History // Chapter 16 Section 1

Charles V Inherits Two Crowns PART II

- A devout catholic, he engaged in constant war to suppress Protestantism in Germany and push back the Muslim Ottomans advancing into Europe from Turkey - The task of ruling two scattered empires proved impossible to Charles V - He gave up his crown, divided his sizable empire, and entered a monastery in 1556 - Charles gave Spain, the Netherlands, and Spain's overseas empire to his son Philip, who became known as Philip II

Battles in the Mediterranean and the Netherlands PART II

- At the time, the region included 17 provinces that are today Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. It was the richest part of Philip's empire - Protestants in the region resisted Philip's efforts to crush their faith - Protestants and Catholics alike opposed high taxes and autocratic Spanish rule, which threatened local traditions of self-government.

Spain's Golden Age PART II

- He produced haunting religious pictures and striking portraits of Spanish nobles - El Greco's use of vibrant colors influenced the work of Diego Velázquez, court painter to King Philip IV. - Velázquez is perhaps best known for his vivid portraits of Spanish royalty Spain's golden century produced several outstanding writers - Lope de Vega, a peasant by birth, wrote more than 1,500 plays, including witty comedies and action-packed romances

Charles V Inherits Two Crowns

- In 1516, Ferdinand and Isabella's grandson, Charles I, became king of Spain, and thereby ruler of the Spanish colonies in the Americas as well. - Charles I became king of Spain in 1516 and heir to the Habsburg empire in 1519 - As Hapsburg emperor, he took the name Charles V and began the difficult task of ruling two empires

Spain's Golden Age PART III

- Miguel de Cervantes was the most important writer of Spain's golden age. - His Don Quixote, which pokes fun at medieval tales of chivalry, is considered to be Europe's first modern novel - Although Don Quixote mocks the traditions of Spain's feudal past, Cervantes depicts with affection both the foolish but heroic idealism of Don Quixote and the unromantic, earthy realism of his sidekick, Sancho Panza

Philip II Solidifies Power

- Philip II expanded Spanish influence and power during his 42 year reign - Philip devoted most of his time to government work. - He seldom hunted, never jousted, and lived as simply as a monk. - The King's isolated, somber palace out- side Madrid, known as the Escorial, reflected his character. It served as a church, a residence, and a tomb for the royal family. - One of his main goals was to advance Spanish Catholic power in Europe - He fought many wars to this end

Battles in the Mediterranean and the Netherlands

- Philip fought many wars as he attempted to advance Spanish Catholic power.- - In the Mediterranean, the Ottoman empire continued to pose a threat to European control of the region - At the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Spain and its Italian allies soundly defeated an Ottoman fleet off the coast of Greece - Christians still hailed the battle as a great victory and a demonstration of Spain's power - During the last half of his reign, Philip battled rebels in the Netherlands

The Armada Sails Against England PART I

- Philip saw England's Queen Elizabeth I as his chief Protestant enemy - First secretly, then openly, Elizabeth had supported the Dutch against Spain - She encouraged English captains such as Francis Drake, known as sea dogs, to plunder Spanish treasure ships and loot Spanish cities in the Americas - To Philip's dismay, Elizabeth made the pirate Drake a knight - To end English attacks and subdue the Dutch, Philip prepared a huge armada, or fleet, to carry a Spanish invasion force to England

Philip II Solidifies Power PART II

- Philip surpassed Ferdinand and Isabella in making every part of the government responsible to him. - Philip resigned as an absolute monarch, with complete authority over Spain - He devoted most of his time to governing and made every part of the government responsible to him - Philip asserted that he ruled by divine right - He believed his right to rule came from God - Philip therefore saw himself as the guardian of the Roman Catholic Church - Philip enforced religious unity, turning the Inquisition against Protestants and other people thought to be heretics

The Armada Sails Against England PART II

- The Spanish were confident of victory. - This prediction did not come to pass. - In the English Channel, lumbering Spanish ships were outmaneuvered by the lighter, faster English ships - Strong winds favored the English, scattering the Armada - After further disasters at sea, the tattered remnants limped home in defeat

Spain's Golden Age

- The century from 1550 to 1650 is often referred to as Spain's Siglo de Oro, or "golden century," for the brilliance of its arts and literature - Philip II was an enthusiastic patron of the arts and also founded academies of science and mathematics - Among the famous painters of this period was a man called El Greco, meaning "the Greek." - Though not Spanish by birth, El Greco is considered to be a master of Spanish painting - Born on the Greek island of Crete, El Greco had studied in Italy before settling in Spain

An Empire Declines

- The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the end of Spanish power. - One reason for this decline was that Philip II's successors ruled far less ably than he had. - Economic problems were also to blame - Costly overseas wars drained wealth out of Spain almost as fast as it came in - Treasure from the Americas led Spain to neglect farming and commerce

An Empire Declines PART II

- The government heavily taxed the small middle class, weakening a group that in other European nations supported royal power - The expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain deprived the economy of many skilled artisans and merchants - Finally, the influx of American gold and silver led to soaring inflation. - As Spain's power dwindled in the 1600s and 1700s, Dutch, English, and French fleets challenged—and eventually surpassed—Spanish power both in Europe and around the world

Battles in the Mediterranean and the Netherlands PART III

- riots against the Inquisition sparked a general uprising in the Netherlands. - Savage fighting raged for decades - Protestant provinces declared their independence from Spain and became known as the Dutch Netherlands - They did not gain official recognition, however, until 1648 - The southern, mostly Catholic provinces of the Netherlands remained part of the Spanish Empire

Hapsburg empire

Central European empire that in the 1500s included the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands

El Greco

a famous painter during Spain's golden age

armada

a fleet of ships

absolute monarch

a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people

Louis XIV expanded his power by

building a strong army

The Dutch and the English wanted to maintain a balance of power to

prevent France from dominating Europe

Charles V

ruler of the Habsburg empire beginning in 1519

Philip II

son of the Charles V, who began his 42-year reign in 1556 and made Spain the foremost power in Europe

divine right

the belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God

Miguel de Cervantes

the most important writer of Spain's golden age, author of Don Quixote

An important symbol of the Sun King's wealth was

the palace of Versailles

What decision did Henry IV have to make to become king?

to become a Catholic

Cardinal Richelieu is known for

weakening the power of Huguenots and nobles