History Final

India

India's part in the world war paved the way for its independence from British. During the height of the war over 2.5 M Indian troops were fighting Axis forces. At the end, India emerged as 4th largest Industrial power in the world. In 1947, 2 years after WW2, India and Pakistan gained independence. In 1948, India fought Pakistan over Kashmir after Pakistani forces enter Kashmir. The war resulted in Kashmir acceding to India. On 26 Jan 1950, India officially became Republic after Constitution of India came into effect. In 1956, India, Yugoslavia, Indonesia, Egypt, and Ghana formed Non-Aligned Movement on Brijuni islands of Yugoslavia. In 1962, India enters second war over Kashmir with China. India also annexed Portuguese territory of Diu, Daman, and Goa. In 1965, India fights third war over Kashmir (second with Pakistan). In 1971, India fights third war with Pakistan for Bangladeshi Independence. In the same year, before the Bangladesh independence war, India signed a twenty-year treaty of friendship with Soviet Union after President Eisenhower announced decision to provide arms to Pakistan.

Map of Manchuria and neighbors

Industrialization + imperial ambitions of Japan to replace China as the East Asian Power prompted the Sino-Japanese war where Japan occupied the Liaodong Peninsula of Manchuria (map above on p 747). Japan won but was forced to give up the Liaodong Peninsula by the European powers and was leased to Russia. Russia built the Trans-Siberian railroad through Manchuria and to the fortress of Port Arthur in Liaodong. Japan, threatened by Russian expansion, attacked Port Arthur. After Japanese victories in the peace talks, Japan gained control of the Liaodong Peninsula and southern Manchuria and annexed Korea in 1910 (sources p785)

social democracy (social welfare states with democratic-republican forms)

Socialist enough to provide a safety net, but democratic enough to allow capitalist trade, the US is very similar to this.

Shift in diplomatic alliances

Original with Bismark 1890 GB/ FR Prussia(Germany) / \ Austria ------- Russia Shifted Germany -> Austria(Italy, Turkey) United Kingdom / \ France ---- Russia Japan and UK team up because Japan has best navy

Egypt

. In 1882, Egypt was occupied by the United Kingdom, following the Orabi Revolt against the Egyptian khedive. Though never formally a British colony, Egypt was essentially under British control thereafter, even after the formal recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922, with British troops remaining around the Suez Canal zone. Full Egyptian self-rule was not realized until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

Arc of Cold War, 1944-1991

1945 : Potsdam Conference 1946: Iron Curtain 1957: USSR launches Sputnik 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis 1963 : Nuclear Test Treaty 1968-73: Era of detente between US and USSR 1978: Four modernization in China 1985-89: Perestroika and Glasnost 1989: Tienanmen Square, Berlin Wall down German Unification 1991: Collapse of Soviet Union and end of cold war

Chile

After WW2, Chile went into an inflationary cycle, and riots and strikes broke out throughout the country. In 1946 special election, a coalition of Communists and former Popular Front supporters under Gabriel Gonzalez Videla was brought into power. The coalition soon broke off after Communists organized demonstrations and strikes. Within months, Videla fired the 3 Commies he had appointed to cabinet positions. He broke off relations with Soviet Union and outlawed Communist Party. In the 1952 election, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo returned back to power. Despite his reputation as an authoritarian, he ruled democratically until 1958.

Proto-capitalism: the new opportunities for private investors provided by (a) agricultural trade, ca. 1650 on, including markets in eastern Europe for grains and naval stores, mines in New World and beverages (coffee, tea, cocoa) along with (b) the East Indies companies—English, Dutch, French, etc:

An early form of trade. Agricultural trade allowed counties that did not produce enough to produce other things. Mines in the new world allowed for the mother country to make money off of their investment, and the East Indies allowed the refining of a company's power onto a country in much the same way as a colony but India was separated at this time.

Phases of Industrial Progress

Basic material- 1. coal, iron 2. steel 3. concrete, Power- 1. water, stream 2. steel 3. atomic power Best Products- 1. cotton, textiles 2. chemicals, rubber artificial dye Communication- 1. telegraph 2. telephone radio 3. Transport- 1. canals railroads 2. reinforced roads, trains, cars,planes 3. space ships Weapons- 1. muskets, old cannon 2. rifles, recoil cannon 3. nuclear

Phases of Industrial Progress

Chart from October 20th notes

Classic capitalism: reinvestment of profits (which could be siphoned off as idle consumerism or unproductive hoarding) in one's own capital (wealth-producing items—land, water, learned skills, manufactures, mills, mines, etc.) —> Marx overturns primacy of private ownership of mega-capital and works toward communal ownership and control (democratic, this).

Constitution rules vs 1 person rules In absolutism, the ruler is not subjected to laws, but in constitutionalism, the ruler is subjected to the laws, and can be tried if they don't follow the law.

Nationalisms (with forms): cultural vs. political, separatist and associative

Cultural: nation is defined by a shared culture, national identity defined by culture, traditions, and language Political: Separatist: advocacy for separation from a larger group Associative: only associate with one's culture, every other culture is shunned or looked down upon

Darwin

English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became popular

Ghana

First country to get free from Britain's control . Then every other colony in Africa compared to Ghana to see how they broke free. Also had a declaration of independence

swaraj and non-violent protest (Tolstoy, Gandhi, Martin Luther King)

First instances of protests where violence was specifically excluded. Allowed for people to go on without being shut down for being "Untruthful" or "Dangerous" Tolstoy was the first one to start "non-violent protests" followed by Gandhi and MLK

Lamark

French biologist who is best known for his idea that acquired characters are inheritable

Pantheism (Spinoza):

God and Nature are practically the same thing environmentalism of present has some pantheistic overtones

Deism of new science:

God made Nature and Nature's Laws so there is no need for him to indulge in miracles and meddling; indeed, if God dips into Time and changes something natural, He has become a criminal, breaking His own laws:

Polybian theory of regime

Good: Bad : Monarchy Tyranny Aristocracy Oligarchy Democracy mob rule Issues preventing good government: land poverty, powerful neighbors, lawlessness Chief issues 17th Century: too much nobility power, lack of taxes for new weapons, Religious Divisions. Polybius and founder thought that government was best mixed

Imperialism

Imperialism is an action that involves a country extending its power by the acquisition of territories. It may also include the exploitation of these territories, an action that is linked to colonialism.

Vietnam

Hours after Japan's surrender in World War II, Vietnamese communist Ho Chi Minh declares the independence of Vietnam from France. French forces seized southern Vietnam and opened talks with the Vietnamese communists as a response. In 1946, talks collapsed and French warships bombarded Haiphong. In December of 1945, First Indochina War began after Viet Minh launched attack against French in Hanoi. During the 8 year war, China supported Viet Minh, while US aided French and anti-communist Vietnamese forces. In 1954, French suffered major defeat at Dien Bien Phu and Vietnam was divided along 17th parallel at conference in Geneva. In late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh organized a communist guerilla movement in South, Viet Cong. North Vietnam and Viet Cong opposed series of ineffectual US-backed South Vietnam regimes and beginning in 1964 withstood US military intervention. On 2 September 1969, Ho Chi Minh died. Saigon, capital of South Vietnam, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City after it fell to communists in 1975.

environmentalism

We care about the environment that supports us If global warming reaches peak levels, it may cause severe floods and kill off many things --- Not good for Earth and for us

International activism: Metternich/Bismarck/Kissinger principle of foreign intervention (in Cold War, mirror images of same: Truman Doctrine, 1947 Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968). Conservatism of throne/church/noble land: not just European, also big in late Qing China, Japan till middle of Meiji restoration, and probably some Arab monarchies now)

Metternich Austria's Prime minister (1773-1859) Articulated monarchical conservatism- reinstituting kings and emperors ruling by divine grace Principle of legitimacy- a way to recognize exclusive monarchical rule in Europe, and to reestablish the borders of France (1789) Principle of balance of power- a basic policy of preventing any one state from rising to dominance over the other Failed in Germany, with no overall ruler since 1806 (Holy Roman Empire) Bismarck Italy's chancellor/prime minister (1862-90) Exploited a succession crisis in Denmark for a combined Prussian-Austrian campaign to annex Denmark's southern province of Schleswig-Holstein. Dissolved the German Confederation and annexed several German principalities after winning the war with Austria. Refused Napoleon's demands causing France to declare war on Prussia; Prussia won Annexed Alsace-Lorraine from the French, unified Germany, elevated the new new state to the status of empire (1871)

Israel

On 14 May 1948, Israel was established as the first Jewish country in 2000 years. British decided to withdraw troops and fighting broke out between Jews and Arabs after the withdrawal. Egypt launched an air assault that evening. The next day, forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded. During this conflict, Israel managed to increase its border by capturing Galilee, Palestinian coast and a strip of territory connecting coastal region to western section of Jerusalem. In 1949, UN brokered cease-fires left Israel in permanent control of this conquered territory. During the six-day war of 1967, Israel increased its border again by capturing from Jordan, Egypt, Syria, the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. In 1979, Israel and Egypt signed peace agreement in which Israel returned Sinai in exchange for Egyptian recognition and peace. In 1993, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel signed a major peace accord which envisioned gradual implementation of Palestinian self-government in West Bank and Gaza Strip. In 2000, major fighting between Israelis and Palestinians resumed in Israel and occupied territories.

Lyell

Scottish geologist largely responsible for the general acceptance of the views that all features of the Earth surface are produced by physical and chemical and biological processes through long periods of geological time

South Africa

Supporting Britain in WW2 helped South African economy to boom. This caused increase in black migration to cities for jobs, creating huge "squatter" camps on outskirts. In 1948, National Party won national election and policy of apartheid (separateness) was adopted. In 1949, Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act passed and by 1950, population was classified by race. The Group Areas Act divided urban areas into zones by race and Suppression of Communism Act outlawed organizations which sought political/social change. In 1951, Natives Representative Council was abolished and native reserves were grouped into 8 territories. In 1955, African National Congress (ANC) and other non-white organizations formed Congress of the People. In 1960, Pan-African Congress (PAC) launched a national campaign against pass laws. Crowds deliberately destroyed their passes in an effort to get arrested and clog the system. In March, police open-fired on crowd near Johannesburg and killed 67 people. Government used Unlawful Organizations Act to ban PAC and ANC. In 1961, white voters opted to leave British Commonwealth and revise the constitution, creating Republic of South Africa.

Non-Aligned Movement

The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics," by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979. The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations' members and contain 55% of the world population.

Bolshevism --> Communism

They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks or Reds came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federate Socialist Republic (RSFSR). ... Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism.

Self-strengthening (Chia) and kokutai (Japan)

To make peace with the Western powers in China, Prince Gong was made regent, Grand Councilor, and head of the newly formed Zongli Yamen (a de facto foreign affairs ministry). He would be assisted by a new generation of leaders (see below). By contrast, Empress Dowager Cixi was virulently anti-foreign, but she had to accommodate Prince Gong because he was an influential political figure in the Qing imperial court. She would, however, become the most formidable opponent of reform as her political influence increased. The majority of the ruling elite still subscribed to a conservative Confucian worldview, but following China's serious defeats in the First and Second Opium Wars, several officials now argued that in order to strengthen itself against the West, it was necessary to adopt Western military technology and armaments. This could be achieved by establishing shipyards and arsenals, and by hiring foreign advisers to train Chinese artisans to manufacture such wares in China. As such, the "self-strengtheners" were by and large uninterested in any social reform beyond the scope of economic and military modernization.

Cycle of reparations

Wed 8th of November class notes

Utopian Socialism --> scientific socialism (Marx)

Utopian socialism is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction. Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed "utopian socialism" as not being grounded in actual material conditions of existing society and in some cases as reactionary. Scientific socialism is the term first used by Friedrich Engels[1] to describe the social-political-economic theory first pioneered by Karl Marx. The purported reason why this form of socialism is "scientific socialism" (as opposed to "utopian socialism") is that it is said to be based on the scientific method, in that its theories are held to an empirical standard, observations are essential to its development, and these can result in changes and/or falsification of elements of the theory.

fascism

a political philosophy, movement, or regime (such as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader Ex: Nazi Germany, Italy and Mussolini

Social Darwinism

apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society.

Malthus

idea that population growth is potentially exponential while growth of food is arithmetical