Chapter 7 Sections 1 and 3

Populist Party

founded by the Farmer's Alliances, political party, included farmers and some industrial workers, both black and white members

Franchisement

granting someone the right to vote. 15th amendment granted all men the right to vote

High Tariffs

hated by farmers, made machinery expensive and the cost of food overseas dropped

De Facto Segregation

it was a fact things would be segregated. African Americans faced widespread segregation in the North as well as in the South.

Niagara Movement

it was helped founded by W.E.B Dubois. In the summer of 1905 a group of thinkers met to discuss racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices

Jim Crow Laws

laws that kept blacks and whites segregated or apart

Anti-suffrage

men and women who did not want women to have the right to vote; believed it would take away from their families and make women too masculine

Chinese Exclusion Act

passed in 1882; tried to ban Chinese laborers from entering the country

Inflation

prices are high, increase of amount of money in circulation, the value of the dollar is down, farmers like inflation

Literacy tests

voters had to pass "understanding tests"

Poll taxes

voters had to pay a tax to vote

William Jennings Bryan

wanted low tariffs, an economy based on Gold and Silver (inflation) and was Anti-Imperialist. At the Democratic Convention he secured the Presidential nominee with his famous Cross of Gold Speech. Using images from the Bible, he states "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

Gold Bugs (Big Business and banks)

wanted the money supply to be reduced-just be based on gold, caused deflation, prices would go down, the value of the dollar would go up

Silverites (Farmers and Miners out West)

wanted the money supply to increase-be based on gold and silver, caused inflation, prices would go up, the value of the dollar would go down

De Jure Segregation

Segregation by law

Susan B. Anthony

Voted in an election in 1872 and was arrested. Awaiting trial, she toured the nation, delivering a powerful speech on the issue

Plessy vs. Ferguson

as long as States maintained "separate but equal" facilities, they did not violate the fourteenth amendment . Upheld Jim Crow

Populism legacy

helped lead to the creation of the Progressive Period and Progressive Party; did lead to a graduated income tax, regulation of the railroads and a more flexible monetary system

Disenfranchising

taking away the voting rights of African Americans; taking place in the South; violation of the 15th amendment

what 3 important leaders emerged and called for equality during the Gilded Age?

Booker T. Washington, W.E.B Dubois, and Ida B. Wells

The Results of the Presidential Election of 1896

Bryan lost. He could not carry the votes out side of the Mid-West. Industrial workers did not want inflation-cost of living would go up

19th amendment

In June 1919, Congress approved; giving all women the right to vote

Temperance

the ban of the sale of liquor. Women will play important roles in other reform movements such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

Suffrage

the right to vote. In the 1900's, women's suffrage movement was reenergized

Women

During the Gilded Age, leaders wanted to further the rights of women and were disappointed when women were not included in the 14th and 15th amendments

The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They wanted an Amendment for Women's Suffrage

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Formed from the Niagara Movement. The NAACP were black and whites. The group's strategy was to use the courts to challenge unfair laws. Du Bois served as Secretary to the NAACP. Helped Middle Class people

Carrie Chapmen Catt

Headed the NAWSA; had a "winning plan" to gain women suffrage; lobby Congress for a national amendment and go State by State passing suffrage laws

Mexican Americans

In the Southwest, four out of five Mexican Americans lost their land after the Mexican-American War despite a treaty which guaranteed their property rights

Alice Paul

Leader of the National Women's Party (NWP); used radical strategies to gain women's suffrage such as hunger strikes and protest marches

Value of Money

Linked to the money supply. If the government increases the money supply, the value of every dollar drops.

The Grange

Organized to help farmers form cooperatives and pressured state governments to regulate businesses like the railroads and farmers fought for new education on new farming technique. It was founded by Oliver H. Kelly

Ways that Southern States were practicing disenfranchisement against African Americans(voting rights were restricted)

Poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses

What are some ways that African Americans refused to accept their status as second class citizens

they established newspapers, women's clubs, fraternal organizations, schools and colleges, and political associations

Margaret Sanger

She opened the first birth control clinic

Working Women

They began to gain better jobs during the Progressive Period, which led them to fight for labor and voting rights. The number of women attending college increased.

Bimetallic Standard

U.S money was based on gold and silver until the financial panics of the late 1800s

Farmers

Unemployment was high, financial panics in 1873 and 1893 had hit the country, the government raised tariffs, and farmers over borrowed and over produced and suffered. Created a network of organizations first in the Midwest and then in the South and West to address their problems (like labor unions for Farmers)

William Mckinley

Wanted high tariffs, a gold standard economy (deflation) and was for Imperialism

WWI

When the U.S entered WW1 in 1917, Carrie Catt and Florence Kelly led the NAWSA to support the war effort. Their actions and those of the NWP convinced people to support a women's suffrage amendment

Presidential Election of 1896

William Mckinley (Republican) ran against William Jennings Bryan (Democrat/former Populist)

Deflation

the government reduces the amount of money in circulation, causes a drop in prices, value of the dollar goes up, banks like deflation

Western States that allowed Women to vote

Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho

Las Gorras Blancas

a Mexican American group, fought for their rights by inflicting property damage on landowners and publishing grievances in their own newspaper.

Grandfather clauses

allowed a person to vote as long as their ancestors had prior to 1866

Populist Party Goals

an increase circulation of money-inflation, the unlimited minting of silver, a progressive income tax, government ownership of RR's, an eight hour work day, a ban on using private police forces like the Pinkerton's

W.E.B Du Bois

argued that blacks should demand full and equal rights immediately. Du Bois felt the burden of achieving equality should not rest on the shoulders of African Americans alone. Du Bois earned a Ph.D from Harvard University. He believed that people should obtain a liberal arts degree to focus on skills that would be needed in the fight for Civil Rights

Booker T. Washington

believed that black citizens should accommodate themselves to segregation and build up their own economic resources through hard work. He founded the Tuskegee Institute and became known for providing "industrial education" often known as a vocational education. By working hard and waiting patiently, African Americans would gradually win white American respect and be able to exercise their full voting and citizen rights

What happened to voter turn out in the South?

black participation in politics fell dramatically

Ida B. Wells

devoted her life to the crusade against lynching. Wells also worked for women's suffrage. She helped found the NACW-National Association of Colored Women. They set up day care centers to educate children while parents went to work. She was a member of the NAACP. She became one of the first black women to run for public office when in 1930, she ran for the Illinois State Legislature

Chinese Americans

faced racial prejudice in the west; faced with severe job discrimination, some Chinese Americans started their own businesses

Urban League

focused on poorer workers. They set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and field work in the cities

Farmer's Alliances

formed to fight against monopolies. They wanted to regulate the railroads, increase the money supply (inflation), create state departments of agriculture and have anti-trust laws and farm credit (subsidies). They wanted it to be easier to gain a low interest loan. Women could be on the Farmers' Alliances. African Americans formed the Colored Farmers' Alliances which was separate

Florence Kelly

fought to end child labor; an advocate for women's rights; helped found the Consumers League and the Women's Trade Union League