History chapter 13

Diet of Worms

Charles V summoned Martin Luther so he could renounce or reaffirm his ideas. When he refused to recant, he was condemned as a heretic. Where/when: Worms, Germany/ 1521 Why- The diet was an attempt to alleviate the growing religious unrest spreading throughout Europe/ failed Important because: Luther's appearance created a broader audience for his reform ideas and other people began to preach and publish against the existing church practices.

Ursuline Order

Who/what An order of nuns founded by Angela Mereci Where/when: 1535 Why: To educate young girls and re-christianize society by training future wives and mothers Important because: They were the first women's religious order to concentrate exclusively on educating young girls.

Protestant

Who/what The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups. Where/when: Diet of Speyer, 1529 Why: People were protesting the practices of the Catholic church.

John Knox

Who/what: A Calvinist who dominated the Scottish reform movement and published anti-Mary of Guise literature Where/when: Scotland, 1514-1572 Why: He helped to establish a state church modeled after Geneva and provoked a Scottish Protestant uprising against Mary of guise. Important because: Protestant nobles gained control of the Scottish parliament and Mary, Queen of Scots, was exiled to England.

John Calvin/ The institutes of Christian religion/ Predestination

Who/what: A French lawyer and humanist who becomes Protestant and writes the Institutes of Christian Religion, which includes radical ideas such as predestination. Where/when: France, 1536 Why: He believed that God specifically chose him to reform the church Important because: He was the founder of Calvinism

Martin Luther/ 95 Theses

Who/what: A German monk and teacher who decided in 1517 to take a public stand against the sale of indulgences by writing 95 theses on the subject of indulgences and the church's abuse of power. Where/when: Wittenberg ,Germany/ 1517 Why: He was troubled that people believed they could buy their way into heaven through indulgences instead of through their Christian faith. Important because: This was the first step of the Reformation and led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority.

Charles V

Who/what: A Holy Roman Emperor who was a devout Catholic and who fought for religious unity and a unified empire. Where/when: 1500-1558, Holy Roman Empire Why: fought religious wars in Switzerland and other places to enforce Catholicism Important because: He fought to reinstate Catholicism in rebellious states in the empire to create religious unity

Ulrich Zwingli

Who/what: A Swiss priest and humanist who was an admirer of Erasmus and attacked indulgences, mass, monasticism, and clerical celibacy. Where/when: Switzerland, 1520s Why: He was unhappy with the current practices of the Catholic Church and wanted reform He helped spread Protestantism throughout Europe and increased the growing calls for reform.

Theresa of Avila

Who/what: A carmelite nun who founded new converts and reformed the carmelite order to stricter standards of poverty and asceticism Where/when: Avila, Spain (1515-1582) Why: She thought God sent her mystical visions telling her to bring back the stricter standards Important because: She founded many new religious convents with stricter religious standards

Holy Roman Empire

Who/what: A collection of largely independent states loosely joined together by an emperor where Protestant ideas began to spread Where/when: Holy Roman Empire Why: The empire lacked a strong monarchy Important because: Strong local governments resulted in decentralization, which allowed Protestantism to spread more easily

Council of Trent

Who/what: A council of Roman Catholics that defined the Roman Ctholic doctrine, initiated a program to eliminate church abuses, and didn't compromise with Protestants. Where/when: Trent, 1545-1563 Why: To reform the Catholic Church and to secure reconciliation with the Protestants Important because: They reaffirmed the Catholic church's traditions

Spanish Armada

Who/what: A fleet of ships sent by Philip II of Spain against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Where/when: English Channel, 1588 Why: To re-Catholicize England by force Important because: The Spanish fleet was defeated through storms, spoiled food, bad water, and inadequate fire power.

Genevan Consistory

Who/what: A group of laymen and pastors who investigated and disciplined deviations from proper doctrine and conduct Where/when: Geneva, 1541 Why: To establish a well-disciplined Christian society where the church and state worked together Important because: It allowed Geneva to become a model Christian community

Pope Leo X/ Indulgences

Who/what: A pope who authorized the sale of indulgences to fund his building projects. Where/when: Rome, Italy, early 1500s Why: He was selling indulgences to raise money for the construction of St.Peter's Basilica. This made people angry because he was taking money from poor believers to build an elaborate church instead of using his own wealth. They were also upset that he wasn't using the money to help the poor instead.

Habsburgs

Who/what: A powerful family who ruled the Holy Roman Empire for a long period of time. Where/when: Holy Roman Empire/ Austria especially Why: advantageous marriages allowed the Hapsburgs to gain more money, territory, and power important because Began centuries of conflict with between the Hapsburgs and the Kings of France; made the Hapsburgs extremely powerful

Albert of Mainz and Johann Tetzel

Who/what: Albert of Mainz was an Archbishop who sold indulgences along with a Dominican friar named Johann Tetzel. Where/when: Germany, early 1500s Why: They were selling indulgences to make money by taking advantage of people who wanted to be forgiven for their sins or release a loved one from purgatory Important because: It gave people the impression that they could buy their way into heaven through indulgences

Pluralism

Who/what: An official holding more than one office at a time Where: Europe/ early 1500s Why: Clergy wanted to make more money without necessarily performing all the spiritual responsibilities of those offices (absenteeism) Important because: Made people upset and promoted resentment towards the upper levels of the church hierarchy.

Politiques

Who/what: Catholic and Protestant moderates who thought that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse Where/when: France Important because: They saved France from total collapse

Huguenots

Who/what: French Calvinists Where/when: France Why:They believed in Calvinism and wanted change from the Catholic church Important because: The Huguenots were massacred which triggered the French Wars of Religion to begin

The German Peasants' War

Who/what: German peasants revolted against the nobles and were crushed Where/when: Germany, 1525 Why: Crop failures, declining economic conditions, and noble abuse caused peasants to fight for social change. Important because: Peasants economic conditions moderately improved and the authority of lay rulers increased.

Radicals of the 1500s

Who/what: Groups who wanted to create voluntary communities of believers separate from the state/ were called radicals because of their further deviation from prevailing ideas Where/When: Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands/ 1520s Why: They wanted the church to be seperate from the state like they thought it existed in the New Testament Important because: More and more people began to have ideas that differed from those of the Catholic Church

Suleiman the Magnificent

Who/what: Ottoman Sultan that defeated the Hungarians and killed Louis II Where/when: The Plain of Mohacs in southern Hungary, August 26, 1526 Why: He wanted to increase his territory Important because: He divided up Hungary and it led to the spread of Protestantism

Jesuits

Who/what: Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola that defended papal authority, education of Catholic leaders, and wrote The Spiritual Exercises. Where/when: 1540 Why: Ignatius Loyola decided to become a soldier of Christ after being wounded in the leg Important because: Spread Roman Catholicism to the New World and the far east.

Imperial Diet of 1530 in Augsburg and the Peace of Augsburg

Who/what: The Imperial Diet of 1530 was a meeting called by Charles V and The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty to end the religious wars. Where/when: Augsburg, Germany/ 1530/ Peace of Augsburg in 1555 Why: Charles V called the Imperial Diet to attempt to halt the spread of religious division (backfired) and the peace of Augsburg was called to bring peace to the Empire Important because: The Imperial diet of 1530 in Augsburg triggered the religious wars and the peace of Augsburg allowed each Prince could chose whether their state was Lutheran or Catholic

Henry IV/ Edict of Nantes

Who/what: The King of France who issued the Edict of Nantes Where/when: France, 1598 Why: To appease the religious conflict in France Important because: The Edict of Nantes granted the Huguenots considerable religious freedom

Philip II of Spain

Who/what: The King of Spain that was married to Mary Tudor Where/when: Spain, 1556-1598 Why: He wanted to reunite England with Catholic Europe Important because: He plotted with Mary Queen of Scots to assinated Queen Elizabeth and re-Catholicize England

Pope Paul III and the Holy Office

Who/what: The Pope who helped to reform the Catholic Church by establishing the Holy Office, which was an official Roman Catholic Agency that fought international doctrinal heresy Where/when: Pope Paul III (1534-1539), Holy Office, 1542/ Rome Important because: They wrote the Index of Prohibited Books

Elizabeth I of England

Who/what: The Queen of England who was Protestant Where/when: England, 1558-1603 Why: She was a politique who choose the middle ground between Catholicism and Protestantism Important because: She wrote the 39 articles (Anglican profession of faith)

Mary Tudor of England

Who/what: The Queen of England who was a devout Catholic Where/when: England, 1553-1558 Why: She tried to return England to Roman Catholicism Important because: She murdered hundreds of Protestants when they refused to convert to Catholicism

Council of blood and the Union of Utrecht

Who/what: The council of Blood was a tribunal held by the Duke of Alva where 1500 men were executed. The union of Utrecht was an alliance of 7 northern provinces led by William of Orange that split off from Spain and formed the Dutch Republic Where/when: Council of Blood: March 3,1568/ Union of Utrecht, 1581 Why: The council of Blood was established to execute Calvinist rebels and the Union of Utrecht was formed to be rid of Spanish rule Important because: The Council of Blood made Calvinists believe that Spanish rule was ungodly and should be overthrown, which began a series of civil wars, and led to the Union of Utrecht.

Thomas Cranmer

Who/what: The first Archbishop of Canterbury Where/when: England, 1530s Important because: He wrote the first book of common prayer in 1549, which was later approved by parliament

Henry VIII of England, Anglican Church, and Gov't administration

Who/what: The king of England who formed the Anglican Church Where/when: England, 1530s Why: He wanted to divorce his wife so that he could have a male heir, but the pope refused to grant his permission, so he started his own church Important because: He formed a church where the monarch is the head and the pope has no authority.

Anticlericalism

Who/what: people were unhappy with the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church Where: Europe/ early 1500s Why: Lay people were mad about lack of education, lack of morals, and pluralism exhibited by the clergy Important because: Anticlericalism shows people were disgruntled with the church and set the stage for Luther's ideas to be appealing