history of computers

novbel prize in 1956

Willian Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen won the:

Input data Store data Process data Output data/results

based on the concept of John von Neumann, all computers process data by carrying out four specific activities:

automate job

because of program

100,000

circuits/cubic foot of transitor

step reckoner

could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots

vacuum tubes

electronic circuits for first generation computer

transistors

electronic circuits for second generation computers

Microprocessor

electronic circuits of Fourth Generation Computers

integrated circuits (IC)

electronic circuits of third Generation Computers

artificial intelligence natural intelligence parallel processing

example of Fifth Generation Computers

Charles Babbage

father of computer and invented analytical engine

Ada Augusta

first computer programer

modern computer era

first draft initiated the _____________________________

EDVAC

first electronic computer to use stored-program

10 million

how many circuits does IC have

6000

how many circuits/cubic foot does vacuum tube have

digits

in abacus the beads represent the

places - units, tens, hundreds, and higher multiple of ten

in abacus the rods represent the

John von Neumann

invented the "first draft"

John Maucly and Presper Eckert

invented the ENIAC

· Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments in 1959

invented the IC

Ted Hoff of Intel in 1971

invented the microprocessor

Herman Hollerith

invented the tubulating machine for 1890 census

instructions simple program automate job

jacquard's loom emphasizes three computer components:

virtual memory

mimic behavior of primary memory

Grace Hopper

popularized the term "bug" and "debugging"

1959-1964

second generation computers

magnetic tape

secondary memory of second generation computers

magnetic tape

secondary memory/ storage of third Generation Computers

punched cards

secondary memory/storage for first generation computer

simple program

series of instructions

debugging

signifies solving a computer problem

gigaseconds

speed of Fifth Generation Computers

picoseconds

speed of Fourth Generation Computers

microseconds

speed of second generation computers

nanoseconds

speed of third Generation Computers

pascaline

the first mechanical adding machine

milliseconds

the speed of first generation computer

machine and assembly languages

the use of first generation computer

bug

to signify any system failure

vacuum tubes

transistor replaced _____________________ as electronic circuits in computers

Willian Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen from Bell Labs in 1947

transistor was develop by:

programming languages (COBOL, FOrtran, Symbolic)

used of second generation computers

· First machine capable of processing statistical information from punched cards

used of tubulating machine

instructions

used punched card

large and bulky generated enormous amounts of heat burned out frequently causing computer to be down for large amounts of time

vacuum tube is

1943

when was the ENIAC invented

1810

when was the Jacquard's Loom invented

1642

when was the pascaline invented

1671

when was the step reckoner invented

Blaise Pascal

who invented the pascaline

Gottfried Leibniz

who invented the step reckoner

Alan Turing

worked on Colossus computer in 1943

future development of computer

Ada Augusta notes for analytical engine was used in the ______________________________

ENIGMA

Alan Turing used this in World War II for cracking German codes

natural intelligence

Communicate with computer using everyday language

artificial intelligence

Computer learns from itself

fingers

Early humans counted on their ___________ - evolution of base 10 numbering system

Future

Fifth Generation Computers

1951-1958

First Generation Computers

abacus

First calculating mechanism

electronic numerical integrator & calculator

First electronic computer to go into operation

Apple Macintosh

First programmable computer available for personal use First computer to use Graphical User Interface

1971-present

Fourth Generation Computers

Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak

Invented Apple Macintosh in 1984

Nobel Prize in 2000

Jack Kilby won the

vacuum tube

Konrad Zuse used it in 1941 instead of electromagnetic relays

1965-1970

Third Generation Computers

parallel processing

Ability to process millions of instructions simultaneously

silicon chip

- silicon crystal that IC is etched in

input device processor control unit storage facility output device

5 characteristics of computer