History chapter 13

Definitely know that the Whig Party believed strongly in high tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reform (bear in mind that Henry Clay was a prominent Whig Party member and the above-mentioned values look very similar to Clay's "American System" from the 1820s)

Ok

FYI: Soon after making his decision on the 2nd B.O.U.S. it's important to note that AJ set about quickly shutting the institution down.... this created economic turmoil throughout the country and led to strange things like individual banks issuing their own paper currency throughout the west... Also, there was widespread economic turmoil and a great deal of land speculation and a great deal of people gong "bust" because of bad investments, poor lending decisions by financial institutions, and a lack of oversight by the Federal Government..... ultimately this economic upset would result in the "Panic of 1837" which was bad... but AJ had already left office and his successor, MVB, had to deal with the Panic

Ok

In the 1840 election, Van Buren was unpopular due to the economic crisis that begun in 1837 and which left his presidency stuck in the mud (the "Panic of 1837" was largely the result of AJ's actions, particularly those he took after deciding that the 2nd B.O.U.S. should not have its charter renewed)

Ok

You should know that the 1832 election witnessed the emergence of three new elements to the political scene in the United States: Public platforms, a third-party candidate, and national nominating conventions

Ok

For what reasons did they choose to call themselves the "Whig" Party?

They deliberately chose this name to recollect 18th century British and Revolutionary American opposition to the monarchy.

In the 1836 election, the Whigs chose to have FOUR Whig candidates run for President. There was a very specific reason for doing this and the Whigs hoped it would help them win... for what reason did they nominate so many candidates? Also, who won in 1836?

They nominated more than one candidate for presidency because they hoped that each would have a different regional appeal and scatter the vote so that no candidate would win majority. The deadlock would have to go to the House of Reps and since Henry Clay was a big supporter of the Whigs, he would choose one of them. The winner of the 1836 election was Martin Van Buren (a Democrat).

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Against whom was AJ running in 1832?

AJ was running against Henry Clay

In the election of 1824, who won the popular vote?

Andrew Jackson

Who ends up winning the 1832 election?

Andrew Jackson

Sam Houston

Former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence

Denmark Vesey

Free black who led an aborted slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822.

Why wasn't the man who won the popular vote awarded the presidency in 1824?

Jackson wasn't awarded presidency because Clay, the speaker of the house, hated him. The influential Clay was in a position to throw the election to the candidate of his choice.

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Kentucky Resolution

written by Thomas Jefferson; stated that the Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional

It's important that you are able to give me a couple examples of "mudslinging" from the elections in this chapter

1) Jackson's mother portrayed as a prostitute. 2) Adam's purchase of a billiard table called "gambling furniture"

Daniel Webster

A Senate leader from Massachusetts, and leader of the Whig party

Mudslinging

A method in election campaigns that uses gossip and lies to make an opponent look bad

Upon hearing the news that the tribe in letter "c" had gained the right to not be resettled, Jackson supposedly uttered the words "John Marshall has made his decision, now let's see him enforce it".... what did he mean by those words and, more importantly, what actions did AJ take?

Andrew Jackson proposed a voluntary removal of the Indian race which would eventually become forced as the Indian Removal Act was passed

Since President Jackson was a southerner what would he likely have felt about the tariff?

Because of where he was from, he probably would not have agreed with the law. But because of the greater good he did not express an opinion

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams

Davy Crockett

Famous frontiersman, left Tennessee to help Texas fight Mexico for independence. Died at the Alamo.

Who did Andrew Jackson defeat in 1828?

He defeated John Quincy Adams

In the end, what was AJ's statement (what position did he take on the issue at hand regarding the 2nd B.O.U.S.?)

He vetoed the renewal of the charter of the B.O.U.S.

Who orchestrated the compromise that ultimately defused the situation? What was the compromise? How was AJ's reputation affected by his actions during the 'nullification crisis'?

Henry Clay defused the compromise. The compromise was "The Compromise Tariff of 1833" which ended up lowering the tariff and the government backed down. His reputation affected his actions by giving him lots of backup and supporters. The tariff was reduced over about ten years ( gradual reduction). AJ's reputation as a strong leader was solidified.

Peggy Eaton

Her marriage to John Eaton caused the Petticoat Affair which took up a lot of Jackson's first term. Calhoun's wife slandered Peggy Eaton, causing a heated debate between Jackson and Calhoun

In the 1840 election the victor (William Henry Harrison) was buoyed by his successful military career, in particular what battle? And what does he become?

His victory at Tippecanoe he becomes the first Whig to win the Presidency.

How did AJ's opponent figure this would help him win the election of 1832?

If Jackson renewed the charter he would alienate his western followers, but if he vetoed it he would alienate the noble New Englanders

What did S.C. threaten to do (in addition to 'nullifying' the tariff law)?

In addition to nullify the law, South Carolina threatened to secede

What were AJ's views of Presidency and the Federal Government?

It could (and should) be used as a powerful instrument of economic activism on the part of the American people; AJ also believed that political participation by the "common man" should be increased.

Specie Circular

It was issued in 1836 and required that public land be purchased with gold or silver ("hard currency")

For what reasons was the new tariff (the Tariff of 1828) given the nickname the "Tariff of Abominations"?

It was nicknamed the "Tariff of Abominations" because Southerners hated tariffs. They were high manufacturers but the tariffs made it very hard to make any profit. The North loved tariffs because it made business boom. The south "sold their cotton and other farm produce in a world market completely unprotected by tariffs but were forced to buy their manufactured goods in an American market heavily protected by tariffs"

In terms of his policies (his "nationalism") JQA managed to upset a great deal of people from different regions of the country.... what were some of the moves he'd hoped to make and what regions of the country did they upset?

JQA wanted the construction of roads and canals. He renewed GW's proposal for a notional university and then advocated federal support for an astronomical observatory. They mostly upset the South because they thought that if the federal government were to take on such heavy financial burdens, the hated tariff would still be in place. They were also worried that the government would start to oppose slavery if they could change education and road systems.

John Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification and Vice President under Jackson

Hopefully by now you know the term "spoils system" means: how did Jackson implement the "spoils system" during his presidency and what impact did the "spoils system" have on the American political landscape?

Jackson implemented the spoils system by "cleaning house" (firing a lot of people) in Washington and hiring many of his supporters. *

Why did Jackson, however, insist that the tariff law be obeyed? What did he threaten to do is S.C. continued to 'nullify' and not enforce the tariff?

Jackson insisted the law be obeyed (President's job to enforce the law) because he believed that we, as a country, wither have a national government or we don't. He believed that the Federal government needed to have more power than the states' rights. He threatened to send the army down to take over the local ports and secure enforcement of the tariff law.

What was John Quincy Adams' personality like? How did the general population react to his personality?

John Quincy Adams was a thinker instead of a politician. He was irritable, sarcastic, and tactless. He was one of the most successful Secretaries of State, but one of the least successful presidents. Not many people liked him (less than 1/3 of voters had voted for him), but the ones who did started to give up on him throughout his presidency. He would not reward party workers with political plums, so they started to think why should they labor to keep him in office

What four men were running for President in the election of 1824?

John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, and Andrew Jackson

For what reason did the losing candidate of the election of 1824 nickname this the "Corrupt Bargain" election and who was that losing candidate?

Masses of angry Jacksonians, most of them common folk, raised a roar of protest against this "corrupt bargain.'' This continued for nearly four years. Jackson condemned Clay as the "Judas of the West,'' and John Randolph of Virginia publicly assailed the alliance between "the Puritan [Adams] and the black-leg [Clay],'' who, he added "shines and stinks like rotten mackerel by moonlight.'' There is no evidence that Adams and Clay had a formal bargain. Clay was a natural choice for secretary of state, and Adams was both scrupulously honest and not given to patronage. Even if a bargain had been struck, it was not necessarily corrupt. Deals of this nature have long been the stock-in-trade of politicians.

Santa Anna

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat the Texans

To where (and from where) were most of these Native Americans resettled?

Most tribes were moved from the east of Mississippi (in the south) to the west of the Mississippi to the new "Indian Territory"*

So..... Texas ultimately won its war for independence in 1836... after the war they petitioned the U.S. government to become our newest state. What was president Jackson's response.... and W-H-Y?

President Jackson said NO because of the new slave rules with the states. If Texas became a state it would become a slave state and the USA was trying to avoid slavery. (US was worried Mexico wanted it back and would re attack)

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Bank of the United States, known for bribes and corruption

San Jacinto

Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna here in April 1836

For what reason did southerners refer to the tariff of 1828 as the "Tariff of Abominations"?

Southerners called this tariff the "Tariff of Abominations" because of the effects it had on the antebellum of the southern economy. It was a 38% tax on 92% on all imported goods

What exactly is "The Alamo"?

The Alamos is a Spanish mission in Texas where a battle was held between the Mexicans who were lead by Santa Anna, and the Texans. They were fighting for the independence of Texas. Texas lost, but their army put into new management thanks to Sam Houston and they turned around / and won their independence at the battle of San Jacinto

Which Native American tribe put forth a successful lawsuit defending their rights to NOT be removed (which ultimately received the support of John Marshall and the rest of the Supreme Court)?

The Cherokee nation took their case to the Supreme Court when the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee Tribal Council illegal in 1828. John Marshall overturned this decision three times in favor of the Cherokee.

What new political party did that bitter losing candidate help to create in the years between 1824-1828?

The Democratic Party

What group of people eventually chose the winner and who was the winner of the election of 1824?

The House of Representatives chose the winner. The winner was John Quincy Adams (who chose Clay as Secretary of State)

What 1830 law set in motion the forced migration of the Native Americans?

The Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830 which removed tribes from the east of Mississippi

What region of the country most heavily supported Andrew Jackson and which region supported his opponent in 1828?

The South and West strongly supported Jackson, and the North supported Adams

What did Calhoun declare in his essay The South Carolina Exposition?

The document was a protest to the Tariff of 1828. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede. It also stated Calhoun's Doctrine of nullification which was the idea that a state has a right to reject federal law

AJ's 1832 opponent tried to win the election by forcing AJ to make a public statement regarding the second Bank of the U.S. ..... on what specific issue did the opponent demand that AJ issue his statement?

The issue was whether the charter of the 2nd B.O.U.S. should be renewed in 1836 or not

Around the time of the Trail of Tears (1830 and beyond), the U.S. government was promising the N.A. Tribes access to a "permanent frontier"; first of all what was meant by that term? Secondly, what was the natural border/ boundary that served as the eastern border of the "permanent frontier"? Finally, how well did the U.S. government keep its promise?

The permanent frontier meant that once the Natives moved the American nation would never bother them again; the eastern border was Mississippi; the Americans did not keep their promise

For the loser of the Alamo, what was the positive about the battle itself?

The positive thing about losing the Alamo was that the Texans has a modo to live by "Remember the Alamo" and more reason to win their independence. Alamo Battle was two weeks long: this time gave the rest of the Texas army time to organize themselves while the Mexicans were preoccupied at the Alamo

In the period of 1820-1840 the number of "eligible voters" grew dramatically as people became more interested in the political process, what was one reason for this?

The requirement to be a landowner in order to vote was dropped.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

The role that Harrison took on during his campaign. He was portrayed as the poor "Farmer of North Bend", who had been called from his cabin and his plow to drive corrupt Jackson spoilsmen from the "presidential palace". He also played an impoverished old farmer who should be content with a pension, a log cabin, and a barrel of hard cider

In the Battle of the Alamo, what two forces were engaged in battle and who won?

The two forces that were engaged in the battle of the Alamo were the Texans and the Mexicans. The Mexicans won.

In the years before Texas' War for Independence (1836) what was the view of the Mexican government regarding Americans moving to Texas? What restrictions eventually were placed on residents of Texas by the Mexican government prior to 1836 (think about things like religion, citizenship, and slavery)?

They were required to learn Spanish and become Catholic. They had to report that they were going to settle in the area, but some people did not. Mexicans encouraged Americans to relocate to Texas. No slavery*

What does it mean to 'nullify' a law? What essays did Jefferson and Madison write that supported 'nullification'?

To nullify a law means to attempt to declare a federal law unconstitutional. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves were written to support nullification when it came to the Alien and Sedition Acts

South Carolina Exposition

a document written by Calhoun (in secret) that protested the tarriff of 1828.

Kitchen Cabinet

an informal group of trusted advisers who sometimes met in the White House kitchen

Panic of 1837

banks collapsed and an economic depression followed

Force Bill

gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose, 1833

Corrupt Bargain

supposed deal to swing the Presidential election of 1824 in return for a place on the cabinet

Tarriff of Abominations

tax on imported goods to try and help northern manufacturing. caused the nullification crisis, southern protest