duchy in this region led to the death of John of Montfort. Some women in this region wear a traditional tall cap called a "bigouden," which is made from its famous lace. The namesake ethnic group of this region traces its origins to Celtic tribes which crossed the English channel heading south. For the point, name this western region of France.

Brittnay

This politician's son died after developing an infected blister formed while playing tennis at the White House. This President declined to visit the Gulf Coast after the Great Mississippi Flood and vetoed a federal farm relief bill proposed by Gilbert Haugen and Charles McNary. As Governor, he proclaimed there was "no right to strike against the public safety" when opposing a Boston policemen's strike. For the point, name this "silent" President who took office in 1923.

Calvin Coolidge

One agreement concerning oil production in this body of water was signed by Heydra Aliyev in 1994 and was known as the "Contract of the Century." The Garabogazkol lagoon lies to the east of this body of water, where sturgeon overfishing is a major concern. A pipeline running from this sea goes through Tbilisi to Ceyhan on the Mediterranean, delivering oil from Baku. The Volga River flows into, for the point, what largest saltwater lake in the world, a sea that borders countries like Azerbaijan and Russia?

Caspian Sea

This person issued the Edict of Saint-Germain and the Edict of Amboise. This woman and her family were nearly kidnapped during the Surprise at Meaux. This woman's husband was killed by a lance to the eye while celebrating the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis. She is sometimes blamed for the assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, which occurred after Marguerite of Valois married the future Henry IV. For the point, name this Queen of France who supported the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre and was from a Florentine family.

Catherine de' Medici

A pamphlet advocating the broadening of this party's electoral base was "We must get out of the tower!" A candidate from this party came second in the 1925 election after Ernst Thalmann of the KPD split the vote. Besides Wilhelm Marx, this party's other leaders include Heinrich Bruning, the longest continuously serving Weimar chancellor, and Franz von Papen. This political party was formed to resist Bismarck's Kulturkampf. For the point, name this German political party that represented the interests of the largest non-Protestant denomination.

Catholic Centre Party

This president signed the Mongrel Tariff, and Congress overrode his veto of the Rivers and Harbors Act. This president signed another act which initially mandated that ten percent of federal jobs be filled by examination, despite his history as a Stalwart in Roscoe Conkling's patronage system. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was signed by, for the point, what man who became President after the assassination of James Garfield?

Chester A. Arthur

This party discussed the rehabilitation of its country's military in the Himmerod memorandum. The Black Money exposed this party's secret bank accounts, which disgraced its former leader, Helmut Kohl. This party's leaders Ludwig Erhard and Konrad Adenauer sparked an "economic miracle" in its country post-World War II, and it has participated in various "Grand Coalitions" with the Social Democratic Party. For the point, name this center-right political party in Germany, currently led by Angela Merkel.

Christian Democratic Union

This state's Grand Dragon John Galen Locke engineered the election of Clarence Morley as governor of this state in 1924. This present-day state was the location of an 1868 event in which approximately 150 Cheyenne Indians were massacred by troops under John Chivington, the Sand Creek Massacre. Cripple Creek was a popular mining settlement during this state's gold rush. This state later developed a successful ski industry along I-70 including resorts such as Copper and Vail. For the point, name the state in which Katherine Lee Bates was inspired to write "America the Beautiful" while viewing the landscape from the summit of Pikes Peak.

Colorado

A participant in this event proposed that "Justice, Christian Charity, and Peace" be advanced at this event by creating a Holy Alliance. This event extended universal recognition to the House of Orange's rule in the Netherlands. The Duke of Wellington replaced Lord Castlereagh as British representative to this event, also attended by Alexander I of Russia and France's Talleyrand. For the point, name this meeting which convened in 1814 to organized the "concert of Europe" following the fall of Napoleon.

Congress of Vienna

Craterus's son Alexander launched a brief anti-Macedonian tyranny from this city in 252 BC; a hundred years later, this city was totally destroyed during the Roman conquest of Greece. This city was the namesake of a 395 to 387 BC war which ended with the King's Peace and the alliance of Persia and Sparta. This city originally colonized Syracuse and was ruled by the Bacchiadae for several centuries. This city, the namesake of non-Doric, non-Ionic columns, was mythically ruled by Sisyphus. For the point, name this Greek city found on a namesake isthmus.

Corinth

The Songhai ruler Askia II planned to use these animals in the Battle of Tondibi to create a smokescreen; the plan was ruined by the sound of cannonfire. Banastre Tarleton was defeated by Daniel Morgan at a location named for these animals, turning the tide of the Revolutionary War in South Carolina. For the point, name these four legged animals, unsuited for cavalry due to their lack of speed and inability to be trained, and therefore primarily used in war as draft animals or a source of meat and dairy.

Cows

Pavises were shields carried by soldiers who used this weapon. Richard the Lionhearted was killed by one of these weapons, and mercenaries wielding this weapon were most famously recruited from Genoa. The Chu Ko Nu is a repeating type of these weapons, which generally are slower to reload than their main alternative, the longbow. For the point, name these projectile weapons, which fire bolts instead of arrows.

Crossbows

The Brent Blend is one classification of this commodity, which is labeled "sweet" if it has low sulfur concentration. Benon Sevan led the Australian Wheat Board's program that allowed the sale of this commodity to Saddam Hussein's government, which received kickbacks and avoided sanctions by selling it to that program. For the point, name this commodity, a fossil fuel whose crude form is drilled and refined to create gasoline.

Crude Oil

This institution was rigorously modernized by President William Jewett Tucker. This institution was named after the title of William Legge in an attempt to get him to donate money, which he did not do. This place was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, the former tutor of a Mohegan named Samson Occom. A tearful speech with the line "a small college...and yet there are those who love it" was delivered about it by alumnus Daniel Webster, in a case involving treasurer William Woodward and the New Hampshire legislature. For the point, what Ivy League school was the subject of an 1819 Supreme Court case?

Dartmouth College

Conspiracy theories about this event point to the paranoid "Mishcon note" that assails Tiggy Legge-Bourke. A film about this event, Unlawful Killing, blames this event on "gangsters in tiaras" who despised the Muslim faith of one person involved. The sole survivor of this event was bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones. A song originally written about Marilyn Monroe, "Candle in the Wind," was re-released after this event by Elton John. Dodi Fayed also died in this event, which was caused by a drunken chauffeur, not paparazzi. For the point, name this August 1997 event in which a Princess of Wales was killed in a car crash.

Death of Princess Diana

This country's first railway line linked the now-German cities of Altona and Kiel in the disputed territory of Holstein. This country has the longest continuous ruling dynasty in Europe, and its Frederick VII won the First Schleswig War for this country. The Kalmar Union created a personal union under this country's queen Margaret I with Sweden and Norway. For the point, name this Scandinavian country whose capital is Copenhagen

Denmark

Louis Bleriot was the first man to fly across this body of water. A World War I mine & net blockade of this body of water, named the "Barrage" of one city on its shores, was briefly rendered ineffective when German submarines simply crossed on the surface at night. The port cities of Dieppe and Calais lie on this body of water, which was crossed by over one hundred thousand soldiers on June 6, 1944. The Cliffs of Dover overlook, for the point, what body of water between France and England?

English Channel

This composer was inspired by footage of World War II to write his Symphony in Three Movements. For the 35th anniversary of Tchaikovsky's death, he wrote the ballet The Fairy's Kiss. He included "Mystic Circles of Young Girls" in a work that opens with a high bassoon solo. Ivan breaks Kashchei's magic egg in this composer's first collaboration with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. For the point, name this composer of Petrushka and The Firebird.

Igor Stravinsky

This nation's only natural harbor is protected by Pelican Point. Otto von Bismarck's successor added a corridor to this territory allowing it to access the Zambezi River. The Caprivi Strip is part of this country whose southern border is the Orange River and which gained control of Walvis Bay in 1994 from its former ruler, South Africa. For the point, name this arid nation in southwestern Africa where Hage Geingob leads from Windhoek.

Republic of Namibia

This party was the subject of Rick Perlstein's 2001 book Before the Storm. This party nominated a presidential candidate who sued Ralph Ginzburg and Fact magazine for suggesting he was "mentally unfit." The speech "A Time for Choosing" was given to support this party, whose nominee used the slogan "In your heart, you know he's right" and who claimed "extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice." This party's candidate was implicitly attacked with the "daisy ad" depicting a nuclear explosion. For the point, name this political party that nominated Barry Goldwater for the presidency in 1964.

Republican Party

Stan Greenberg wrote about this politician's support among Macomb County auto workers. This man once said "if the job were finished, I might have thought twice about seeking reelection." This man was supported by a commercial that began with the cryptic line "There is a bear in the woods." He quipped that he would not "exploit" his "opponent's youth and inexperience" during a campaign. This man ran a successful advertisement proclaiming it was "morning again in America." For the point, name this man who defeated Walter Mondale in 1984 to win re-election as President.

Ronald Reagan

Alexander Spiers and John Glassford were among the Glasgow-based "Lords" who grew rich from importing this good. Early advocates of this substance's healing properties included Nicol´as Monardes and Thomas Harriet. James I wrote a "Counterblaste" on the dangers of this plant. For the point, name this most profitable cash crop of colonial Virginia, which was exported to England to be smoked.

Tobacco

Student protesters in this country planned to target Hubert Humphrey in the "pudding assassination." Benno Ohnesorg was killed protesting the Shah of Iran's visit to this country, where one leader had to resign after the Guillaume Affair. Andreas Baader founded the Red Army Faction in this country, where Willy Brandt normalized relations with his policy of Ostpolitik. For the point, name this former country, established from American, French and British occupation zones, whose communist eastern neighbor built the Berlin Wall.

West Germany

Members of this religion were forbidden to ride horses and had to use donkeys instead, and could not build houses taller than those of the majority religion's members. Members of this religion were hit with a stick while paying their jizya tax and were sometimes attacked by having their kushtis torn off. Most members of this religion fled their persecution by Muslim dynasties and became Parsees in India. For the point, name this former majority religion of Iran, which makes use of towers of silence and worships Ahura Mazda.

Zoroastrianism

The opening of this piece quotes the hymn "Troparion of the Holy Cross." This piece, popularized in America by Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops, commemorates the Battle of Borodino and culminates with a rendition of "God Save the Tsar." It represents Napoleon's invading army with "La Marseillaise" and includes sixteen artillery blasts in the score. For the point, what overture by Peter Tchaikovsky is often played on July 4th and includes cannon fire?

1812 Overture

In this year, the Russian governor of Wallachia accepted the Proclamation of Islaz. This year also featured the Five Days of Milan, which occurred after Ferdinand II granted the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies a new constitution. The Frankfurt Assembly convened in this year, and Lajos Kossuth's movement for Hungarian independence prompted Metternich to flee Vienna. This was also the year when King Louis-Philippe was deposed and the French Second Republic was established. For the point, name this "year of revolutions" in 19th century Europe.

1848

Art from this man's rule features elongated necks and faces in a style named for a city where this man built a large temple complex. A bust attributed to Thutmose depicts this man's primary wife, who changed her name with his when they moved to Amarna. This husband of Kiya and Nefertiti sought to establish the worship of Aten over that of Amun and all the other gods, a policy that failed soon after his death. For the point, name this pharaoh, the father of Tutankhamun.

Akhenaten

This man's 1959 marriage to the daughter of a flour executive brought the first commoner on record into his royal family. This man went on television after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, breaking protocol in a sign that he wishes to open direct communication between the Chrysanthemum Throne and the populace. This man's reign will be known as the "Heisei" era after he dies. For the point, name this man who took office in 1989 as Hirohito's successor as emperor of Japan.

Akihito

A news anchor at this event apologized for reporting while out of breath, as a security guard "put [him] on the deck." Pigasus was supported at this event by the Yippies. This event prompted Walter Cronkite to say, "I think we are dealing with a bunch of thugs here." After this event, it was noted that "McGovern wouldn't have used Gestapo tactics." TV cameras covering this event alternated between police macing protesters and celebrations after Hubert Humphrey's nomination. For the point, name this highly contested political convention in Chicago.

1968 Democratic National Convention

Abraham Ribicoff claimed that "Gestapo tactics" were used during this event against protesters, including Abbie Hoffman and Bobby Seale. Richard Daley's police force was criticized for their handling of this event. Two months prior to this event, one of its expected participants was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. For the point, name this political convention in which Hubert Humphrey was nominated for President, a few months before losing the election to Richard Nixon.

1968 Democratic National Convention

Controversially, this event was only to involve ten automatic qualifiers, infuriating Ireland. Afghanistan made its debut in this event at Manuka Oval against Bangladesh. Grant Elliot's late heroics in the semi-final eliminated South Africa, but Brendon McCullum was retired with no runs in the final as the Black Caps finished second. For the point, name this 2015 sporting event, won by Australia over New Zealand by 7 wickets.

2015 ICC Cricket World Cup

Warning: Year and Country required. One campaign ad during this election saw a candidate speak for three hours while a man behind him painted a mural. In this election, the Joint List alliance marked the first time the four major parties of a minority ethnic group were united. Right before this election, the incumbent forged a recording of the leader of the Kulanu Party promising to support him and wrote a Facebook post warning that "Arab voters are coming out in droves". For the point, which recent election saw Likud Party receive the most votes under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu?

2015 Israeli Legislative Elections

This event inspired Julia Wolfe's Big Beautiful Dark and Scary. One piece written about this event was described as a "memory space" by its composer. In its aftermath, the Last Night of the Proms removed Fantasia on British Sea Songs from their program. Another piece about this event opens with a violin imitating a phone left off the hook, and is scored for three string quartets plus tape. It was the subject of John Adams' On The Transmigration Of Souls and a Steve Reich piece which includes NORAD and FDNY recordings. For the point, in what tragedy did hijacked planes attack the Pentagon and World Trade Center?

9/11

This man's security forces held mass executions in soccer stadiums which targeted dissidents such as singer Victor Jara. "The brick" was a book produced to aid this man by Milton Friedman and the Chicago Boys. This man commanded the DINA secret police and was a key player in Operation Condor. Henry Kissinger endorsed his 1973 coup against Salvador Allende. For the point, name this dictator of Chile.

Agusto Pinochet Ugarte

A ship named after this figure was the namesake of the flagship of a squadron that won the battle of the River Plate against the Admiral Graf Spee. This hero used a shield covered with seven cowhides to protect his half-brother Teucer. This hero was the namesake of the CIA operation that overthrew Mossadegh in Iran. In Book 14 of the Iliad, this hero threw a boulder that injured Hector. In the Metamorphoses, this hero lost a debate over Achilles's armor and then committed suicide. For the point, name this huge Greek hero of the Trojan war called "Greater."

Ajax

This man claimed to have solved the problem of longitude by observing a conjunction of the Moon with Mars. This explorer split from an expedition searching for the "Coast of Pearls" in order to look for the Strait of Catigara. Ralph Waldo Emerson called this first Pilot Major of Spain a "pickle dealer." Historians still dispute the authorship of two letters from this man to Pier Soderini, as well as his pamphlet Mundus Novus. For the point, Martin Waldseemuller later regretted attaching what Florentine explorer's name to a newly-discovered continent?

Amerigo Vespucci

In the early 20th century, this city completed a ring of fortifications called the Stelling, which overlooked the Zuiderzee. This city was surrounded by the Singel until the late 16th century, after which this city built the Herengracht, Prinsengracht, and Keizergracht in a concentric pattern around itself. For the point, name this city located several feet below sea level on an arm of the North Sea, where a series of planned canals provide transportation near the Royal Palace of the Netherlands.

Amsterdam

In the early twentieth century, this man lived at Skibo Castle. A chief lieutenant and successor of this man was the "master hustler," Charles M. Schwab. In 1901, he was named Lord Rector of the University of St. Andrews, a school he heavily supported. This man denounced "the selfish millionaire" who dies rich in an article explaining why he helped fund numerous libraries across the country. This author of the article, "The Gospel of Wealth," eventually sold his company for $480 million in 1901 to J.P. Morgan. For the point, name this Scottish American founder of a steel company.

Andrew Carnegie

The EPA recently blocked this politician's attempt to divert half a billion dollars from a clean water fund to road construction. This man reneged on a 2011 promise to veto gerrymandered lines for a State Senate lead by Dean Skelos. This secretary of HUD under Bill Clinton abruptly shut down the anti-corruption Moreland Commission in 2014. His re-election campaign featured contentious negotiations for the endorsement of the Working Families Party and a primary challenge by law professor Zephyr Teachout. A new Tappan Zee Bridge is being championed by, for the point, what current Governor of New York?

Andrew Cuomo

This country was the site of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. The group FLEC supports the secession of the oil-rich exclave of Cabinda from this country. This country was said to be "Cuba's Vietnam," according to rebel leader Jonas Savimbi. A 27-year civil war in this country was fought between the factions of UNITA and Jose Eduardo dos Santos's MPLA. For the point, name this African country ruled from Luanda.

Angola

The wealthy Spring Valley neighborhood of Washington, D.C. is built over chloride compounds of this element buried by the U.S. Army after World War I. Peasants in Styria swallowed balls of this element to increase libido, inspiring a few Victorian copycats. A central atom of this element occurs in Paul Ehrlich's "magic bullet" drug, the first chemical treatment for syphilis. Its anion, when bonded to gallium, forms a common semiconductor in consumer electronics. The Marsh test detects this element. For the point, name this extremely toxic metalloid used in Victorian England as an over-the-counter rat poison.

Arsenic

This king's daughter brought a sacred sapling to the court of King Tissa. This ruler supposedly operated a torture chamber inside a beautiful palace known as his "hell." The Barabar caves were hewn out of granite during this leader's rule. This king's son Mahinda was a monk who travelled to Sri Lanka, and this king was disturbed by the bloodiness of the Kalinga War. A statue of four lions once stood on a pillar erected by this king, who also ordered the creation of many Rock edicts. For the point, name this Buddhist convert and ruler of the Mauryan Empire.

Ashoka Maurya

One senator from this state was called the "Senator from Formosa" for his support of Chiang Kai-Shek. That person from this state became the youngest ever Majority leader following the death of Robert Taft. Another person from this state won an election against Helen Douglas for Senator using a "Pink Sheet." That person from this state gained fame by breaking the Alger Hiss case while a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee and would later become President of the United States. For the point, name this home state of William Knowland and Richard Nixon.

California

William Mason and Charles Richards designed this company's Model P. The founder of this company names a historic district in Hartford, Connecticut which contains his manor, Armsmear. After being fired from this company, Rollin White was hired by its competitor, Smith & Wesson. "The Gun that Won the West" was a .45 caliber revolver produced by, for the point, what gun manufacturer named after its founder, Samuel?

Colt's

An award-winning 2008 history of this indigenous group by Finnish-born historian Pekka Hämäläinen called its territory an Empire. A chieftain of this native people named Quanah Parker surrendered in 1874 along with the Kiowa and Cheyenne, ending the Red River War. This group broke off from the Shoshone in the mid-18th century, after which their dozens of "bands" acquired the horses they used in deadly raids on Mexico and the Republic of Texas. For the point, name this dominant Indian group of the early 19th-century southern Great Plains.

Comanche Tribe

Jess Gorkin of Parade Magazine proposed a system that was implemented after this event. It ended with a secret agreement to remove Jupiter installations in Turkey, which convinced Nikita Khrushchev to dismantle his own weapon systems. The Washington-to-Moscow hotline was created after, for the point, what thirteen-day crisis in which the U.S. blockaded an island nation over the placement of nuclear weapons?

Cuban Missile Crisis

A "Priest King" statue from this civilization's late period is missing both of its arms, and steatite seals of elephants and unicorns have been discovered at the civilization's two main cities. A "dancing girl" figuring from this culture made of bronze is currently displayed in the Karachi Museum, and the first urban sanitation systems in the world were created by this civilization. The Aryan invasion hypothesis describes the end of this civilization around 1000 BC. For the point, name this Bronze Age civilization located by a namesake river in northern India and Pakistan.

Indus River Valley Civilization

This country's 1975 Family Protection Law expanded access to divorce to women, who had earned the right to vote in the 1963 White Revolution. Those reforms were instituted by Reza Pahlavi, but this country rolled back those reforms after a 1979 revolution brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power. For the point, name this Middle Eastern country in which, in a 1998 show of progress, two women were allowed to watch a men's World Cup qualifying match in Tehran.

Iran

One subject of this event, Richard Queen, was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis during it. Eight American soldiers were killed near Tabas in Operation Eagle Claw, an aborted attempt to end this event. Its perpetrators demanded that Reza Pahlavi be returned from American asylum for trial. This event ended mere minutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn into office. For the point, name this event in which workers at an American embassy in Tehran were captured and held for 444 days.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

This artist painted a line of blindfolded soldiers in the aftermath of a mustard gas attack in Gassed. He painted an American president resting his hand on a stair railing in his Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt. This painter of El Jaleo caused controversy with his depiction of Virginie Gautreau wearing a revealing black dress. For the point, name this American painter of the Portrait of Madame X.

John Sargent

When commissioned as a war artist, this man painted wounded soldiers walking to a dressing station. Earlier, this artist included two guitars hanging on the wall of a room in which a gypsy dances El Jaleo He is also known for intimate portraits, such as one of two girls hanging paper lanterns. In another work, this artist of Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose contrasted the pale skin and black satin dress of its subject, Virginie Gautreau. For the point, name this painter of Madame X.

John Singer Sargent

To relieve the Siege of Genoa, this man crossed the Lesser Saint Bernard Pass on a mule. This man forced the Treaty of Luneville after the Battle of Marengo, and he rose to prominence after the Siege of Toulon. This man technically won a victory at the Battle of Borodino, seven years after he destroyed the Third Coalition at Austerlitz. For the point, name this French Emperor, who was finally defeated at Waterloo.

Napoleon

This man is the subject of several works by Ernest Meissonier. Apsley House is home to a sculpture of this man holding a staff and a miniature figure of Nike standing on an orb. He looks to the right at a man with the number "32" on his hat in a painting showing him surrounded by plague victims in Jaffa. The names "Karolus Magnus" and "Hannibal" appear on rocks at the bottom of a painting of this man on a rearing white horse. The Duke of Hamilton commissioned a painting of this man leaning on an Empire style desk at his study in the Tuileries. For the point, name this man, whose coronation was depicted in a Jacques-Louis David painting

Napoleon Bonaparte

This office is held during caretaker periods by the Country Party. This office was held by a man who praised the middle class in the "Forgotten People" speech, and by a man who disappeared while swimming in the ocean. This office, held by Robert Menzies and Harold Holt, has long been dominated by the Liberal and Labor parties. In the 2000's, the holder of this office formally apologized for the Stolen Generations. For the point, name this head of state, an office in which Tony Abbott succeeded Kevin Rudd in 2013.

Prime Minister of Australia

A 1990 performance of this album on Potsdamer Platz featured flutist James Galway during "Goodbye Blue Sky." Its narrator laments "I've got fading roots" in "Nobody Home" before reminiscing about wartime singer Vera Lynn. According to its primary songwriter, its central track is the anti-war song "Bring The Boys Back Home." At the start of this concept album, which was adapted into a film with animation by Gerald Scarfe, the protagonist's father dies as a World War II pilot, an incident drawn from Roger Waters' life which puts the first bricks into its title structure. For the point, in what Pink Floyd double album does a chorus of children proclaim "we don't need no education"?

The Wall

One side in this conflict sought to install the Terijoki Government to rule the opposing country. This war began soon after an incident in which one side tried to frame the other for the shelling of Mainila. The losing side in this war initially won defensive efforts at Raate Road and Suomussalmi. The eventual winners in this war sought to cross the Mannerheim Line. A part of Karelia was ceded to the victors of this war in the Moscow Peace Treaty. For the point, name this war fought during the early stages of WWII between the Soviet Union and Finland.

The Winter War

This city's first major military victory occurred at the Battle of Tegyra. A foreign tyrant of this city dismissively remarked "urgent business for tomorrow" after receiving a letter exposing a plot led by seven crossdressing conspirators, including Pelopidas. This city won the Battle of Mantinea and the Battle of Leuctra under the leadership of Epaminondas. This city used a force of 300 lovers, the Sacred Band. For the point, name this ancient Greek city which was tormented by the Sphinx in the Oedipus myth.

Thebes

During this war, the Duke of Enghien won the second Battle of Nordlingen and defeated a Spanish invasion at the Battle of Rocroi. One side in this war won the Battle of Lutzen despite the death of their king, who had earlier defeated Count von Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld. This war started when two ambassadors were literally thrown out of Prague Castle. Gustavus Adolphus died in, for the point, what war, largely between Protestant and Catholic alliances, ended by the Treaty of Westphalia?

Thirty Years War

In order to avoid participating in one of these events, the Noblewoman Sophonisba poisoned herself. One of these events was disrupted when three elephants got stuck under an archway. Participants in these events probably did not actually paint their faces red. The Ovation was a lesser version of this sort of event. A laurel wreath crown was used during these events, which centered on a chariot ride down the Via Sacra. For the point, name this sort of event in which Roman generals were celebrated for their victories.

Triumphs

L. Jean Louis initiated the investigation into this scandal, in which David Hale claimed that he was pressured to provide a $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal. The failure of the Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan triggered the investigation into this scandal, whose name references a failed speculation deal in the Ozarks. In 1994, Kenneth Starr was appointed to investigate this event, four years before he investigated its central figure again for his affair with Monica Lewinsky. For the point, name this scandal concerning the real estate investments of then-Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton.

White Water Scandal

This writer described "the cold stars lighting, very old and bleak / in different skies" in the poem "I Saw His Round Mouth's Crimson." In one of his poems, the narrator is told "here is no cause to mourn" by a former enemy he meets in Hell. This author of "Strange Meeting" described an "ecstasy of fumbling" in response to nerve gas in a poem that calls a patriotic Horace quote "the old Lie". For the point, name this British World War I poet of "Dulce et Decorum Est."

Wilfred Owen

While in Flanders, this man became "Governor of the English Nation of Merchant Adventurers." This man claimed he was born in Weald, Kent in his first printed work, a translation of Raoul Lefevre's romance about the history of Troy. This man's The Book of the Knight in the Tower, was one of the first English texts to contain passages from the Bible. He was also responsible for spreading the legend of King Arthur by printing a text by Thomas Malory. For the point, name this 15th century merchant, who introduced the printing press to England.

William Caxton

One member of this political party had an affair with Georgiana Cavendish and helped craft a document that outlawed slavery in the British Empire. The Earl Grey was a member of this party, which formalized under Charles James Fox. Its power diminished as it entered into a coalition with William Gladstone's Liberal Party. For the point, name this political party led by William Pitt the Elder and Robert Walpole, which rivaled the Conservatives for dominance in 18th century Britain.

Whig Party

A powerful man to hold this post was nicknamed "The Abominable No Man." A man resigned from this post after reports he had accepted an expensive overcoat and rug from a Boston textile manufacturer. In the Carter administration, this post was held by a man who reportedly participated in cocaine fueled parties at Studio 54. Those men were Sherman Adams and Hamilton Jordan. In the Nixon administration, it was held by Alexander Haig & H.R. Haldeman. For the point, name this position, the highest ranking employee of the White House Office.

White House Chief of Staff

This man landed at the Three Kings Islands during Epiphany, which inspired their name. One attempt to water his ships ended in bloodshed at a place he then named Murderer's Bay; he named another discovery for his patron, Antonio van Diemen. For the point, name this Dutch explorer, the first European to reach New Zealand, the namesake of an Australian island state.

Abel Janszoon Tasman

One ruler with this name introduced the Siete Partidas Law Code. The Fifth Siege of Gibraltar ended when a ruler of this name died from the bubonic plague. Maria Christina of Austria served as regent for a ruler of this name, and signed the Treaty of Paris on his behalf to end war with the United States. One ruler with this named backed the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, which led to his overthrow. For the point, give this name of thirteen Kings of Castile and Spain.

Alfonso

This politician referred to opponent William Randolph Hearst as "a man as low and mean as I can picture." Along with his so-called political "twin," Robert F. Wagner, this man chaired the commission that investigated the Triangle Shirtwaist fire. Known as the "Happy Warrior," he broke with his successor as governor, Franklin Roosevelt, and opposed the New Deal. For the point, what New York Governor was the first Catholic nominee for President, but lost to Herbert Hoover?

Alfred "Al" Smith

This man forced his commanders to draw lots after George Meade withdrew his specially-trained black troops; the "winning" commander, James Ledlie, was drunk and blundered this man's mission. After an ensuing meeting with Lincoln and Grant, this man wrote "I was not informed of any duty upon which I am to be placed," having been removed from command after the aforementioned disaster failed to end the Siege of Petersburg. The failed scheme in the Battle of the Crater was devised by, for the point, what Union general, today best known for his facial hair?

Ambrose Everett Burnside

One team that played this sport was to be named the "Birmingham Blast," which unfortunately recalled the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. That team played one season in 2001 as part of a league founded by Vince McMahon. Donald Trump's New Jersey Generals played this sport in a league that won $3 in a lawsuit against a monopolistic competitor run by commissioner Pete Rozelle. The family of Junior Seau filed a wrongful death lawsuit, claiming that the risks of brain damage playing this sport were hidden by league officials. For the point, name this sport, whose dominant American league is now run by Roger Goodell.

American Football

One person of this name was accused of being far less attractive than Hans Holbein the Younger made her seem. Another woman with this name had her betrothal to Henry Percy broken by Cardinal Wolsey, and was executed on charges of incest with her brother George; that woman with this name was the mother of Elizabeth I. For the point, give this name shared by Henry VIII's second and fourth wives, Boleyn and Cleves.

Anne

Deliveries of this material from "4th Grade, Greendale School" in New Jersey were sent to Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy. Bruce Ivins was considered a suspect in a crime involving this material, which came in both a grainy brown form, found at the New York Post, and a refined powder found with the message "You die now/Are you afraid?" Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, two senators were mailed, for the point, what biological agent that that causes a deadly disease when its spores are inhaled?

Anthrax

During a program named for this god, three people read from the Book of Genesis on a Christmas Eve 1968 television broadcast. Kouros sculptures were originally thought to be depictions of this god, who lent his name to the program for which Saturn-series rockets were developed. The first stage of the program named for this god killed Edward White, Roger Chaffee, and Gus Grissom, while the 13th nearly ended in disaster. For the point, identify the Greek god who lent his name to the American program that landed the first men on the moon.

Apollo

This landmass is the site of the southern terminus of an 800-mile-long, narrow-gauge railway whose construction was halted by World War I. One general from this region won the Battles of Hira and River to its north and the Battle of Chains within it. The Hejaz Railway runs through this peninsula, where the Rashiduns flourished. For the point, name this Middle Eastern peninsula whose land is dominated by a country led by the House of Saud.

Arabian Peninsula

The center of this sea hosted "Rebirth Island," which was once thought to be a secure storage facility for botulism and other bioweapons. This sea is the source of "salt storms" which have affected food crops in Karakalpakstan and made non-cotton industries unviable. After water that replenished this sea was diverted into the Karakum Canal for irrigation, the Amu Darya river was unable to maintain its water level. For the point, name this sea which once straddled the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and has effectively disappeared.

Aral Sea

After this event, Boston Corbett killed the perpetrator, Lewis Powell and Mary Surratt were executed, and Samuel Mudd was imprisoned for providing aid to the perpetrator. It occurred shortly before the scream "Sic semper tyrannis!" and a jump from the Presidential box during a showing of "Our American Cousin" at Ford Theater. For the point, name this 1865 event in which John Wilkes Booth shot and killed the U.S. President.

Assasination of Abraham Lincoln

In a song added to this musical's 2004 revival, citizens sing that "something just broke" as they heard sad news. Unhinged rants from a man in a Santa Claus suit, Samuel Byck, interrupt this musical. In its first song, a derelict amusement park's Proprietor declares "Everybody's got a right to their dreams." After a scene showing the hanging of Charles Guiteau, its cast gathers in a Dallas apartment to try and encourage a doubtful Lee Harvey Oswald to pull the trigger. For 10 points, name this 1990 Stephen Sondheim musical about historical people who tried to kill a U.S. President.

Assassins

An early empire of this name ultimately reduced the Mittani kingdom to vassal status. Adad Nirari II, named partly for a smith god, started an expansionary phase of this empire in the 800's BC. They're not Chaldeans, but the name of this ancient empire also identifies a still-extant Nestorian Church of the East. A prominent library was built in its capital by its emperor Ashurbanipal. About a century before the Babylonian captivity, these people besieged Jerusalem under Sennacherib. For the point, name this ancient Near Eastern empire centered at Nineveh.

Assyrian Empire

Matthew Restall disputes claims that this empire's fall was due to its superstition regarding their conquerors arriving at the end of a 52-year cycle. The Tepanec War led to a Triple Alliance of this empire's cities, including Tlacopan. La Malinche helped one man conquer this empire, whose leader died during La Noche Triste. Montezuma II was the final ruler of this empire from its capital at Tenochtitlan, on modern Mexico City. For the point, name this Mesoamerican empire that was conquered by Hernan Cortes.

Aztec Empire

The founder of this religion was imprisoned in the Siyah-Chal, and declared in the Ridvan gardens that he was "He whom God shall make manifest." William Sears, the last living Hand of the Cause of this religion, died in 1992. The history of this religion is the subject of God Passes By by Shoghi Effendi. This religion is governed by the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel, and was founded by followers of the Bab. For the point, name this Iranian religion founded by Baha'u'llah.

Baha'i Faith

Michel Aoun's forces surrendered at this city's Presidential Palace but were executed in the October 13 massacre. Elie Hobeika's forces carried out the Sabra and Shatila refugee massacres in this city. During a 1975 to 1990 civil war, this city's Western Muslim and Eastern Christian neighborhoods were divided by the Green Line. In 2005, Rafic Hariri, the former Prime Minister of this capital city's country, was assassinated, sparking a non-violent revolution that demanded the withdrawal of Syrian troops from this city. The Cedar Revolution broke out in, for the point, what capital of Lebanon?

Beirut

One leader of this group wrote the essay collection Soul On Ice. Another member of this organization, Fred Hampton, was killed by Chicago Police as part of the FBI program COINTELPRO, which aimed to undermine it. This group used open-carry laws to patrol the streets with guns, and ran the Free Breakfast for Children program in its native Oakland. For the point, name this black nationalist group led by Huey Newton during its prominence in the 1960's and 70's.

Black Panther Party

An era taking up much of the 1970s in this country was called the Banzerato, a name derived from its dictator Hugo Banzer. Prisoners of war in this country built the Unduavi-Yolosa highway in the 1930s, which is one-way and has an extremely high fatality rate. In the early 80s, its economy collapsed due to a fall in the price of its dominant export, tin. The Aymara people make up a plurality of this country. For the point, name this coca-growing country led recently by Evo Morales in central South America.

Bolivia

In this city, a woman who gave birth to a deformed baby, Mary Dyer, was executed in 1660. This city is depicted in The Fruits of Arbitrary Power, which inspired another engraving that shows Captain Preston commanding his troops to fire. A mob in this city attacked the mansion of Governor Thomas Hutchinson in 1765. Crispus Attucks died in this city, with his killers capably defended by John Adams. For the point, what city was the site of a March 1770 "massacre" of civilians by British troops?

Boston

This country is home to a martial art that was officially illegal until 1940; that martial art is accompanied by the one-string berimbeau and was developed as a survival tool by escaped slaves. A style of jazz developed in this home of capoeira was popularized by Joao Gilberto and grew out of a dance style popularly performed in a pre-Lenten festival in this country. Bossa nova and samba are heard, and the world's largest Carnival is celebrated in, for the point, what largest South American nation?

Brazil

Gebhart v. Bolton and Bolling v. Sharpe were consolidated into this case, as was Briggs v. Elliot, which introduced experiments with children on reactions to different dolls, carried out by Kenneth and Mamie Clark. The practice of "massive resistance" was applied in reaction to the ruling in this case, which was ordered to be carried out with "all deliberate speed." Thurgood Marshall served as the NAACP's counsel in, for the point, what 1954 Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson's policy of providing "separate but equal" public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education

One leader of this country is barred from becoming its president for having married a foreigner, Michael Aris. That politician was placed under house arrest for a total of 15 years by this country's ruling military junta, which ignored the 1990 electoral victory of her National League for Democracy. Aung San Suu Kyi gained power after 2015 elections in, for the point, what Southeast Asian nation west of Thailand?

Burma

One ruler of this empire, Manuel I, established a protectorate over the Crusader state of Outreme. The deposition of Andronikos I ended this empire's Komnenian Restoration. Earlier, its Alexius I asked for help at the Council of Piacenza against the Seljuks, which led Pope Urban II to call for the First Crusade. For the point, name this European empire that preceded the Ottoman Empire in modern-day Turkey.

Byzantine Empire

This movie was written by the Epstein twins, who temporarily left early on to work on Frank Capra's Why We Fight series. A minor character in this film is the petty criminal Ugarte, who obtained two letters obtained from dead couriers. After the antagonist is killed, a police officer in this film announces "round up the usual suspects" and is later told "I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship." At the end of this movie, the protagonist helps freedom fighter Victor Laszlo and his wife Ilsa escape the Nazis. For the point, name this 1942 film about Rick Blaine's nightclub in the title African city.

Casablanca

This industry was affected by a winter known as the Great Die-Up. Samuel Maverick was known for his curious practices in this industry. An invention of Joseph Glidden severely affected this industry, for which the "chuck wagon" was invented by Charles Goodnight. The song "Get Along Little Doggies" derives from this industry, the products of which were transported to railways in Kansas along routes like the Chisholm trail. For the point, name this industry in which a certain livestock was herded on the open range.

Cattle Industry

The speaker of this oration defended his wife by noting that she was born on St. Patrick's Day, and the Irish never quit. A "two-year-old Oldsmobile" and loans from Riggs Bank were recounted in this speech, which was a response to concerns that a fund used to reimburse its speaker for travel expenses was a source of corruption. Its speaker noted that Pat did not have a mink coat, but that his children loved the central figure and would be keeping it. For the point, name this 1952 televised speech by Richard Nixon, named for the cocker spaniel he intended to keep.

Checkers Speech

One member of this tribe, John Ross, controversially broke with other members in negotiating an agreement with the U.S. government. This tribe gained almost two million acres of land from the Creek in the Treaty of Fort Jackson after assisting Andrew Jackson in fighting at Horseshoe Bend. In that battle, one member of this tribe saw "talking leaves," inspiring him to develop a syllabary for this tribe. The Treaty of New Echota forced this tribe onto the Trail of Tears. Sequoyah was a member of, for the point, what southeastern Native American tribe, the largest to be federally recognized?

Cherokee

Many of this event's ideas were ratified with the Benedictus Deus. The Tridentine Creed was created in the aftermath of this council, which commissioned the Roman Catechism and produced an Index of Prohibited Books. The sale of indulgences was reaffirmed by this council, which responded to the burning of a copy of the bull Exsurge Domine. Pope Paul III convened, for the point, what church council that responded to Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation?

Council of Trent

A feast celebrating "Fathers of" the second one of these events is celebrated on the Sunday closest to October 11th. That one of these events reverted a 756 ruling by Constantine V. One of these events tried to resolve a schism put forth by Meletius of Lycopolis and set a date for Easter. The second one of these events condemned the Byzantine Iconoclasm, while the first rejected Arianism. For the point, name these two ecumenical councils, the first of which established a namesake creed.

Councils of Nicaea

Members of this party formed the Barnwell Ring. Its rival used the "Southern Strategy" to convert members of this party. One leader of this party reportedly claimed that it had "lost the South for a generation" after he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and this party's Presidential nominee has only won South Carolina once since 1960. For the point, name this American political party opposed by the Republicans.

Democratic Party

This event was precipitated by the directions of a farmer leading to a place known as "Old Peak." The party at the forefront of this event had sailed down the Urubamba River in their search for Vitcos. Pictures of the Altar of the Condors and Inti Watana stone were taken as a result of this event, which was believed by one participant to have taken place at Vilcabamba, where citizens had fled after the conquests of Pizarro's conquistadors. For the point, name this 1911 event in which a party led by Yale's Hiram Bingham "discovered" an eminent Incan city.

Discovery of Machu Picchu

Hubert-Joseph Henry committed suicide after being involved in this event, and George Picquart's investigation found that Ferdinand Esterhazy was the real culprit behind criminal charges that led to this event. George Clemenceau's newspaper L'Aurore was used to criticize one side in this scandal, and the man at the center of this scandal was imprisoned at Devil's Island. Emile Zola accused the French army of covering up this scandal in his work J'Accuse. For the point, name this French scandal that saw a Jewish army officer falsely punished for treason.

Dreyfus Affair

One man with this surname ruled with the aid of Luckner Cambronne. A counterinsurgency force called the Leopards existed under a leader with this surname. Another man with this surname directed his country's anti-yaws campaign before organizing resistance to Paul Magloire. That man with this surname executed his aide Clément Barbot, organized a security force called the Tontons Macoutes, and appropriated his country's voodoo for political purposes. For the point, name this Haitian ruling family whose members included "Papa Doc" and "Baby Doc."

Duvaliers

A general strike in this country followed the replacement of its "Constructing Socialism" movement with a "New Course." This country's governing party was the SED. The secret police force of this country was led by Erich Mielke, and used a network of "unofficial collaborators." Egon Krenz was the last general secretary of this country, whose other two general secretaries were Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker. The Stasi was the secret police of, for the point, what communist country that reunited with its western neighbor in 1989?

East Germany

Pope Clement VII criticized this law, stating "It crucifies me," and the revocation of this law led Frederick Wilhelm to issue the Edict of Potsdam. The Edict of Saint-Germain was a precursor to this law, which included fifty six "secret articles." This law was weakened after one group of people affected by it were put under siege at La Rochelle, one of the safe havens granted by this law. Louis XIV revoked this law by signing the Edict of Fontainebleau. For the point, name this law signed by Henry IV which granted religious tolerance to Huguenots.

Edict of Nantes

This thinker led the prosecution in the impeachment trial of Warren Hastings. He ended his friendship with his protégé Charles James Fox after declaring his support for William Pitt the Younger. This man wrote the first major text to separate the categories of the "beautiful" and the "sublime" and attacked the "abstract" grounds for a certain political upheaval in his major work. For the point, name this father of modern English conservatism, a Whig who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France.

Edmund Burke

This composer of incidental music for Sigurd Jorsalfar wrote a suite for string orchestra "in olden style" to celebrate Ludwig Holberg. His incidental music for another play includes a section in which a B minor theme increases in speed and volume as the title character is chased by trolls and goblins. For the point, "Morning Mood" and "In The Hall of the Mountain King" are from what Norwegian composer's Peer Gynt Suite?

Edvard Hagerup Grieg

This man was accused of ripping off moves from "Big Mama" Thornton when he covered a song she wrote. This man's songs include once begging the listener "not to do what your big sister done" and an attempt to address social problems of the late 1960s, "In the Ghetto." This man also starred in the films Blue Hawaii and Viva Las Vegas. For the point, name this singer of "Don't Be Cruel," "Hound Dog," and "Jailhouse Rock," an icon of the early rock and roll era who later died at Graceland.

Elvis Presley

Henry Dearborn threatened to occupy Lake Champlain to enforce this legislation. This law was particularly ignored at Passamaquoddy Bay, where smugglers moved barrels of flour from Maine into New Brunswick. This law, which sought to maintain English and French neutrality during the Napoleonic wars, was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act and was depicted by Alexander Anderson as a snapping turtle. For the point, name this 1807 law, satirized by the Ograbme cartoon, that criminalized all exports during Thomas Jefferson's presidency.

Embargo Act of 1807

The village of Black Rock lost a competition to be the western end of this landmark. While in debtor's prison, flour salesman Jesse Hawley pushed for the creation of this route. This structure's chief engineer was Benjamin Wright, and it used a "flight of five" at Lockport to cross the Niagara Escarpment. This structure was known as the "folly" or "ditch" of its main promoter, Governor DeWitt Clinton. For the point, name this artificial waterway that opened in 1825 to connect Albany and Buffalo.

Erie Canal

One ruler with this name declared "I am the emperor, and I want dumplings!" as possibly his only coherent order. Another ruler with this name ascended the throne after the Mutiny of Aranjuez, replacing his father, Charles IV. The death of one ruler with this name sparked the Carlist Wars, due to the ascension of Isabella II to the throne. Another ruler with this name expelled the Jews from his country with his wife via the Alhambra Decree. For the point, give this name of seven Spanish kings, one of whom married Isabella of Castile.

Ferdinand

Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into the language of this country. Kurt Wallenius was imprisoned after leading an uprising in Mantsala by the Lapua Movement in this country, whose White Guard defeated the Red Guard during a civil war. The Grand Duchy of this modern day country was established shortly after the Diet of Porvoo. Frederick Charles of Hesse was briefly king of, for the point, what Scandinavian country whose capital is Helsinki?

Finland

It's not abolitionism, but one man involved in this movement, Samuel Davies, wrote one of the earliest defenses for the education of slaves. A prominent figure in this movement put John Wesley in charge of his prior activities before moving to the United States. The author of the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," Jonathan Edwards, was a leader of this movement. For the point, name this period of religious revival in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s.

First Great Awakening

One man convicted of participating in this event was earlier tried for assassinating Meir Kahane. Various planners of this event were followers of the Blind Sheikh. The perpetrators of this event mailed out letters claiming to be members of "Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion." Six people died in this event, which involved Ramzi Yousef driving a yellow Ryder truck filled with explosives into a parking garage below the North Tower. For the point, name this attack on a New York building that was destroyed eight years later on September 11th.

First World Trade Center Bombing

A resort city named for this man is connected by the Silver Strand to mainland San Diego. One of this man's expeditions was accompanied by a parallel naval force led by Hernando de Alarcon. Tempted by rumors of the legendary wealth of Quivira, this man led an unsuccessful expedition to Kansas. Seeking the Seven Cities of Gold, this explorer dispatched Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, the first white man to follow the Colorado River to the Grand Canyon. For the point, name this Spanish governor who explored the American southwest.

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

This man's government passed Law 2013-404, legalizing same-sex marriage in his country. His country joined the MNLA in fighting al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb with Operation Serval. In January 2015, this former mayor of Tulle declared that his country was in a state of "economic emergency" but would not call into question the 35 hour work week. This man won a 2012 election against the UMP incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy. For the point, name this former socialist President of France.

Francois Hollande

A wooden hand is one of the most revered relics of this organization, which distinguished itself at Tuyen Quang; that hand was returned to this organization after the Battle of Cameron. The Spilled Blood law applies to members of this organization, and by law this organization is not allowed in the Hexagon except when invaded. Members of this organization participated in the Algiers Putsch, and this group was based in Algeria until its independence. For the point, name this military unit, mostly of foreign nationals in the service of France.

French Foreign Leigion

This was the first major empire to use the town of Walata as a hub of commerce. Members of this "pagan" empire threw dust on their heads as its ruler went by, according to the Islamic geographer al-Bakri. This empire, in which a large serpent called the Bida was worshipped, besieged and absorbed Audaghost. It faded after the Almoravids attacked its largest city, Kumbi Saleh. The monarch of this empire, whose title was also this empire's name, claimed an exclusive monopoly on all gold pieces larger than dust. For the point, name this empire which dominated the West African salt-gold trade before Mali.

Ghana Empire

This composer collected 150 late pieces in his Sins of Old Age, and depicted a legendary Babylonian queen in his opera Semiramide. One of his pieces, which Berlioz described as a "symphony in four parts", contains the "rans des vaches" This composer collected 150 late pieces in his Sins of Old Age, and depicted a legendary Babylonian queen in his opera Semiramide. One of his pieces, which Berlioz described as a "symphony in four parts", contains the "rans des vaches"

Gioachino Rossini

This composer wrote a Requiem for the author of The Betrothed, Alessandro Manzoni. In one opera by this compeer, the high priest Zaccaria opposes Nebuchadnezzar and a chorus of Hebrew slaves sings "Va, pensiero." This composer of Nabucco wrote an opera in which the guard Radames falls in love with the title Egyptian princess and which features the "Triumphal March". For the point, name this Italian composer of Aida.

Giuseppe Verdi

As part of this larger initiative, farmers were encouraged to beat pots and pans together every morning to flush out birds, which could then be killed. Its Four Pests Campaign included the disastrous Sparrow Killing Campaign, which led to flourishing insect populations. Juvenile pigs were placed together for breeding and the rural peasantry was taught to make unusable steel in backyard furnaces during this disastrous initiative. For the point, name this 1950s push to immediately modernize China, which triggered widespread famine.

Great Leap Forward

In this campaign's first battle, Admiral Crutchley was defeated at Savo Island. Edson's rangers successfully defended the Lunga ridge during this campaign, which was codenamed Operation Watchtower. Supplies were transported down "the Slot" to this battle by the Tokyo express, and the Cactus Air Force protected the winners of this campaign. Successful defenses of Henderson Field were vital to its outcome. For the point, name this 1942 campaign over a namesake southern Solomon Island, which along with Midway, is considered a turning point of World War II's Pacific theater.

Guadalcanal Campaign

Henri Christophe and Alexandre Petion fought for control of this country, where Charles Leclerc ended a republic formed by the world's first successful slave rebellion. Named Saint-Dominque by the French, it was led by former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture until Napoleon sent a fleet to Hispaniola. For the point, name this Caribbean nation that now shares its island with the Dominican Republic.

Haiti

This country's independence was guaranteed at the Battle of Vertieres. This nation's independence was declared at Gonaives by its future Emperor-for-life Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who led this nation's independence movement against Charles Leclerc after the capture of Toussaint L'Overture by French forces. For the point, name this island nation that gained its independence from France and shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic.

Haiti

During World War II, this city was home to the Neuengamme concentration camp. A World War II bombing of this city featured the first use of the "Window" radar jammer, and was called Operation Gomorrah. A terrorist cell based in and named for this city played an important role in the 9/11 attacks and included Mohamed Atta among its members. By a 1937 ordinance, this city incorporated neighboring Altona, Wandsbek, and Harburg. This city was the most heavily damaged by the 1962 North Sea flood. For the point, name this German city-state on the Elbe River.

Hamburg

This organization was once led by Gerhard VII of Holstein, who was unsuccessful against the forces of Eric of Pomerania. Prior to the formation of the Kalmar Union, this organization financed the Victual Brothers. This organization made heavy use of the cog and maintained foreign trade posts called kontors. Bremen and Hamburg still call themselves free cities of this organization, which was organized from Lubeck. For the point, name this Germanic trade confederation that dominated the Baltic and North Seas.

Hanseatic League

In 2013, the college dean of this university resigned after admitting she searched private emails to find a leaker. In 2012, over 120 students here were investigated for cheating on the final exam of a class called "Introduction to Congress". A man who dropped out of this university has proposed a class on life from the Big Bang to the present called the "Big History Project." A "beer summit" was organized by President Obama after this university's professor Henry Louis Gates was arrested outside his own home in a 2009 case of racial profiling. For the point, name this Ivy League university once attended by Bill Gates, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Harvard

This territory's monarchy was weakened and its Asians were stripped of voting rights by Lorrin Thurston's Bayonet Constitution. In 1894, a coup d'etat installed Sanford Dole as President of this territory until it was annexed by the U.S., who built a naval base at its Pearl Harbor. For the point, name this territory acquired after Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown on the island of Oahu.

Hawaii

This man became heir to the throne in the Treaty of Winchester. To punish him for an affair with Rosamund Clifford, his wife encouraged his three oldest sons to rebel against him along with Louis VII of France. After this king loudly complained about a "meddlesome priest," four knights went to Canterbury Cathedral and murdered Thomas Becket. For the point, name this king of England, the father of John and Richard the Lionheart and husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Henry II

California's 2008 Proposition 1A allocated about 10 billion dollars to the funding of this technology. The Japanese Shinkansen and French TGV were early examples of this technology. Elon Musk's hyperloop is an alternative to developing one of these technologies in California, which is only currently present in the United States as Amtrak's Acela. For the point, name this technology that would allow for rapid intercity travel.

High Speed Railways

This company began as the frame manufacturer Greco Products. This company was the subject of a court case which specifically noted nonapplicability to discrimination law. Sylvia Burwell was the nominal defendant in that case, brought by this business's founder, David Green, This closely held company said that its religious beliefs prohibited funding emergency contraception. For the point, name this crafts store that was the subject of a Supreme Court case exempting it from certain portions of the Affordable Care Act in 2014.

Hobby Lobby

A work that depicts this event pairs the voices of Paul, Rachel, and Rachella with a string quartet, and a symphony named for an incident in this campaign near Kiev sets five poems of Yevgeny Yevtushenko. This is the subject of Steve Reich's Different Trains and an Arnold Schoenberg work that ends with the "Shema Yisroel". For the point, Shostakovich's Babi Yar and A Survivor from Warsaw depict what World War II genocide in which the Nazis killed six million Jews?

Holocaust

This legislation superseded the Preemption Act, and the Kinkaid Act modified it to apply to full sections in western Nebraska. This act was limited to citizens who had never taken up arms against the United States and was effectively repealed in 1976, with a ten-year extension for Alaskan claims. Applicants under this act were required to improve their plot and reside there for five years. For the point, name this 1862 legislation that granted land in the Western US to yeoman farmers.

Homestead Act of 1862

An ultra-dense "walled city" was demolished in this city in the 1990s. It is home to stilt houses known as pang uk, found on Lantau Island. I.M. Pei designed its Bank of China Tower. This city's "New Territories" were leased to the United Kingdom in 1898 for 99 years. For the point, name this city near the Pearl River Delta which was returned to China as a Special Administrative Region in 1997.

Hong Kong

This man gave support to William Henry Harrison's presidential campaign by forming the newspaper Log Cabin. He penned a letter to Abraham Lincoln urging him to free the slaves in "The Prayer of Twenty Million." Margaret Fuller served as an editor to one of this man's newspapers which hired Karl Marx. He died three weeks after losing a Presidential election to an opponent who faced the Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring scandals. For the point, name this 1872 Liberal Republican Presidential candidate and founder of the New York Tribune.

Horace Greeley

The Concession of Evoramonte led to the exile of one ruler of this house after the Liberal Wars. The wife of Charles II of England was a member of this house. This house took power after the Habsburgs were defeated in the Restoration War by the claimed heir of the House of Aviz. The Pombaline reforms were implemented by one politician serving this house, who helped rebuild this house's capital city after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. For the point, name this royal house that ruled Portugal from 1640 until it became a republic in 1910.

House of Braganza

Intellectuals grew support for this event in the Petofi Circle. It was triggered by the rejection of the Sixteen Points and began next to a statue of Jozef Bem. This event largely stemmed from problems created by Matyas Rakosi and the AHV and was put down by Operation Whirlwind. Cardinal Mindszenty was freed from political prison during this event, and Janos Kadar was offered safe passage from the Yugoslav embassy, but Imre Nagy was still executed after this event failed. For the point, name this event in which protesters fought Soviet tanks in the streets of Budapest.

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

A speech given at this event included lines borrowed from Kenneth Galbraith that declared, "Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." Glare at this event prevented a man from reading "Dedication," so instead that man, Robert Frost, recited "The Gift Outright." This event's address also included the lines "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." For the point, name this event, the swearing in of the 35th President in 1961.

Inauguration of John F. Kennedy

This society used precise 1 to 2 to 4 ratios to make bricks. This society was first excavated in 1827 by Charles Masso. The Great Bath is a relic of this society, which used some of the first known sewer systems. A city from this society has a name meaning "Mound of the Dead." This society included the cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. For the point, what early South Asian civilization is named for a river in present-day Pakistan?

Indus River Civilization

This country established a woman's right to an abortion if her pregnancy is life-threatening in the 1992 "X case." The financial genius Sean Lemass was elected Minister of Supplies in this country during its period of official neutrality during World War II called "The Emergency." This country became a republic in 1937, following a period of fifteen years in which it was a "Free State," during which the conservative "Fianna Fail" party was founded. Following its economic boom in the 1990s, this country was called the "Celtic Tiger." For the point, name this predominantly-Catholic country that occupies most of an island west of Britain.

Ireland

One of these weapons was sabotaged with a torpedo in a daring raid led by William Cushing. At the Battle of Drewry's Bluff, one of these weapons was unable to elevate its guns and engage the enemy. An early one of these weapons sank the Cumberland and Congress before fighting another of these weapons to a stalemate at the Battle of Hampton Roads. For the point, name these Civil War-era warships, example of which included the CSS Virginia and USS Monitor.

Ironclads

These people allied with British colonists in the Covenant Chain. A member of this group, Handsome Lake, founded a religious movement named after their traditional multi-family houses. These people follow the Great Law of Peace, and some practice the Longhouse Religion. In 1722, the Tuscaroras joined them from North Carolina, before which they were known as the "Five Nations". For the point, the Senecas and Mohawks are members of what confederacy of Native American tribes in upstate New York?

Iroquois

Ancient geographers identified cliffs on this landform with the cliffs that the mythical bandit Sciron kicked unsuspecting travelers off. Poseidon was the dedicatee of a set of games here held every four years, the year before the Delphic games. The diolkos, a path going widthwise across this landform, was first commissioned by Periander. Julius Caesar proposed cutting through this feature so boats wouldn't have to be hauled overland across it. For the point, name this narrow band of land separating the Peloponnesus from mainland Greece, which is overseen by a namesake city.

Isthmus of Cornith

One of this author's last pieces of nonfiction was a rumination on the Atlanta child murders of the 1980's entitled The Evidence of Things Not Seen. He criticized racial militancy in another essay collection, which followed his novel about the "threshing floor" at the Temple of the Fire Baptized. He also fictionalized his own homosexuality in Giovanni's Room. For the point, name this author of the political essay volume The Fire Next Time who created John Grimes in his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain.

James Baldwin

Wheeler and Feynman showed that one set of constructs named for this man admits both "retarded" and "advanced" solutions to derive their absorber theory. This man determined that since Saturn's rings were not solid or fluid, they were instead a collection of tiny particles. Oliver Heaviside reformulated 12 of this man's equations into their modern form, one of which contains a term for displacement current. Using Faraday's ideas of lines of force, this man published a paper which included Ampere's law, and Gauss' laws. For the point, give this namesake of a set of four equations which govern electromagnetism.

James Clerk Maxwell

This man won the Presidency partially due to the Whigs bleeding votes in New York to the Liberty Party of James G. Birney. This man's platform included the establishment of an independent subtreasury. This man, the original "Dark Horse," was given the nicknamed "Young Hickory" and "Napoleon of the stump" during his campaign. He resolved the Oregon boundary dispute and annexed Texas, which led to a war. For the point, name this one-term President who met all his campaign goals and oversaw the Mexican War.

James Knox Polk

This theologian's sermons are collected in his Postilla adumbrata, while his beliefs were written down in his De Ecclesia. This man became the leader of the Bethlehem Chapel, but was forced to leave that position after protesting against antipope John XXIII's sale of indulgences. The Moravian Church originated out of this man's followers. This man's teachings were heavily influenced by those of John Wycliffe, although because of this he was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake at the Council of Constance. For the point, name this Bohemian theologian.

Jan Hus

This figure and Barack Obama are studied in Erik Schneiderman's The Size of Others' Burdens. Leo Tolstoy criticized this woman's sleeves and described her as an "absentee landlord," as her farm was one hundred miles away from her work on Halsted Street. This first American woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize worked closely with Ellen Gates Starr. For the point, name this early 20th century advocate for women and the poor who co-founded a settlement house in Chicago, Hull House.

Jane Addams

Harvard University once employed this man as treasurer, though they fired him when he refused to return his records. The Dunlap broadside includes a printing of this man's name in his role as President of the Continental Congress, though the legend that he wanted King George III to not need his glasses to read his writing is false. For the point, name this Founding Father known for his large signature on the Declaration of Independence.

John Hancock

This man hoped to be remembered as "the acutest, astutest, and archest enemy of southern slavery." This man died after collapsing while shouting "No!" about a bill to honor Mexican-American War veterans. This Congressman convinced colleagues to use the funds from James Smithson's trust to create a scientific institution. James Madison appointed this man the first ever U.S. Minister to Russia. He was the first President to serve in Congress after his term of office ended and assumed his highest office thanks to a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay. For the point, name this son of a former President who became President in 1825.

John Quincy Adams

The ship Blessing of the Bay was built for this man. This man quarreled with his deputy and successor in office, Thomas Dudley. This person claimed that "in all times" God made "some...be rich, some poor" in a speech saying people should be "knit together by the bond of love." While on the ship Arbella, this man used imagery from the Sermon on the Mount in a speech. This man delivered the sermon A Modell of Christian Charity in which he stressed that colonists were forming a "city upon a hill." For the point, name this Puritan who served twelve terms as Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Winthrop

This event was the subject of David McCullough's first book. This event led to a trial where a group was successfully defended by member Philander Knox. It failed to destroy the South Bridge, which did result in debris catching fire and starting a 30 acre inferno. Part of the blame went to a hunting club whose membership included Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie. This event led to the first major relief effort by the American Red Cross and was caused by the failure of the South Fork Dam. For the point, name this 1889 flood which killed thousands in a Pennsylvania town.

Johnstown Flood

This man called Mitch McConnell an "enormous obstacle" for his initial failure to renew the Zadroga Act, which funded health care for 9/11 first responders. To direct the 2014 film Rosewater, this man took a hiatus during which John Oliver replaced him; after his 2015 retirement, he was replaced by Trevor Noah. For the point, name this former Comedy Central host of The Daily Show.

Jon Stewart

Opposition to this man increased significantly following a statement he made to James Creelman of Pearson's Magazine. This man pushed for banning re-election of the president in his Plan of Tuxtepec. Manuel Gonzalez served a term as president after this man promised a "no re-election" campaign, only to take power again afterwards. Jose Limantour and Justo Sierra were among a group of confidantes to this man collectively known as the Cientificos. This man was opposed in the Plan of San Luis Potosi of Francisco Madero, who succeeded him. For the point, name this President who was deposed in the 1911 Mexican Revolution.

Jose Diaz Mori

This leader condemned the Montoneros for assassinating union leader Jose Ignacio Rucci. In one election, this leader employed a slogan pitting him against Spurille Braden. As this leader spoke in 1955 against his apparent excommunication, planes bombed the Plaza de Mayo, killing hundreds and leading to a coup against him. The descamisados supported, for the point, what husband of Isabel and Eva Duarte, a populist president of Argentina?

Juan Peron

Two acts proposed by this man were influenced by his mentor, the economist Henry Carey. A law sponsored by this man was enforced by Poland Act and sought to ban the Mormon practice of bigamy. The Hatch Act extended a law proposed by this politician, who also names a high tariff passed in 1861. This man names a bill which sought to establish institutions for agricultural education. For the point, name this Vermont senator who sponsored an 1862 law which allowed the creation of land-grant colleges.

Justin Smith Morrill

This man was accused of being a sorcerer who removed his head at night and wandered his palace in the Secret History of Procopius. This man patronized Tribonian to compile existing laws. This emperor's army won battles such as Volturnus under one of his generals, Narses, though his main challenge was calming his capital's population by handing out bags of gold during the Nika Riots. For the point, name this husband of Theodora who issued a namesake "code" and patronized the construction of the Hagia Sophia as a great Byzantine emperor.

Justinian I

In 1981, this team experienced "Fernandomania" when rookie Fernando Valenzuela won the Cy Young award. Another pitcher for this team gave up 7 runs in Game 1 of the World Series, then joked "I bet right now you wish I was Jewish, too," referencing his teammate's choice to not pitch on Yom Kippur. For the point, Don Drysdale and Sandy Koufax were, and Hyun-Jin Ryu and Clayton Kershaw are, aces for what National League baseball team that moved from New York to California.

L.A. Dodgers

The USS Washington captured this ship, whose passengers had traveled aboard the Tecora to Cuba. Don Pedro Montez navigated this ship to Long Island, disobeying the orders of Sengbe Pieh. The Mende people aboard this ship were defended by John Quincy Adams, who convinced the Supreme Court to re-grant them their freedom. For the point, name this ship, on which a group of slaves revolted in 1839.

La Amistad

The Liwa Sub-Prefecture on the shores of this lake is a major center of natron extraction. Yedina people, also known as the Buduma, or "People of the Reeds," inhabit the many islands of this lake. The Jama'are and Hadejia Rivers, tributaries of this lake, have both been heavily dammed, which has partly led to this lake's contraction of over 95%, though a larger factor of that contraction has been irrigation projects that have rapidly dried up the Chari River. For the point, name this African lake that shares its name with a country with capital at N'Djamena.

Lake Chad

Trains have been carried across this lake since the 1960s on the ferries Uhuru and Umoja. Another ferry on this lake, the Bukoba, sank in 1996, with a loss of over eight hundred lives. This lake's Haplochromis cichlid was made extinct by eutrophication, and its other environmental issues include the invasive water hyacinth. This lake was first encountered by a European in 1858, when John Speke determined it was the source of the White Nile. For the point, name this east African lake which Speke named for the reigning British monarch.

Lake Victoria

This organization resolved the Incident at Petrich and the Aland Island crisis. A Japanese-backed Racial Equality Clause failed to be included in this organization's covenant. The Permanent Court of International Justice was attached to this organization that voted itself out of existence in 1946. The covenant of this organization was enacted at the Paris Peace Conference alongside the Treaty of Versailles. For the point, name this failed predecessor of the United Nations.

League of Nations

This leader gave himself the Order of Victory Medal, the only one awarded after World War II, which was posthumously revoked. Despite reforms attempted by Premier Alexei Kosygin, this leader's emphasis on military spending led to the Era of Stagnation. This leader began a failed ten-year invasion of Afghanistan, and justified the suppression of the Prague Spring and invasion of Czechoslovakia with a namesake doctrine. For the point, name this leader of the Soviet Union throughout the 1970s.

Leonid Brezhnev

During this event, Pierre Cruzatte shot a man in the thigh after confusing him for an elk. Paul Allen edited a two-volume history of this event written by banker Nicholas Biddle. The leader of this event either shot himself or was murdered at an inn a few years later while on his way to demand money from the War Department. This event featured people meeting with Mandan chiefs, where they encountered trapper Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea. For the point, name this 1804 to 1806 expedition scouting land acquired during the Louisiana Purchase.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Gomery Commission investigated a scandal within this party that ultimately led to a 2006 electoral defeat. This party's worst result ever occurred in 2011 under the leadership of Michael Ignatieff. The current leader of this party replied "Because it's 2015," after being asked why his cabinet was half men and half women. Stephen Harper was defeated in 2015 elections by, for the point, what current ruling party of Canada, led by Justin Trudeau, that replaced the Conservative Party in power?

Liberal Party of Canada

This painting depicts a fictitious scene from the "Three Glorious Days." This painting shows a symbolic Phrygia cap as well as the national embodiment Marianne, who is bare-chested and carrying the tricolor and a musket. The pile of bodies in this painting are the victims of the July Revolution which installed Louis-Philippe and deposed Charles X and the Bourbons. For the point, name this painting of French events in 1830 by Eugene Delacroix.

Liberty Leading the People

A king of these people was killed after inviting his wife Rosamunde to drink from the skull of her father. These people had officials called gastalds, which were granted authority by the Edict of Rothari. A history of these people was penned by Paul the Deacon. Kings of these people include Alboin, Liutprand, and a man who was defeated by Charlemagne, Desiderius. The Iron Crown was a symbol of these people, who founded duchies at Spoleto and Benevento. For the point, name this Germanic people that name an Italian region with a capital at Milan.

Lombards

Arcadio Huang served as a Chinese translator to this monarch, who gave slaves the right to marry with his Code Noir. His invasion of the Free County of Burgundy started the War of Devolution. The Fronde opposed this monarch internally, and his foreign expansionism was opposed by William of Orange's League of Augsburg. For the point, name this French monarch who revoked the Edict of Nantes by issuing the Edict of Fontainebleau and was nicknamed "the Sun King."

Louis XIV

This man deserted to Austria with Charles Duomoriez, and Giuseppe Fieschi used twenty five barrel guns in an attempt to assassinate this monarch. He rose to power after the failed Ordinances of Saint Cloud and the Three Glorious Days. This leader was satirized in many of Honore Daumier's cartoons as "Gargantua". This man was overthrown after the fall of his minister, Francois Guizot, and the formation of the Second French Republic in the Revolutions of 1848. For the point, name this French "Citizen King" who overthrew Charles X in the 1830 July Revolution

Louis-Philippe

3,000 of these people who fled to Nova Scotia and settled Birchwood are listed in the Book of Negroes. A legion composed of these people fought at Lundy's Ferry and Monck's Corner while under the commander of Banastre Tarleton. Lord Dorchester desired to "put the mark of Honour" upon these people, "who had adhered to the Unity of the Empire". For the point, name these citizens of the Thirteen Colonies who sided with Britain during the American Revolution.

Loyalists

This ship inspired Karl Goetz to design a medal with a skeleton and the German phrase "Business Above All." William Thomas Turner's failure to zigzag near the Old Head of Kinsale may have helped lead to this ship's fate, which was sealed when U-20, a German submarine, fired one torpedo. An explosion of contraband ammunition sped the 1915 sinking of, for the point, what British ocean liner, whose sinking helped convince the U.S. to join World War I?

Lusitania

In this work, one character teaches Mozart's Clarinet Concerto to a group of Chinese soldiers, while another character remembers hearing a clucking chicken that was actually a crying child. This work was five times the standard length for its series, was officially titled "Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen," and ends as Hawkeye's helicopter takes him away from the Korean War. For the point, name this 1983 television event, which still holds the record for most-watched TV series finale.

M*A*S*H series finale

The second book titled for this group recounts how one of its leaders died after the elephant he stabbed from beneath fell on him. A book named for this group ends with the death of Nicanor. From Aristobulus I to Aristobulus III, a line of kings descended from them also held the office of high priest.The founder of this group lived in the village of Modi'in. The Hasmonean dynasty was founded by this group, which revolted against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV. Their name may be Aramaic for "hammer." For the point, Judah was the leader and namesake of what rebels who inspired Hanukkah?

Maccabees

This city's metropolitan area used the BLISS program to try and solve a public housing shortage in the 1970s and 80s. The fortress of Intramuros was built to protect this city by a conqueror who soon died of heart failure, named Miguel López de Legazpi. This city is the namesake of a fleet of silver-bearing galleons that travelled between it and Acapulco, Mexico. The Pasig river, which bisects this city, empties into a namesake bay where Charles Gridley was told to "fire when ready" on Spanish gunboats in 1898. For the point, name this long-time seat of government of the Philippines.

Manila

This work's author frequently reminds himself to "Erase impressions!", and to "Do nothing at random." In order to enforce discipline, this work was written in Koine Greek by its author while fighting against the Quadi on the Hron River. Reminders of mortality are frequent in this work, which synthesizes its author's Stoic reflections until his death in 180 AD. For the point, name this collection of 12 books of moral philosophy, written by Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Meditations

In this state, the Percy Jones Army Hospital was built on the grounds of the former Battle Creek Sanitarium, which was operated by J. H. Kellogg, the inventor of Corn Flakes. This state operated the Morrill Act's first land-grant university. In addition to that school in East Lansing, this state is home to a research university in Ann Arbor. For the point, name this state where the Renaissance Center, home to General Motors headquarters, stands in Detroit.

Michagan

After Hayreddin Barbarossa's defeat at Tunis, he sacked this island's capital of Mahon. The 1756 Siege of Fort St. Philip captured this island, and shortly afterwards Admiral John Byng was hanged for having "failed to do his utmost" to defend this island during the Seven Years' War. The Treaty of Utrecht ceded Gibraltar and this island "in perpetuity" to Britain, who used it as a naval base in the Western Mediterranean. The Treaty of Amiens permanently returned this island to Spain. For the point, name this Balearic Island, which is smaller than Majorca.

Minorca

In 1815 in this state, Black Hawk fought the Battle of the Sink Hole nearly six months after the Treaty of Ghent. This state, whose first capital was St. Charles, attained statehood in the same year as Maine, 1820. This was the starting point for both the Pony Express and the Oregon Trail, the latter of which began in Independence. For the point, name this midwestern state where Union forces attacked pro-secession militiamen at Camp Jackson in the "St. Louis Massacre."

Missouri

This mountain, whose last eruption created Mount Hoei, lies on the triple point of three tectonic plates, including the Amurian. A forest at the base of this mountain is the second most common location of suicides in the world, after the Golden Gate Bridge, and is known as the Sea of Trees. The Tokaido road is often used by travelers visiting this mountain, though a popular saying calls anyone who climbs it twice a fool. A set of 36 prints depicting Views of this mountain was created by Hokusai. For the point, name this peak located in Honshu, the highest mountain in Japan.

Mt. Fuji

Stephen Mallory was responsible for the development of this military force. A branch of this military force was responsible for the destruction of the USS Housatonic. Raphael Semmes, a commander in this military force, destroyed 65 consecutive ships before being sunk off the coast of France in 1864. Submarines developed by this force include the Hunley, and the USS Monitor was built to counter the modified USS Merrimack, owned by this force, at the Battle of Hampton Roads. For the point, name this navy that fought against the Anaconda Plan during the U.S. Civil War.

Navy of the Confederacy

Leisler's rebellion took control of this city after the fall of Edmund Andros, and a supposed slave conspiracy in this city in 1741 led to the hanging of over 100 people. In the Treaty of Westminster, this city was essentially traded to the English for modern-day Suriname in 1674. Alexander Hamilton attended school at King's College in this city, which later became Columbia University. For the point, name this large city, renamed from New Amsterdam, the current financial capital of the United States.

New York City

In the land of this modern nation, Augustus Thompson and Arthur Wakefield were killed in an incident deemed their fault by Robert FitzRoy. Duncan Cameron opposed natives in this nation in the Second Taranaki War; those natives founded a "King Movement" in this site of the Wairau Affray and Body Massacre. The introduction of gunpowder to this nation caused the Musket Wars, and William Hobson negotiated the Treaty of Waitangi with its natives. For the point, name this home of the Maori, who opposed a British settlement at Wellington.

New Zealand

This country established the "Closer Economic Relations" free trade agreement with its western neighbor. This country adopted the Think Big economic program under Rob Muldoon, which was replaced by free market reforms by finance minister Roger Douglas. This country was founded shortly after William Hobson organized the Treaty of Waitangi. For the point, name this Oceanic country, home to the Maori people, whose capital of Wellington is on the North Island.

New Zealand

In 1988, this politician led efforts to oust Jim Wright as Speaker of the House. This man expressed annoyance at supposedly being asked to exit from the rear of Air Force One following a flight to the funeral of Yitzhak Rabin, which allegedly led him to force the 1995-1996 government shutdown. This man resigned from his highest post after the Republicans lost seats in the 1998 elections during the Lewinsky scandal. For the point, name this speaker of the House who led the Republican victory of 1994 and crafted the Contract With America.

Newton Gingrich

During this man's visit to the United States, he visited Roswell Garst's farm in Iowa and was prohibited from visiting Disneyland for security reasons. He debated with Richard Nixon in the Kitchen Debate, and banged a shoe on the podium during a UN address, claiming "we will bury you!" This man gave the "Secret Speech" denouncing his predecessor's policies and purges. For the point, name this Soviet Premier who authorized placing nuclear missiles on Cuba, igniting the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Nikita Khrushchev

The deeds of two members of these people were detailed by the monk Geoffrey Malaterra. These people were given permanent territory in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, in which their leader Rollo pledge himself to Charles the Simple. The Hauteville family were members of this group, who conquered areas like Apulia and Calabria. One of these people named Roger established a kingdom in Sicily, while his brother Robert Guiscard ruled southern Italy. Other members of this group conquered England after winning the Battle of Hastings. For the point, identify this group named for the region ruled by William the Conqueror.

Normans

The density of this entity can be approximated by George Gamow's liquid drop model, as done in the semi-empirical mass formula. The strong force is only experienced in this location. While testing J.J. Thomson's plum-pudding model, Rutherford discovered the mass of an atom was concentrated in this location. For the point, name this central part of an atom composed of protons and neutrons.

Nucleus

This man had an African slave scrub his own skin to prove that he was not covered in ink; that event was recounted in the letters of Luis Frois. This man's conflict with Saito Dosan ended with his marriage to Saito's daughter Lady Nohime. This man was forced to commit seppuku after being betrayed by Akechi Mitsuhide at Honno-ji. For the point, name this first of Japan's Three Great Unifiers, a leader who employed Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Oda Nobunaga

Theodore Roosevelt was angered by this man's decision to dissent in the breakup of the Northern Securities Company. This man's opinion in a case involving Silverthorne Lumber established the doctrine of "fruit from the poisonous tree." Abrams v. US featured the use of this "Great Dissenter's" "clear and present danger" standard, as did a 1919 case concerning draft dodging. For the point, name this Supreme Court justice who argued that the First Amendment does not allow one to shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater in his unanimous opinion to Schenck v. US.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr

The industry producing this product was the focus of the 2008 documentary "The Burning Season". The burning of peat bogs to make way for producing this product has led to an annual haze over Singapore. A "roundtable" on this resource states that as a result of its production, Malaysia absorbs more carbon dioxide than it produces. The production of this resource threatens the habitats of the orangutan and the Sumatran tiger, and is responsible for massive deforestation in Indonesia. For the point, name this cooking ingredient gathered from a type of tropical tree.

Palm Oil

This country was home to the Communist MRTA movement and the Maoist Shining Path. This nation became independent following the defeat of royalist forces under Jose de la Serna at the battles of Junín and Ayacucho. An empire in this country crumbled following the massacre at Cajamarca. It was once ruled by sapas such as Tupac Amaru and Atahualpa. For the point, the heartland of the Inca Empire was in what country whose modern-day capital is Lima?

Peru

This company's slogan noted that a certain necessity was "ours and not the foreigners." This company, founded a decade after the mining conglomerate Vale, controls the Campos and Santos basins. In March 2014, this company was targeted by Operation Carwash in an effort to weed out corruption; those scandals have now embroiled both Dilma Rousseff and Lula da Silva. For the point, name this company created by Getulio Vargas in a bid to nationalize the Brazilian oil industry.

Petrobras

In 1980, this city's mob boss Angelo Bruno was assassinated. It is the home of a black liberation group called MOVE which was bombed by officials in 1985. After serving as mayor of this city for much of the 1990s, Ed Rendell became governor of its state. This city is currently led by Michael Nutter and is served by the SEPTA public transportation network. This city was the hub of the national bicentennial celebrations that occurred in 1976. For the point, name this largest city in Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia

The cult of Melqart began among users in this language in which an early text is the Ahiram sarcophagus, which was produced by the priest-king Ithobaal. Speakers of this language founded Leptis Magna and Utica and included Hanno the Navigator. Herodotus believed that Cadmus spread its 22-lettered, vowel less alphabet from a land home to the cities of Sidon and Tyre. For the point, name this language, spoken by the maritime founders of Carthage, with the first known alphabet.

Phoenician

Before taking on this occupation, a Scottish man set up a socialist cooperative near Monona, Iowa. The most famous man with this job in the Confederacy was George S. Cook. Another man with this job ran ads urging young Union soldiers to become clients in order to acquire a memento for their parents. That man with this occupation staged an October 1862 exhibition "The Dead of Antietam" displaying Civil War carnage. For the point, name this occupation held by artist Matthew Brady.

Photographer

A video of the late Paul Lorieau performing this action was played at the April 2016 farewell to Rexall Place. In October 2014, this action was done at the Consol Energy Center, even though the Penguins were playing the Flyers, in honor of the victims of the Parliament Hall shooting. Unlike a similar action performed in America, fans often sing along with this action. For the point, name this patriotic performance, which ends with the line "we stand on guard for thee!" and is often followed by calls to "drop the puck."

Playing "O Canada" at a Hockey Game

A composer from this modern country wrote the opera Manru and a world-famous Minuet in G before becoming its prime minister. The composer of Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima is from this country. Another composer fled this country shortly before the November Uprising, which inspired his Revolutionary Etude. The mazurka is a folk dance from this birthplace of the composer of the Minute Waltz. For the point, name this European country, the home of Ignacy Paderewski, Krzysztof Penderecki, and Frederic Chopin.

Poland

This publication falsely predicted the death of Titan Leed, which led this publication to insist that the still-alive Leed was an impostor. It took its name from the author of Rider's British Merlin. This publication was said to be written by an astronomer in its early years, before that character was re-written as a dull, thrifty countryman. The Way of Wealth is a collection of sayings from this publication, including "early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." For the point, name the pseudonymously-published almanac by Benjamin Franklin.

Poor Richard's Almanac

This man gave a cardinalship to Guillaume Briconnet, who later gained the Bishopric of Nimes. Among this man's mistresses was Vannozza dei Cattanei, with whom he sired his most notable children. Johann Burchard claimed that he held the Banquet of Chestnuts. He made a controversial move in adding twelve cardinals to the College of Cardinals, including one of his sons. His enemies accused him of committing incest with his daughter Lucrezia. For the point, what corrupt pope was, like Callixtus III, a member of the Borgia family?

Pope Alexander VI

The capture of this kingdom's capital was assisted by an army sailing from England to the Second Crusade. One of this kingdom's dynasties was created after John I won the Battle of Aljubarrota. The earlier Battle of Ourique led to the creation of this kingdom by Afonso Henriques. This kingdom, which was ruled by the Aviz Dynasty, was granted all new lands east of a meridian line determined by Pope Alexander VI in the Treaty of Tordesillas. For the point, name this Iberian kingdom that sponsored Vasco da Gama.

Portugal

For a time, this institution was replaced by the Jovians and Herculians. This group held an auction that was won by Didius Julianus during the Year of the Five Emperors. A member of this institution who was strangled and thrown down the Gemonian Stairs schemed to seduce Livilla as part of his plan to marry into the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Septimius Severus dissolved this institution and replaced it with members of his Pannonian Legions. Augustus reorganized this institution into nine cohorts of 1000 men each, and only allowed three cohorts in the capital at any given time. Sejanus was a powerful prefect of this institution. For the point, name these bodyguards of Roman emperors

Praetorian Guard

Eduard Goldstucker's Literarni noviny periodical inflamed tensions before this event, and Klement Gottwald's broken promises were attacked in one speech delivered during this event. The power of the StB secret police was curbed as part of the Action Program, which was pronounced during this movement. Its leader attempted to implement "socialism with a human face," but this liberalization effort was eventually overturned by Soviet force. Alexander Dubcek led, for the point, what 1968 Eastern European uprising centered on the capital of Czechoslovakia?

Prague Spring

When one holder of this position was shot, he advised his secretary, George Cortelyou, to inform his wife carefully. Rose Mary Woods, another assistant to this position, stretched to reach a footpedal and a desk control to erase audio tapes; that caused an 18.5 minute gap in a recording of one holder of this post speaking with H.R. Haldeman, his Chief of Staff, about the Watergate break-in. For the point, name this post, which is also advised by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and a Cabinet including Secretaries of Defense and State, currently held by Donald J. Trump.

President of the U.S.

For 12 years, the organization that was supposed to meet at this location instead met at the Kroll Opera House. Much of the statuary on this building was removed by Paul Baumgarten before it underwent a renovation by Norman Foster. Three Bulgarians were arrested in connection with a crime at this building, though only Marinus van der Lubbe was executed for arson. An iconic photo taken here by Yvgeny Khaldei shows a Red Army soldier raising the Soviet flag over this building. For the point, name this Berlin building, where the German Bundestag now meets.

Reichstag

Andrew Hacker's The Math Myth notes that, in 2004, Jeb Bush incorrectly answered a question about one of these figures whose correct answers included 36.9 and 53.1 degrees. In 1876, James Garfield used three of these figures to construct a trapezoid. In the aforementioned anecdote, Jeb Bush did correctly note that "90" and "whatever remains on 180" would be two of its angles. For the point, name this type of polygon whose side lengths follow the Pythagorean formula.

Right Triangle

This man claimed "there are extremists on both sides" in response to an audience member's question at Ball State. Later that night, this man prepared his audience, asking people to lower campaign signs, as he began an impromptu speech from a flatbed truck in Indianapolis; in that speech, he noted that "Martin Luther King dedicated his life to love and to justice between fellow human beings". For the point, name this former Attorney General who gave that speech after King's assassination, then was assassinated himself two months later by Sirhan Sirhan.

Robert Kennedy

This author wrote the pro-segregation essay "The Briar Patch" but later changed his views, publishing interviews with civil rights leaders in Who Speaks For the Negro? He promoted close reading in a book co-authored with Cleanth Brooks, Understanding Poetry. A novel by this man, narrated by political reporter Jack Burden, was based on the career of Louisiana governor Huey Long. For the point, name this Southern writer who promoted New Criticism and wrote about Willie Stark in All The King's Men.

Robert Penn Warren

A group of these people surprised a force led by Gaius Claudius Glaber by using vines to climb down Mount Vesuvius, but they were betrayed by Cilician pirates who refused to transport them to Sicily. After losing the Battle of the Siler River, a group of these people was crucified along the Appian Road by Crassus. For the point, name this group of people led by Spartacus who performed menial labor in Rome, sometimes including sport fights in the Colosseum.

Roman Slaves

In this novel, one character obtains arrows by sending out dummies in boats, and then collecting the arrows shot at the dummies. A character in this novel is given the horse Red Hare from his foster father. This work describes a corrupt set of eunuchs as well as the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei become sworn brothers in this novel, which features the manipulative Cao Cao. For the point, name this work, which along with Journey to the West, Water Margin, and The Dream of the Red Chamber, is one of the four classical novels of China.

Romance of The Three Kingdoms

This man's wife promoted temperance in the White House by substituting a fruit beverage for alcohol, and became known as Lemonade Lucy. This man became President after Joseph Bradley joined the Electoral Commission, following uncertainty as to whether Oregon and Florida intended to vote for him or Samuel Tilden. For the point, name this victor of the controversial Presidential election of 1876, who succeeded Ulysses Grant.

Rutherford B. Hayes

A rebel group in this country was founded by Fred Rwigyema, who was killed on the second day of a civil war in this country. Paul Kagame took over that group, the RPF, which ended a ceasefire after this country's president, Juvenal Habyarimana, was shot down above Kigali Airport. For the point, name this central African country where hundreds of thousands of Tutsis were killed in a 1994 genocide.

Rwanda

This organization was responsible for the creation of two Cholera Research Laboratories in Thailand and Bangladesh. Pote Sarasin was the first Secretary General of this organization, which was envisioned by John Foster Dulles and formed by the Manila Pact. The Philippines and Thailand were notably the only two southeast Asian nations in this organization. for the point, name this organization intended to contain Communist China, analogous to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO.

SEATO

This man commissioned the Hands of Victory arch formed by two crossing swords. During this man's reign, he hired a nurse and calligrapher to write a copy of the Quran with 27 liters of his own blood to be stored in a mosque named after the Mother of All Battles, a phrase this dictator used to describe a conflict triggered by his invasion of Kuwait. For the point, name this dictator deposed in the 2003 Iraq War.

Saddam Hussein

This man defeated Jorge Alessandri in an election that would have been opposed by the CIA's Project FUBELT. In the last months of his presidency, his Congress accused him of suppressing a strike at the El Teniente copper mine. As La Moneda palace was surrounded by army forces on September 11, 1973, this leader gave a radio-transmitted farewell speech and committed suicide. For the point, name this Chilean socialist who was overthrown in a 1973 coup by Augusto Pinochet.

Salvador Guillermo Allende

This man, the last foreign head of state to serve in U.S. Congress, was shot in the ankle while leading troops with the battle cry "Remember Goliad!" This winning general at the 18-minute-long Battle of San Jacinto refused loyalty to the Confederacy after the secession of his home state. For the point, name this two-time President of the Republic of Texas, the namesake of the most populous city in Texas.

Sam Houston

Cellist Vedran Smailovi´c was known for performing in ruined buildings during one siege of this city. Artillery blast marks filled with red resin, known as the "roses" of this city, were caused during a siege that was lifted by the Dayton Accords. Another event in this city prompted the July Crisis, and was orchestrated by Danilo Ilich. That event saw the death of Sophie of Hohenberg and the arrest of Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in, for the point, what city, the capital of Bosnia?

Sarajevo

n 2013, 18 people were killed in massive flooding on this island caused by Cyclone Cleopatra. The Treaty of The Hague granted control of this island to a royal house that ruled from Turin until Napoleon forced them off the mainland and south of the Strait of Bonifacio. The House of Savoy ruled this island in an alliance with Piedmont until Victor Emmanuel II, its king, completed the Risorgimento. Cagliari isthe capital city of, for the point, what Mediterranean island that lies south of Corsica?

Sardinia

This nation has faced a secessionist movement in its Casamance region since 1982. This nation's island of Goree was used as a slave trading post by the Dutch and the French. This nation's first president survived an assassination attempt by Moustapha Lo and was a founder of the Negritude movement. From 1982 to 1989, this country entered into a confederation with a neighboring country that it surrounds on three sides, the Gambia. For the point, name this country formerly governed by Leopold Senghor from Dakar.

Senegal

In Krasnoyarsk Krai in this region, eighty million trees were felled by a probable meteor in 1908, though no impact crater was found. It is home to the most voluminous freshwater lake in the world, Lake Baikal. The Tunguska event hit, for the point, what sparsely populated region whose tundra and taiga make up the eastern two-thirds of Russia?

Siberia

Manuela Saenz protected this man from an assassination attempt. The failure of his Admirable Campaign led him to flee to Jamaica. The nation of Gran Colombia was formed after this man won the Battles of Boyaca in Colombia and Carabobo in Venezuela. For the point, name this Liberator who fought Spain for the independence of South American nations.

Simon Bolivar

This concept exists in the forms of zulm and jawr due to the doctrine of al-Adl according to the Mutazilites. The senselessness of this concept is explored in the feeding of pears to pigs by St. Augustine who posited that this concept lacks an efficient cause, as it is the lack of divinity in humanity. The Council of Trent reaffirmed that these actions require pardoning. Eve's picking from the Tree of Knowledge is an example of, for the point, what religious concept, an act of human disobedience to God?

Sin

This composer wrote a piece in support of Belgium after its invasion by Germany in World War I, Carillon. He depicted his publisher Augustus Jaeger in the "Nimrod" movement of a work that contains a "hidden theme." The trio of this composer's most famous march was used for the coronation of Edward VII as the hymn "Land of Hope and Glory". For the point, name this composer of the Enigma Variations and a piece often played at graduations, Pomp and Circumstance.

Sir Edward Elgar

A precursor to this organization known as the Interfactory Strike Committee issued the 21 Demands. This organization was founded after the firing of crane worker Anna Walentynowicz. Social unrest in one country led this organization to participate in the Round Table Talks after it was banned by General Jaruzelski. This organization was co-founded and led by an electrical worker at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk. For the point, name this Polish anti-Communist party that began as a trade union led by Lech Walesa.

Solidarity

Members of this group were inspired by the essay Theses on Hope and Hopelessness. The "rural" equivalent to this group launched a strike in the town of Bydgoszcz. The SB secret police targeted this group, which participated in the Round Table Talks with the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski. This group was founded at the Lenin Shipyards in the city of Gdansk. For the point, name this labor union led by Lech Walesa. that helped end communism in Poland.

Solidarity

Political prisoners in this country were executed in the Bodo League Massacre. One leader of this country was targeted in the Blue House Raid, which led to the training of Unit 684 in retaliation. In 1979, this country's Fourth Republic was opposed by democratic protests in Busan and Masan. In 2007, Lee Myung-bak ended this country's "Sunshine Policy" towards its northern neighbor. The Sewol ferry sank in 2014 while heading to Jeju Island from Incheon in, for the point, what country south of a de-militarized zone near the 38th parallel?

South Korea

One election win for this politician was aided by George Mahoney's slogan of "Your home is your castle, protect it." This man's resignation led to the first application of Section 2 of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment. This first Greek-American governor of Maryland was the second to resign in his highest position after John C. Calhoun, after he pled no contest to charges of tax evasion in 1973. For the point, name this man replaced by Gerald Ford as Vice President of Richard Nixon.

Spiro Agnew

This director's comedy about a panic breaking out in Los Angeles after Pearl Harbor is titled for the year 1941. In one of this director's movies, Anthony Hopkins plays John Quincy Adams and Djimon Hounsou plays Joseph Cinque. Daniel Craig plays a South African who volunteers to help assassinate the perpetrators of the 1972 Olympics massacre in another of his films. This director of Amistad and Munich cast Ralph Fiennes as a Nazi war criminal and Daniel Day Lewis as a United States president in other films. For the point, name this director of Schindler's List and Lincoln.

Steven Spielberg

This organization was supported by "Prince of Plasterers" Andrew Garvey. This organization's last gasp of power was under Carmine De Sapio. George Plunkitt defended this organization's participation in "honest graft." Fernando Wood was the first mayor from this group, that was represented as a tiger in political cartoons. For the point, name this New York political machine run by "Boss" Tweed which controlled the city Democratic Party in part until the 1950's.

Tammany Hall

As a result of this event, the Supreme Court upheld the right of Congress to compel witness testimony in McGrain v. Daugherty. Thomas Walsh led the investigation into this scandal, which caused Edwin Denby to resign from the Navy Department, which transferred oil reserves at Elk Hills to the Interior Department under Albert Fall, who then leased them to Edward Doheny. For the point, name this 1922 scandal during the Harding administration.

Teapot Dome Scandal

This man's first two disciples made golden caskets in order to preserve the hairs given to them by this man, who later preached at a Deer Park. The "sangha" refers to a group of people who follow this man's teachings, and relics of this man are known as "sarira." This figure's mother, the Queen Maya, dreamed of a white elephant before his birth, and he was kept from death, sickness, and poverty as a youth. This man's religion gained popularity for its opposition to the caste system in India. For the point, name this founder of an religion that promotes the Four Noble Truths.

The Bhudda

In a book about The Myth of this campaign, Angus Calder stated that, contrary to popular depictions, the people it affected were not united. The targets of this campaign took refuge in Morrison shelters. A part of this campaign codenamed Operation Moonlight Sonata destroyed the 14th-century St. Michael's Cathedral and most of the city of Coventry. This campaign's ultimate failure caused its instigator to postpone Operation Sea Lion indefinitely. For the point, name this German bombing campaign against Britain.

The Blitz

One co-written book which defines this time period as the culmination of "identity logic" contains exercises on Odysseus and the Marquis de Sade's Justine. Michel Foucault's 1984 essay asking about this period quotes heavily from an earlier essay that put forth "Argue as much as you will...but obey!" and "Dare to know" as maxims emblematic of it. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer of the Frankfurt School wrote that the Dialectic of this time period led to the Holocaust within about 150 years. For the point, name this period of intellectual history defined as "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity" by Immanuel Kant, who was a member.

The Enlightenment

An eagle led Cimon to this mythical figure's grave. He became the ruler of Eleusis after killing the former king Cercyon in a wrestling match. He met his end after being thrown off a cliff by King Lycomedes. The descendants of this figure supposedly had smaller buttocks after he escaped the Chair of Forgetfulness, but he had to leave his friend Pirithous behind in the underworld. For the point, name this mythical king of Athens who used Ariadne's string to escape the Labyrinth after slaying the Minotaur.

Theseus

During this time period, one man fell asleep while leading forces at the Battle of Klushino, leading to his defeat and death. A man named "Sidorka" was the last of a group of three usurpers to the throne during this period, and Vasily Shuysky's ascension to the throne during this time resulted in the invasion of Sigismund III of Poland. The death of Fyodor I began this period, which was dominated by "false Dmitris" and ended by the ascension of Mikhail Romanov. For the point, name this period of turmoil in Russian history after the fall of the Rurik dynasty.

Time of Troubles

Scholars such as Wolfgang Mieder interpret the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin as an allegory for the migration of Germans to this region. From 1711 to 1867, this region existed as a principality ruled by Habsburg imperial governors. Following the Battle of Mohacs, the voivode of this region, John Zapolya, ascended to the throne. Though he ruled Wallachia, Vlad the Impaler was born in this historical region. This region's name is Latin for "beyond the woods." For the point, name this region of western Romania which, mainly due to a novel by Bram Stoker, conjures up images of vampires.

Transylvania

A reverse version of this entity was implemented in Delaware by Patty Cannon's gang. This system assisted John Price after he was rescued by US marshals in Oberlin, Ohio. Levi Coffin was an important agent of this system. A sailor named Peg Leg Joe was supposedly involved in this system, which is the subject of myths which claim that participants used codes made from blankets and sang "Follow the Drinking Gourd." The nickname "Moses" was given to a leader of this system, Harriet Tubman. For the point, name this network used by escaped slaves.

Underground Railroad

In 2014, this agency issued a report that claimed the construction of the Keystone pipeline would not significantly affect climate change. This agency established the first QDDR in 2010. The term "smart power" was popularized by a head of this agency during her confirmation testimony. In 2009, this agency announced its policy plan of a "pivot to Asia." A leader of this department claimed that the use of tear gas in Syria "defies any code of morality" and crossed a "red line." This department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building. For the point, name this U.S. Cabinet department led recently by Hillary Clinton and John Kerry

United States Department of State

The winner of the election in this year spoke of "states' rights" at the Neshoba County Fair near Philadelphia, Mississippi. The incumbent President was challenged by Edward Kennedy in the primaries and by the phrase "there you go again" during the debates leading up to this year's election. The incumbent's handling of the Iran Hostage Crisis and rising unemployment was attacked with the question, "Are you better off than you were four years ago?". For the point, name this election year in which Democrat Jimmy Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan.

United States Presidential Election of 1980

A man who lived in this state dated teenage widow Nicole Baker after being paroled from an Illinois prison. This state is home to a film festival sponsored by Robert Redford which is named for a character Redford famously played. This state is where ancestry.com is headquartered and is where the land speed record was once set by the Blue Flame on the Bonneville Salt Flats. A sporting event in this state was run by a committee led by the CEO of Bain Capital. For the point, name this Western US state that hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.

Utah

This scientist had to deal with so much harassment that his mother contacted Himmler's mother to try to give him a break. This member of the Uranium club travelled to Copenhagen to discuss physics with a colleague, which is the subject of a Michael Frayn play. A statement named for this man explains why spectral lines have finite widths. This man justified one of his ideas with a thought experiment which shows a gamma ray microscope must have limits to the precision in which it can determine the position and momentum of an electron. For the point, name this German physicist who names an uncertainty principle.

Warner Heisenberg

One poem about this conflict talks about how the dead "lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow." Another poem about this conflict asks "What passing bells for those who die as cattle"; that poem's author was heavily influenced by his friend Siegfried Sassoon. One poem about this war considers the title, which is taken from Horace, "The old Lie". For the point, name this war, the setting of "Dolce et Decorum est" by Wilfred Owen and "In Flanders' Fields," which was fought between 1914 and 1918.

World War I

The narrator of one poem set during this war delivers a cry to "take up our quarrel with the foe;" that poem's title location is marked with "crosses/row on row." An attack during this war was described in "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen, who died during this war. "Insensibility" describes soldiers in this war suffering from shell shock. John McCrae's "In Flanders Fields" was set during, for the point, what "Great War" fought from 1914 to 1919?

World War I

This man once noted "it is just as easy to believe the miracle of Jonah as any other miracle in the Bible." This man argued that "man is essentially devout" in his "Prince of Peace" speech, given at many Chautauqua gatherings in 1904. Though the judge later expunged the entire examination, this man was asked if he had "given considerable study to the Bible" by Clarence Darrow. For the point, name this American politician and orator who died shortly after arguing in favor of Tennessee's Butler Act during the Scopes Monkey Trial.

William Jennings Bryan

In a photograph of this player, Joe Garagiola looks out of the centerfield clubhouse as this player is about to turn Vic Wertz's fly ball into an over-the-shoulder catch. The all-time record for putouts by an outfielder is held by this man. This godfather of Barry Bonds made "the Catch" in the 1954 World Series and is tied with Hank Aaron and Stan Musial for most All-Star Games played. For the point, name this "Say Hey Kid" who played center field for the Giants from 1951 to 1972 and hit 660 career home runs.

Willie Howard Mays Jr

This state elected the first openly gay senator in U.S. history, Tammy Baldwin. One politician from this state was interrupted with cries of "Malarkey!" in a 2012 debate. This state's current governor defeated Tom Barrett in both the 2010 election and a 2012 recall election, held after this state's "Budget Repair Bill" ended the right to collective bargaining for public sector unions. Paul Ryan represents and Scott Walker governs, for the point, what state with capital Madison?

Wisconsin

This song was written to replace "Sepia Panorama" in its ensemble's setlist. Performers of the trumpet solo in this work almost always copy the Ray Nance original rather than improvise one of their own. Its most famous lyrics were written by Joya Sherrill, and say how the title action is the best way "to go to Sugar Hill." This work's title route runs from Bedford Stuyvesant to New York's center of African-American culture, Harlem. For the point, what Billy Strayhorn composition about a subway line became the signature song for Duke Ellington's orchestra?

"Take The A Train"

Paul Schenck sued to remove "floating buffer zones" relating to protesting of this practice. One law regarding this practice was required to include a judicial bypass procedure by the Supreme Court in Hodgson v. Minnesota. LeRoy Carhart successfully sued against a Nebraska law, then unsuccessfully sued against a federal law, that banned one form of this practice. The Mexico City Gag Rule limits the promotion of this practice, for which the Hyde Amendment prevents federal funding. For the point, what medical procedure was legally protected, in accordance with the right to privacy, by 1973's Roe v. Wade?

Abortion

This man made a controversial 1962 appearance on Howard K. Smith's television show to discuss a man who had lost the governorship of California. This person was harmed by experts insisting his typewriter matched the "Baltimore documents." He was the executive secretary of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference. This man's assertions not to know "George Crosley" were disproven by the "Pumpkin Papers." This man was convicted of perjury in connection with charges brought by Whittaker Chambers, who testified before HUAC. For the point, name this State Department official accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948.

Alger Hiss

Before this battle, one man supposedly declared that all was lost because he had sneezed out his tooth. One army waited for the full moon before leaving for this battle; they arrived in time to see the celebration of the Carneia. Hippias led Datis and Artaphernes to this battle, where Callimachus disappeared and Miltiades ordered a charge of hoplites. For the point, name this 490 BC battle that ended Darius's invasion of Greece, after which Pheidippides returned to Athens in an exceptionally long run.

Battle of Marathon

According to one account, before this battle, Amompharetus initially refused to retreat with the army and his division was left behind. The losing commander here was killed by a stone hurled by Aeimnestus, and his forces' sparabara formation proved too light. Aristodemus charged alone into the enemy lines in this battle to redeem his perceived cowardice. This battle supposedly took place on the same day as the naval Battle of Mycale. In this battle, Aristides the Just served under Pausanias, whose forces killed Mardonius. For the point, name this battle which took place after the battle of Salamis, the final land battle of the Greco-Persian Wars.

Battle of Platea

This president was inaugurated in a replica of George Washington's first inauguration in New York City. This president collaborated with the "billion dollar Congress"to produce the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. This Republican owed his election to the Murchison Letter, which falsely claimed the British backed his opponent. For the point, name this president who served between Grover Cleveland and Grover Cleveland.

Benjamin Harrison

One of this man's paintings depicts a meeting in Shackamaxon. His painting of the Treaty of Paris remained unfinished when the British delegation refused to pose. Another of his canvases, which broke with the established tradition of using classical dress for historical painting, depicted a victorious British general dying from his musket wounds on the Plains of Abraham. For the point, name this Anglo-American painter of Penn's Treaty With The Indians and The Death of General Wolfe.

Benjamin West

This man's successor accused him of complicity in the Boipatong Massacre during negotiations that led to a power-sharing plan. This politician defeated Barend du Plessis in an election to replace P.W. Botha. This leader of the National Party ended his nation's ban on the African National Congress, paving the way to end apartheid. For the point, name this last Afrikaner president of South Africa, who was succeeded by Nelson Mandela

Frederick William de Klerk

A "gallery of steel" was built to execute Andriza Mircovich in this manner when its normal requirements could not be satisfied. John Albert Taylor said he chose this method of death so as to "not flop around like a fish." Utah's governor Gary Herbert recently reinstated this method of execution in cases where lethal injection is not an option. Responsibility is diffused through the use of blank cartridges in, for the point, what method of execution in which a line of men shoot the victim?

Firing Squad

This man ruined the economy of Poland by spreading counterfeit currency. This man first commanded an army at the Battle of Mollwitz, although he fled before the battle was over. His childhood friend Hans Hermann von Katte was executed after they attempted to flee the country together. His father, the unstable Frederick William I, created the powerful military that this man commanded during the War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years War. For the point, which enlightened despot and longtime friend of Voltaire ruled Prussia for much of the 18th century?

Frederick the Great

This poet dramatized the Great Upheval in a poem that opens "this is the forest primeval" and centers on the title uprooted Acadian girl. This author was inspired by Ojibwe stories for an epic in which the title hero marries Minnehaha. In another of his poems, the Old North church uses the code "One if by land, two if by sea" to alert a silversmith of approaching British troops. For the point, name this poet of Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, and "Paul Revere's Ride."

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

The Gulbarg Society Massacre targeted members of this religion. Members of this religion were attacked by the 969 Movement in the Rakhine State Riots. The majority of the Rohingya in Myanmar follow this religion. Members of the BJP were accused of promoting riots targeting members of this religion in Gujarat. For the point, name this religion that is followed by a minority of the population in Myanmar and India and the majority of Indonesians.

Islam

This city is supplied by the "Big Allis" natural gas generator, which shut down after lightning strikes in Buchanan. The Rockaways were unaffected by that problem, which came while the "Son of Sam" terrorized this city, because they were covered not by Consolidated Edison, but the Long Island Lighting Company. For the point, name this city where a 1977 blackout struck all but the borough of Queens, leading to rampant looting in the Bronx.

New York City

One man from this country led the first crossing of Greenland's interior, and was the namesake of a League of Nations passport for refugees; that man was Fridjof Nansen. Another explorer from this country disappeared in 1928, while leading a rescue attempt for the survivors of the airship Italia; that man had earlier led the first successful expedition to reach the South Pole. Roald Amundsen was from, for the point, what Scandinavian country whose capital is Oslo?

Norway

This man's 1987 visit to Chile led to the decline of Augusto Pinochet's rule after describing it as "dictatorial," and he later ordered the dismissal of Marcel Lefebvre from an organization he ruled. Grey Wolves member Mehmet Ali Agca attempted to assassinate this man as part of the Bojinka Plot. He supported the fall of Communism in his home nation by supporting the trade union Solidarity. For the point, name this Polish Pope who was succeeded by Benedict XVI.

Pope John Paul II

Mikhail Yegorov and Meliton Kantaria were said to have stood on this building in 1945. Its 1990s renovation was designed by Norman Foster, who built a large glass dome atop it. Communists were blamed for a fire that burned this building in 1933; in reaction, Paul von Hindenburg decreed the imprisonment of opponents of the Nazis. The Bundestag meets in, for the point, what building that houses the German Parliament?

Reichstag

Barbara Morgan took a leave of absence from work to join this group, although she was only a back-up. A member of this group planned to deliver a 15-minute lecture on "The Ultimate Field Trip." Its leader was Dick Scobee, and their fate was investigated by the Rogers Commission. In honor of this group, the President noted they "slipped the surly bonds of Earth to touch the face of God." This group included New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe, and they died after an O-ring failure early in the launch. For the point, name this group of seven people killed in a space shuttle explosion in 1986.

The Crew of the Challenger

A member of this group also served on the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles at the same time and later became President of the LDS in 1985. This group was called "eight millionaires and a plumber." As he prepared to join this group, a man known as "Engine Charlie" said "for years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors." This was the first group to feature a head of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Its most notable member was a staunch anti-Communist, whose brother Allen headed the CIA. For the point, name this group which featured John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State.

The Cabinet of Dwight Eisenhower

The non-fictional Battle of the Windmill defeated the Hunters' Lodges' attempt to perform this action in 1838. David Wooster's occupying forces were deeply unpopular in an unsuccessful attempt of this action, in which Richard Montgomery died. Isaac Brock's victory at the Battle of Queenston Heights foiled another attempt to perform this action during the War of 1812, and Benedict Arnold was forced to retreat from Quebec during his effort to do this during the Revolutionary War. For the point, name this military action, often unsuccessfully taken by U.S. troops to capture a northern neighbor.

U.S. invasions of Canada

The Baird was a postal service established during this empire, which suffered a Berber revolt under Hisham. This empire was founded in the aftermath of the First Fitna and was dissolved after Abdallah ibn Ali defeated Marwan II in the Battle of the Zab. Charles Martel defeated this empire at Tours. For the point, name this Islamic caliphate founded by Muawiyah, a dynasty led from Damascus that succeeded the Abbasids.

Umayyad Caliphate

This author of Industry and Humanity lost one election after he said that he "would not give a five cent-piece" for unemployment relief. Besides that election loss in 1930 to R.B. Bennett, this politician had earlier lost power when Governor General Julian Byng made his longtime rival, Arthur Meighen, prime minister. This Liberal politician served as prime minister during World War Two. For the point, name this politician, Canada's longest serving Prime Minister.

William King

This man wrote: "I will not equivocate, I will not excuse, I will not retreat a single inch, AND I WILL BE HEARD" in the first issue of a publication he founded with Isaac Knapp. He denounced the Constitution as a "Covenant with Death," publicly burning a copy of it, due to its support for slavery. For the point, name this leader of the American Anti-Slavery Society and founder of the newspaper The Liberator.

William Lloyd Garrison

This nation lost a match whose nickname refers to an injury to Ervin Zador. After controversially losing to this nation, Doug Collins and his teammates refused to accept silver medals. This nation, which lost the 1956 "Blood in the Water" water polo match to Hungary, lost a semi-final game at Lake Placid in the "Miracle on Ice". For the point, name this nation that boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics after hosting the previous Summer Olympics in Moscow.

Soviet Union