History of Brazil, Test #2

Rubber Boom

(1900-1913) - Produced dreams of majesty in Brazil, where Rubber barons became very rich on the backs of exploited workers that get the sap out of a rubber tree. A guy named Henry Wickem, gathered rubber seeds secretly and sent them to Englend and then sent them to Malaya, and then competition from Malaya (then British colony) developed. Malaya had a different ecology = allowed them to grow rubber trees much faster. There were no natural predators there, but in Brazil, there was a fungus, making it impossible to have a plantation in Brazil.

Indian Protection service. He also strung a telegraph cable around Brazil's boundary, making the boundaries of Brazil very clear. ii. This connected states by telegraph cable and to explore the Western national boundary. iii. Teddy Roosevelt was good friends with Rondon, they went hunting and rafting together

Candido Rondon

Commodities Boom

1) Coffee Dominance -- 75% of the world supply, still #1 producer of coffee. #1 innovator - they develop different types of trees that are suited to different environments, a leader/pioneer of agriculture research. Brazil would become over-dependent, would sometimes over-produced and then destroyed 2) Rubber boom (1900-1913) - Produced dreams of majesty in Brazil, where Rubber barons became very rich on the backs of exploited workers that get the sap out of a rubber tree. A guy named Henry Wickem, gathered rubber seeds secretly and sent them to Englend and then sent them to Malaya, and then competition from Malaya (then British colony) developed. Malaya had a different ecology = allowed them to grow rubber trees much faster. There were no natural predators there, but in Brazil, there was a fungus, making it impossible to have a plantation in Brazil. 3) Early industrialization (small-scale, textiles, and food) -- Becomes the engine of growth in Europe, and also in Brazil. Breweries = a big industry that grows there. In 1907, there were 3,000 industrial establishments in Brazil - this is fairly small. By 1920, there were 13,000 establishments. Obviously the pace was picking up, concentrated in the South (Rio & San Paulo)

Why did Brazilians find Candomble so scary?

1) It looked sexual and could lead to immoraility, 2) Women lead the ceremonies, 3) drumming and dancing and since people were being possesed by the Orixas, this looked terrifying to police

European Immigration to Latin America - 1820-1932 (how many and why? Why did Latin America want the immigrants)

1) Numbers -- 6.5 mil go to Argentina, 4.4 mil go to Brazil (Brazil & Argentina are draws because now, with RR, there is increased land available to buy. Much like the US, they also had a lot of land), 1.3 go to Cuba (mainly from Spain) 2) So why did they want more Europeans? Whiten the population - too many blacks = people are worried that the country was "too black"

How did the French affect the Brazilians in 1750

1) spreads ideas of democracy & 2) the effects of Napoleon waging war = entire court transfers from Portugal to Brazil in 1808, and the population of Rio doubles. As the king comes to Rio and establish it as a co-kingdom. It was an innovation in order to save face because he was being kicked out of Portugal

Teddy Roosevelt and Brazil

1. A Brazilian statesman tells Teddy that Blacks were being separated and they aren't being included into society in the US, which is wrong. Brazil is including everyone, mixing, and they will come out the other side homogenous 2. Roosevelt responds that Black Americans have access to the American dream, but did not acknowledge the height of Jim Crow + Lynching

1800's timeline

1808 - Royal Court comes to Brazil 1822 -- Court leaves Brazil, Brazil becomes independent 1835-40 - Lots of Slave Revolts 1840 - Pedro II takes back over 1865-68 -- Triple Alliance War 1888 -- End of Slavery 1889 -- Republic is declared

When did Brazil declare independence & why

1822, Brazilian aristocrats liked the idea of a co-kingdom and, when the crown goes back to Portugal and Brazil is demoted from co-kingdom, Brazilians are pissed off since they liked the co-kingdom aspect. There begins to create growing sentiment that Portugal is just using Brazil and that Brazil no longer needs Portugal

Confederation of the Equator (when, what was it)

1824, a short-lived free people's rebellion that occurred in the northeastern region of Brazil after that nation's struggle for independence from Portugal. The secessionist movement was led by wealthy landowners who opposed early reforms by the nation's first leader, Emperor Pedro I. The fight occurred in Pernambuco. The second revolt

Abolitionism in Brazil, Dates

1831 - the slave trade is contraband trade, slaves could sue that they could sue to get out of slavery if brought during this time 1850 - actual end of the salve trade, talks about disease brought from Africa (maybe) is what ended it. 1871 - Free Womb Law 1884 - Abolition in Ceara, a province in the North, as slaves were traded from the North to South = it was bad. Already, Pedro II was indicating that he would free slaves, but felt encumbered since his friends/elites were all wealthy landowners. 1885 - Sexagenarian Law - any slave who reaches 60 is freed 1888 - Abolition via the Golden Law

War of the Cabanos (when, what happened)

1832-35, an uprising of the poorer classes in Pernambuco. Occurred again in 1838 where poor people across the entire province of Maranhao united. Wanted Pedro I to come back since the new regime was facing financial difficulties, with foreign trade almost stagnant, cotton and cane sugar prices declining, and the customs waived for England continuing. This financial instability led to riots that erupted throughout the Empire of Brazil in that period. The movement lost its drive once Pedro I died in 1834.

Guerra dos Farropos (when, where, who, why)

1835-45, Rio Grande Do Sul, A war that was started by Farmers in Rio Grande do Sul. Caused by Uruguay and Argentina selling cheaper beef = putting them out of business. A Republican uprising that began in southern Brazil, with the support of the Italian fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, was the second longest/bloodiest war of slave uprisings behind the War of Cabanagem.

Sabinada Revolt (when, where, what happened)

1837-38, in Bahia, a revolt by military officers. They wanted a republic, a liberal republican revolt. Calling for the abolition of slavery and the redistribution of land, the rebel "Bahia Republic" fought against the government for one year until their capital of Salvador was conquered.The Brazilian government dispatched forces to subdue the Sabinada revolt, but many of the loyalist troops deserted to join the rebels. The rebels took over the regional capital of Salvador, but they found little support, even from the slaves. In March 1838, Salvador was blockaded and besieged by the government,

Balaiada Revolt (when, where, why was it important)

1838-41, in Maranhao. The Maranhão region, which exported cotton, suffered a severe economic crisis because of competition with the increasingly productive United States = explain the involvement of the slave and poorly paid free workers in the movement. It started off as an internal liberal v. conservative fight that turned into a poor v. rich fight.

Triple Alliance War

1865-70, It was Paraguay v. Brazil, Argentina, and the newly formed Uruguay (which the British create). Cause: leader of Paraguay declares that some of Brazil + Argentina + Uruguay's territory is Paraguayan = they go to war. Brazil did not want to lose access to this river because: 1) Their navy hung out on this river & 2) Cow trade was done on this river. Lasted for 3 years, due to resilience of Paraguayans and the incompetence of Brazilian military. This exposes that Brazil's military is bad and they need to impress slaves to beef up the military Results: 1) Paraguay ends up losing half of its male population in the war 2) All slaves that fought in the war then were freed - this became a slippery slope and abolitionist gained ground 3) the shock of the losing battles to lowly Paraguay lead to a process of professionalism of the military. They began to train the officer core better - the military became a place to gain prestige. These people then pick up the idea of Positivism

Free Womb Law

1871, It was intended to provide freedom to all newborn children of slaves, and slaves of the state or crown. Slaveholders of the children's parents were to provide care for the children until the age of 21, or turn them over to the state in return for monetary compensation. Law was the beginning of an abolition movement in Brazil, but it turned out to be more of a legal loophole than a radical measure. Only a few people were freed under the law.

Sexagenarian Law

1885, All Slaves over 65 are now free.

Golden Law (NUMBERS, when, what was it, what was the result)

1888, ends slavery in Brazil. Pedro II's daughter (Isabella) actually signed it since Pedro was conveniently out of town. It was very popular, but very few slaves were affected by it -- gradual abolition had actually worked. In 1872, there were 10 million people in the country, only 1.5 million were enslaved (only about 15% -- the 1830's # was 45%)

When did the Republic begin

1889

Canudos (when was it, where was it, who started it, what happened)

1893-97. A town in the interior of Brazil (state of Bahai). It was considered the backlands compared to the civilized coasts. A guy named Antonio Conselheiro establishes a town in Canudos in response to the positivism and republicanistic politics. It was a cult almost, with a mix of mystical Catholicism thrown in. The new Republic thinks that this is a threat and sends a military in - the military gets beaten in Canudos twice. After this major embarrassment, the military comes back and massacres all of the civilians & take Conselheiro's head back to Salvador.

The International Exposition

1922, Brazil was celebrating their centennial, but was really a form of national mobilization of internal exposition. Eventually would become a World Fair ii. Mexico sends a representative that was a race theorist - he says that out of Mexico, we are making something new and better => a cosmic race. This identity is called indigenismo. 1. Brings a statue of Cuauhtémoc to Rio, who is a Mexican indigienous hero. Modern art/Canabilism = Brazilian modern art is edgy, see previous notes. This was presented at the International Exposition

Joaquim Nabuco (what did he say that we said was important in class)

A liberal spokesman for abolition of slavery in the 1880s. aSon of a imperial politician, he was an abolitionist, served in Pernambuco - says that we should have just waited hundreds of years later to discover Brazil, then there wouldn't have been African slaves/Indigenous people there. Only those that have an invested interest in keeping that property can properly treat the land well. Slaves obviously don't do this - they are just laboring for laboring sake since they don't own the land

Andre Reboucas

A mixed race intellectual from a prestigious family like Nabucco, but had a different view of slavery - He says that if we really think slavery is bad, then we should give the slaves land or some form of reparations.

Effect of Royal Court moving to Brazil

Arrived in 1808 because of Napoleon, they bring printing press, start higher education, population doubles within 12 years in Rio

French diplomat in Rio, he was disgusted by the racial mixing going on. He published books on the inequality of human races. Part of the scientific racism movement in 1850's

Artur de Gobineau

What did the Social Structure look like during early to mid 1800s

Based off of 1) Color - i. White ii. Mulatto iii. Black 2) Place of Birth i. Brazil ii. Africa This created a small Elite class -- A lot would be white, but not all! These would be great preconditions for Brazil declaring a republic in 1889.

Getulio Vargas

Came to power in 1930 revoltution against the entrenched power of the country's center-south (Sao Paulo, Rio, and Minas Gerais). This replaces the oligarchy. People support him because of the economic strains of the country and that other regions feel like they aren't being represented in the government. i. Under Vargas, each region now starts to acquire a national identity

Urbanization and the Rich in the late 1800s v. early 1900s

Cities have never been so diverse before, with such large populations. Some reacted with scientific racism, but there was this idea that the upper class felt like they had a responsibility to deal with the problems of crime and be guardians of morality. The idea of whitenening and scientific racism is progressing - previously, the cross mixing was looked down upon. Then, by 1910s, it was believed that interracial mixing would make the offspring white and the entire country will be whiter. This sounds great, but the white hierarchy is still there since white is still considered much better. This idea of mixture would be key to their ideas of what Brazil was - this made Brazil "great." This was exemplified by an expo of modern art in 1922 - the theme became anthrophagie - aka canabolism. Taking other ideas and cultures, processing it, and producing something new. Brazilians are not "imitating" Europe, they are putting their own spin on something with a distinctive Brazilian flair.

Commodity Boom (NUMBERS, what is it, when was it, what are some examples of it)

Comes as the result of the exports of Brazil from 1870's to WW1. One big area of this commodity boom was in Rail Roads: Brazil goes from 450 miles of RR in 1868, 18,000 by 1920's. Rio is also developed significantly; they dynamited away hills and built European/Paris looking avenues, and living conditions like "The Beehive"

A military engineer slash journalist, and he was assigned to the army in Canudos in 1897 (an interior town in Bahai). He published a book in 1902 about the Canudos Massacre. He ultimately argues "who are the savages?" Points to the desecration of Conselheiro's head --- we should admire the peasant's tenacity and we should notice that this "bedrock of our race" were able to hold off the army twice.

Euclides de Cunha

What ended Slavery

Golden Law, 1888.

What differentiated Slaves during Slave revolts

First, a slave is a slave if they do not wear shoes. Second, slave uprisings often distinguished between African-born slaves and Brazilian-born slaves. Showed that birth place was their most salient social difference during the early 1800s.

Artur Ramos

Followed in Raimundo Nina Rodrigues's footsteps - a doctor/psychiatrist who pursued the study of ethnology, folklore and racial differences. Originally a Scientific Racist, He became interested into the "African contribution" to brazil ==> he ultimately decided that there was no hierarchy of races, but that mixing could make Brazil better

Malê Revolt (when did it happen, what happened, why do we care)

Happened in 1835 in Salvador. Unique because 1) 600 people participated, involving free blacks, African born AND Brazilian born slaves, united by religion. 2) It was urban. It failed because an informant leaked information early to masters so the rebellion was chaotic. Reaction = deportation, hanging leaders, and many new laws were passed. This would be the last major slave revolt since Pedro II would soon take back over as King to create a more stable period. Many consider this rebellion to be the turning point of slavery in Brazil. Slaves continued to pour into Brazil immediately following the rebellion, which caused fear and unrest among the people of Brazil. They feared that bringing in more slaves would just fuel another rebel army.

Criticism of the Candomble piece

He says that they were just praying to the Saints to pretend that they were, but that's probably not true.

Silvio Romero

He was one of the most famous intellectual in Brazil. Said that Africans have had the most impact on the history of Brazil, that the whites have had familial relations (aka, a glossing over of the rape of Black people). This was a narrative that was pushed further into the 20th century

Gilberto Freyre

Influential writer, he was very Catholic but went to Baptist places (Baylor University and then to Colombia for anthropology and studied under Franz Boas). Boas shifted the entirety focus of anthropology. He writes "The masters and the Slaves" - says that slaves were super close, familial/fraternal relations with their masters that results in a mixture + fluidity between people. He would describe this as Racial democracy and becomes a very popular phrase

One of the French artists that was brought over by the crown in 1808. He trains a lot of Brazlian artists in his style (who was he and what did he paint)

Jean-Baptist Debret (1768-1848) -- his paintings frequently illustrated what brazil looked like, specifically looking at slaves: the domestic, the day-to-day images of slaves doing farm work. He was also interested in ethnic divisions within slaves as well, he recognized different tribes/ethnicity

the animal game, gambling, was an example of how the rich felt the need to impose morality among the urbanizing poor.

Jogo de Bicho, the animal game, gambling, was an example of how the rich felt the need to impose morality among the urbanizing poor.

Russian diplomat, published a record of his travels throughout Brazil. Painted bad conditions on slave ships but didn't present them as dying and sick = bc this was Romanticism period. Stark contrast to the Brazilian attitude of the day which focused on Baroque

Johann Mortiz Rugendas

Liberalism in Brazil

Law students studying at San Paulo Law school were adopting the idea of liberalism, and thus abolitionism. Liberalism = Economic freedom (eg Free trade) & Emphasis on the individual freedom. Slavery = a direct contradiction to this. Pedro II takes this into account and creates a parliament right as Brazil declares itself independent in 1822.

Why was the New Republic so close to abolition?

Liberalism & There was new political practice - people were advocating for political issues in public places. This brought the elitist politics to the masses (mainly law students did this) and they felt like they could change society through Positivism

Scientific Racism in 1850's (What is it, who are the famous people associated with it?)

Modern genetics was developing; people are realizing that genes can be passed down to progeny. Then, it was inevitably applying this to race => Poly-ancestors become more popular - they then argue not to mix races and Europeans came from Big people associated with it = Raimundo Nina Rodrigues, Artur de Gobineau

The Naval Rebellion 1893-94

Navy ship rebels against the government due to harsh punishment going on, they take over the ship and turn the guns onto the govenremnt. This event, while eventually deescalated, proved to be the catalyst for the attack on Canudos since the government was seen as weak.

Cabangem Revolts (when, where, why, what was special about it)

Occurred in 1835-40 in Para, they wanted complete independence from Brazil since they were so far away from everyone else. The bloodiest of all of the uprisings, where 100,000 people (about 40% of the population) is killed by slave revolts. The uprising was so successful since where they lived was so far away from a city center. The slaves were tired of being subjugated

Documentation by Magalhaes

Poet, Writes about the plantation owners (who don't want to improve their plantation) and the slaves (who are basically savages and are only humans because they speak Portuguese). This shows why this group in Maranhao are revolting against the government/strict social structure.

Taught at medical school in Bahia (one of 2 medical schools). Introduced anthropological questions and techniques into medicine. He was interested in Afro-Brazilians. He was interested in criminology - thought that you could predict with anthropometric techniques (aka study what they looked like) and you could predict what crimes they would commit. Obsessed with brain contours Was part of the scientific racism movement of the 1850s

Raimundo Nina Rodrigues

The beehive

Reflection on urbanization and living conditions. "The Beehive" or courtisos - read the book passage, it's very loud (people are yelling, parrots) & smelly (latrines nearby), clearly very dense ii. The description is racial and sexual as well. The book talks about the dangers of living together, promiscuity (in between races!!!) is large. He is writing about the dangers of these living conditions - and how people should avoid them.

Documentation by George Gardner

Scottish Botanist, writes a book for British audience. In the town over from Maranhao. This guy wrote the story about the mob-like leader that was head of exporting medicine/dye. The regional, power boss, mob-like leader thought that it was crazy that someone would come to Brazil not to make money. He is a fair guy, he is more feared than respected. He could raise an army in a second since he let large amounts of people squat on his land Shows that Pedro II and monarchy have lost control of every day life in Brazil.

Positivism (when, what is it, who came up with it, what are some of its principles)

Spread in the 1870's, All knowledge needs to be concretely verified through experiments. The idea associated by Auguste Comte in Brazil. His ideas were picked up mainly by law students and military officers. Comte saw the world as progressing through 3 stages of progress: 1. Theology - God/religion is holding the state together 2. Metaphysics - the enlightenment, new ideas of governance/society that leads to democracy 3. Science - phase where society would perfect itself. This would eventually be established as a religion - "Church of Positivism" would be established and they worshipped science.

When did Coffee Economy start? Where?

Starts early 1800s, solidly established by the mid 1800's as "Coffee is Brazil and Brazil is coffee." Originally, Coffee started in Rio but they did not use contour planting and their soil moved away from the river valley. Eventually coffee would move to Western San Paulo because it was much less hilly

Pedro II

Takes over power in 1840 of the independent Brazil once he grows up. Pedro II reasserts power over the other Brazilian States, crushes slave revolts. He also ushers in a conciliatory period of stable rule by establishing the parliament (with senators named for life), but he exerts his control via his veto power. He used his "moderating power" (in Constitution) in a responsible way but, He was, at heart, Conservative - he would give out titles among the elite to solidify his position

Indigenismo

The 1920's-30s witness a wave of interest in indigenous populations throughout Latin America - a valorizing of Indian culture "back then" while Indians now were sort of an embarrassment. They weren't integrating into the community.

Praieira Revolt

The last of the revolts. also known as the Beach rebellion, was a movement in the Pernambuco region of Brazil that lasted from 1848 to 1849. The revolt, influenced by revolutions taking place in Europe, was due in part to unresolved conflicts left over from the period of the Regency and local resistance to the consolidation of the Brazilian Empire that had been proclaimed in 1822. The movement was led by radical elements of the Liberal Party of Pernambuco against the ruling Conservatives.

Samba

The mix of Jazz players and young intellectuals mix and feel like they were "slumming" by catching a show at the samba club. This isn't something that is just happening in Brazil, but to France, US, etc. 3. Samba - there is an illicit aspect of it, it was an underground/fringes of polite society. People would be listening to this sort of music and would gamble illegally. These intellectuals love it because they feel like this is the real Brazil. 4. People that play the role that Freyre plays = were cultural mediators. This is what shows that someone from the elite can be the leaders 5. It is different from Jazz, it is something that is our own (Brazil) - what happens in 1930: Vargas comes to power and upends the old republic. a. Old republic = despotic, oligarchical since only three states run the government. Vargas unifies the movement and tries to unite everyone together. 6. Samba benefits from Freyre AND politically w/ Vargas who tries and centralizes the tradition. He does the same thing with Carnival. a. The birth perhaps of nationalism.

Documentation by Koster

Travels in Brazil in 1816. He is an Englishman, who, on advice of his doctor, goes to Brazil to try and grow sugar. His audience is for people of his class/some wealth in England. He describes how he only saw slave women, no white women in the streets. He is valuable because: 1) i. He is an ouside source that can tell us what was different between the two cultures. 2) Koster is also super good at describing technology and interactions (eg, Koster saw that there was little innovation in the sugar mills. That is because the technology did not improve from 200 years earlier) Race: In Brazil, there is not a strict social structure for Mulatto's. If a mulatto has papers/a job that show that a man is successful/rich, then he can not be mulatto, he must be white. Its not quite money = whiteness, it is a bit more complex.

Political parties of Brazil

Two parties: Liberals = Liberalism & incremental end to slavery, Conservative = pro-slavery, Church supporters, federalist.

Tenetismo

a political philosophy of junior army officers who contributed significantly to the Brazilian Revolution of 1930. i. mid-level Military officer revolt at the same time as the Week of Modern Art during the International exposition ii. low level officers lead uprisings in 1922 & 1924 calling for election and education reforms. Since they were not from the elite, were upset about the elite dominated society. They marched around the country on foot, gaining popular support and evading capture. The creation of military created a hot bed of positivism, took education and training seriously, and this brought these revolts. The army saw itself as an important institution in society beyond defense, but also as a means for social progression. This would lead to Vargas rise to power

Candomble

a religious and underground abolition movement. The term comes from a Bantu word It: i. Harbored fugitive slaves through an interconnected web ii. It was a syncretic New World religion where people prayed to both Catholic Saints and the Orixas (aka group of mystical gods from Yoruba deities). iii.. Presented United/legitimized a shared heritage -- linking slaves to their heritage back in Africa rather that separating African-born slaves & Brazilian-born slaves = a unifying force across ethnic lines.

Timeline of Regional Revolts

a. Pernambucan Revolution, 1817, Pernambuco b. Confederation of the Equator, 1824, Pernambuco c. War of Cabanos, 1832-35, Pernambuco d. Cabangem, 1835-40, Para e. Sabinada, 1837-38, Bahia f. Balaiada, 1838-41, Maranhao g. Guerra dos Farrapos, 1835-45, Rio Grande Do Sul h. Praieira Revolt, 1848, Pernambuco

Castilho - What did he say

centrality of theatrical and carnival performances to the making of the Brazilian abolitionist movement. Based on the case study of Recife, it argues that these cultural manifestations were integral to broadly politicizing the problem of emancipation and to constructing abolitionist public opinion. Important not only for consolidating popular support, abolitionist performances also created new codes for political expression and recast the terms of political belonging, or citizenship. In the wake of the wide disenfranchisement stemming from the 1881 electoral law, the performances portrayed abolition as a national issue and thus legitimized the possibility for collective intervention. The consolidation of an abolitionist movement transformed the workings of the local politics of slavery, forcing the provincial and municipal governments to confront the matter through the adoption of emancipation funds. As abolitionist performances extended the parameters of political participation, however, they also produced narratives of progress that both stigmatized Africanness and elided the place of freed slaves within the newly envisioned body politic. Abolitionist performances, then, challenged the institution of slavery but left unscathed cultural assumptions about racial difference and hierarchies. Abolitionist performances, dynamic and complex, became a crucial vehicle for spurring popular political mobilization in the 1880s, a practice that reverberated nationally.

Period of Conciliation

from 1850-60's, period after Pedro II takes over and establishes peace. Otherwise, there were lots of uprisings. Ended with Abolition + establishment of the republic

Elena Morely Diary

great granddaughter of the British owner of a mine in MohoVelo. Originally published in 1946, primarily for friends and family that eventually became a runaway hit. It takes place in the 1890's. Poor monetarily, but not community. Family had slaves, but they were actually freed who wanted to stay.

The 1940 census v. 1890

i. 1890 = 56% was black/brown ii. 1940 = 38% began to identify as white 1. So, what happened? Why are people now self-describing as white? People are now switching, obviously reflecting a set of ideas of what do people want to be.

What were the free revolts going on during the early-mid 1800s (and why do we care?)

i. Anti-Portuguese riots -- caused by increased Brazilian nationalism since the Portuguese are now clearly seen as the new enemy -- they are taking a lot and not giving much. Instead of going to war with them, you get an episodic mobs that would attack Portuguese Administrators/shopkeepers. ii. Military -- Most people were impressed into the army and they Poorly trained and it was very poor. iii. Federalist efforts -Secessionist efforts that sought more autonomy within the context of a free Brazil since Pedro II had not yet established more control over certain areas. These revolts are important because they also helped inspire slave revolts

What were the 5 reasons for Slave revolts?

i. Rising sugar production = worse working conditions for slaves to make up for decreased profits ii. Growing # of African slaves being imported = more numbers to riot with. iii. Lower food production - since the majority of Brazil was using that land for sugar/cash crops instead of food, food shortages were common iv. Conflict within free population - see free revolts. Slaves saw these revolts as inspiration (Anti-Portuguese riots, Military riots, Federalist riots) v. Geography - isolated plantations that don't have good connections to the military/police = takes a lot of time for help to come. Therefore, it was easy to cause a riot/kill the plantation owner.

Pernambucan Revolt

of 1817, one of the first free persons revolt, occurred in the province of Pernambuco in the Northeastern region of Brazil, and was sparked mainly by the decline of sugar cane production, liberal ideas from French Enlightenment Philosophers. Revolution is also notable for being one of the first attempts to establish an independent government in Brazil

Urban Brazil in the Belle Epoque (when is it, what happened?)

refers to the time period in Europe that optimism and urban renewal projects get going -- characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations, 1870s-1920s