History of Dance- Quiz #1

What makes up a Minukku character?

""radiant," heroic female characters

What are the characteristics of Balinese dance?

"Agem" is the fundamental stance. Although Balance and harmony are important tenets, the agem is an asymetrical pose; "Seledet" is the rapid eye movements. Hand movements are extremely expressive, but few have symbolic meaning (dissimmilar from mudras). They might reflect movements in nature (water, flying, birds or bees, flowers, etc.)

What makes up a Tati character?

"bearded", red, evil large white moustache across the face; white, Hanuman=monkey king; black demoness Kari

What is Hula 'auana like?

"drifting" or "wandering." It began in 1900s as a tourist vehicle. Grass skirts, flower leis, smiles, and costumes.

What makes up a Pacca character?

"green", virtuous/good type, wear chutti beard; kings, heroes, gods; satvik=virtuous, katti (knife) braved but flawed, indicated by white lines or cutti balls on nose and forehead.

Krishna

"man god", " avatar of Vishnu

What were devadasis viewed as?

"nautch" dancers, a pejorative term for street-dancer/prostitute, which launched the Anti-nautch campaign of 1892.

Devadasis

"servants of god"; hereditary profession; women could own land, wealth, etc.

What makes up a Teppu?

"special" creatures, , bird-like characters.

Where and when did Maori ancestors settle?

13th Century; settled on the two islands of Aotearoa.

When did Captain James Cook arrive in Aoterea?

1769

When did Cook arrive in Hawaii? When did he die?

1778; 1779

When did Christian missionaries, like Hiram Bingham, arrive in Hawaii? What did they condemn Hula as? When was it banned?

1820; Heathen nature; 1823

When did Hawaii illegally annex from the US?

1893

Bharata Natyasastra

2nd century treatise written by Bharata; preserved an already existing oral tradition of rules for theater and dance as to the appropriate subject matter, costumes, movements, etc.

Sun dance?

6-15 day long ceremony to renew community, bonds between earth and spirit, held during the full moon cycle of either June or July. Holy man selected a cottonwood tree to become the Mystery Pole at the center of the constructed "Mystery Circle"; Four female virgins would cut down the tree from four cardinal directions. The tree would be carried to the mystery circle and erected in a hole with sacred items; Main participants were young men.

What is the music for Balinese dance?

A Gamelon, which is a percussion instrument

When was Sun Dance banned?

Banned late 19th century by both the Canadian and US govt because it was seen as savage.

Where was the Majapahit Empire originally based? Also, where did it expand?

Based in Java, expanded to Bali in the 14th century, fell in the 16th century to Muslim invaders

Significance of Ghost Dance clothing?

Belief that handmade Ghost Dance shirts, painted with magical signs, would render them impervious to the washichu's bullets.

What are the details about Hula Halau?

Dance School. Students (haumana) lived with their teacher (kumu hula); It sought protection of Laka, goddess of hula, because any mistakes in mele or hula could invoke the wrath of the gods; decorated altar with sacred maile leaves; followed "kapu" or rules; uniki graduation, followed by ailolo pig roast; earned title of olapa (agile) or later ho'opa'a (steadfast)

When did it end?

Ended in 1890 with the murder of Sitting Bull and the subsequent massacre at Wounded Knee; After that, Indians were subject to reservation life, a breach of the 1886 Treaty of Laramie.

What are some attributes of Bosavi songs?

Fish, birds, and water are inspirations for song lyrics and melodies; songs link a clan to their land by referencing geological locations. The belief that some birds house dead spirits, and that their songs are voices of those spirits.

What is Bali's sacred volcano? What was its purpose?

Gunung Agung; Balinese used it for orientation ("Kaja" Toward volcano=good and positive, "Kelod" Away from volcano & toward the sea = where "buti" (evil spirits) live.

Who is Hi'iaka?

Hi'iaka is a goddess of the forest.

When did the Ghost Dance begin?

It began in 1886 by Wovoka, a visonary leader of Paiute tribe, started the Ghost dance religion. If the people would live peaceful lives, not fight, not drink, and dance the ghost dance, they would be lifted up, and all the washichu would die. Their ancestors would return, as would the buffalo and their way of life would be restored. It was banned by the US Gov't, who sent armed troops to the Lakota territory to stop the dancing.

What is powhiri? What is important to it?

It is a Maori welcome. Waiata and haka are integral (songs, dances, and history)

What is Haka ngarahu?

It is a dance performed for elders, who judged if warriors were ready for fighting

What is Haka taparahi?

It is a dance that can express joy, or contemporary grievances

What is Haka ngeri?

It is a dance that rouses a group to achieve its aims - i.e. the All Blacks, or NZ Navy

What is Haka peruperu?

It is a prelude to battle invoking Tuumatauenga, the god of war.

What did trance in a dance signify?

It is a religious experience because it allows for communication with ancestors, gods, and spirits. Sometimes, they can get propitiated with dances and offerings

What is the Calonarong dance?

It is a ritualistic dance-drama that steers away negative powers in a community. The dancers, specifically the kris dancers which are devotees to the Barong (lion), fall into a trance, where Rangda makes them stab themselves with their kris daggers, but the power of the Barong protects them from actual harm. The Rangda and Barong wear masks. Incense is used to come out of trance. Both male and female performers.

What is a gisaro?

It is a sing-sing for hosts and their guests. The hosts cook food, and elaborately decorate themselves with paint, feathers, and shell jewelry. Guests recruit four men to dance and sing solo, and a chorus. They compose songs evoking the melodies of birds and of water, with lyrics to elicit grief in their hosts. In retribution for grieving, the hosts violently burn dancer's shoulders. Men trade off solos all night until dawn. Guests give their hosts gifts of su, or compensation. This whole process reversed 6 weeks later, after burns heal.

What is entailed in the bharatanatyam?

It is a solo dance based on ancient temple dance, where a dancer can portray any character, or many characters, or perform rhythmic, non-narrative dance

What is mana?

It is a spiritual life force, from the gods to the king

What is Kathakali?

It is a story play (dance drama) that originated from an amalgam of artistic and militaristic practices, and flourished under the patronage of the nobility in the 17th century. It is traditionally performed by men rigorously trained in kalaripayattu, a martial art dating back to the thirteenth century that was practiced by the Nayar warrior caste. Although male kathakali performers did not sufer disdain, their professions were also affected by the loss of aristocratic support during the British Raj.

What are the attributes of a Baris dance?

It is an ancient devotional warrior dance derived from martial arts. It originated in the 16th century, danced by Majapahit soldiers as a martial exercise in defence of their kings as well as of their gods. Baris gede is a dance for men in a group of ~40-60, meaning "great line." There is no trance in this dance. It can be solo or group(up to 32). rehearsed & performed in unison with verbalizing. It is a devotional dance.

How is it performed?

It is done in large groups in simple circles around a mystery pole (a practice from the Sun Dance), movement went clockwise and counter-clockwise; people sang; induced trance that caused visions.

What is Legong dance? What are its attributes?

It is elegant and refined. Originated in the 19th century, traditionally danced at court by young girls chosen for their beauty and grace. This dance of the secular bali-balihan category is a mixture of both the sacred wali dance of the sanghyang dedari, and the classical court dance-drama, gambuh. It is rehearsed and performed for tourists (movements, such as low backbends, derived from Sanghyang dedari). 3 little girls perform. It is part abstract and part story. There is no trance involved. Unlike sanghyang, legong are highly trained dancers. Accompanied by a gamelan percussive orchestra.

What is Hula kahiko like?

It is the ancient dance. It derives from sacred form of worship. Dancers traditionally wore kapa bark cloth, leis of greenery, indigenous Hawaiian instruments(pahu and ipu drums, lava castanets, sticks), serious demeanor, mele chants followed scrupulously

What is Bebali dance?

It is the dances of the 2nd courtyard; dances for gods' entertainment. It is a narrative dance. It is made of Topeng dance, which is a solo or group masked form of dance drama.

What is the Ghost Dance?

It was a protest/reaction against oppression by washichu, or whites

What did flesh represent?

It was the equivalent of ignorance, so tearing flesh symbolizes breaking through ignorance to deeper knowledge, higher spiritual level.

What happens if the spirit is pleased?

It will manifest itself within the body of a dancer, who will then "speak" for the deity, answering questions on how to eradicate any misfortune.

What is the kapa haka? Purpose?

Kapa "to stand in a row or rank" Haka "dance and its accompanying song. The purpose of the dance was to belittle an enemy, welcome guests, or at tribal gatherings.

Where did Kathakali originate?

Kerala, India

What are the influences of Kathakali?

Kuttyam (form of theater), Kalaripayattu (martial art training), and Theyyam (folk dance by dancers with elaborately painted faces)

Who is Laka?

Laka is the goddess of the dance.

What dance did the Sanghyang Dedari inspire?

Legong

What was he perceived as?

Lono, a god.

What did Dr. M. Reddy write that outlawed the Devadasi profession?

Madras Devadasis Prevention of Dedication Act in 1947

What campaign ruined lives of tribes in the 19th century through systematic and violent oppression? How?

Manifest Destiny; Tribes were routinely forced off of their land and onto reservations, their way of life ignored, their culture decimated, their children forced into missionary schools..

What is the Maori sacred open meeting area?

Marae

What are the two parts of abstract dance?

Nritta & Abhinaya. Nritta interludes showcase the clarity of a dancer's technique; the performer does precise, rhythmic footwork in time to the music, and executes ornamental arm and hand gestures that have no specific meaning. Abhinaya (translated "communication") is the method in which a dancer uses gestures, poses, and facial expressions to convey the emotions and portrayal of the metaphoric text-based poetry.

What are the Balinese temple celebrations called?

Odalan

What are the character types?

Pacca ("green"), Tati ("bearded"), Minukku ("radiant") , Teppu ("special")

What did Maori call white men?

Pakeha

Who is Pele?

Pele is a goddess of the volcano

What are the elements of Hawaiian religion?

Polytheistic ("akua" = gods). "Heiau" were outdoor temples. "Kahuna" were priests. "Ha'a" was a sacred ritual of music and dance. "Mele" sacred chants, and "hula" dance were both repositories for Hawaiian mythology and history. "pahu" a sharkskin drum.

What did 19th century Christian missionaries prohibit?

Polytheistic religion, Haka and its sacred chants, discouraged tatooing.

Maori ideology?

Polytheistic; Mana is the power or authority from the gods, which exists in people and in nature. Tapu are imposed rules to be followed; Utu is compensation; Waiata are the songs that pass down ancestral knowledge and history.

What makes up the Sanghyang Dedari dance?

Pre-pubescent girls become ritually possessed by celestial deities for the purpose of exorcising illness. Little girls (or "sanghyang") are in "kerawuhan," or trance, they are oracles for celestial beings that descend into their bodies. These dances are held at night, beginning with the little girls inhaling incense in the temple. Female chorus slowly sings a sacred "kidung" that increases in tempo as possession approaches. When the trance sets in, the "cak" or male chorus, replaces the women's chorus. The Sanghyang are dressed in special costumes and headpieces and are carried out of the temple on a purifying journey through the village that culminates at the crossroads, where the sanghyang make repelling gestures toward the evil buta spirits that hang around in the graveyard.

What is the name of a Balinese temple?

Pura

Purpose of Ghost Dance Religion?

Purpose was to induce a peaceful return to Indian life

What is Bali's longtime religion? To what did it resist conversion?

Remained Hindu; resisted Christianity and Islam

What are the characteristics of Kapa Haka?

Rolling of the eyes (Pukana), Wild staring (Pukari), rapid hand vibrations (Wiri), Protrusion of the tongue("Whatero", men only), low stance, forceful arm gestures.

Who started the Kalashastra Academy in the 1920s?

Rukmini Devi. He made the bharatanatyam socially acceptable by replacing sringara with spiritual devotion

Which Lakota chief of the Sioux Plains tribes allowed his people to adopt the Ghost Dance religion?

Sitting Bull

Where was the Bharatanatyam originated?

Tamilnadu in SE India

In 1933, what was the new symbol of Indian cultural Identity?

The "tarnished" sadir dasi attam of the devadasis restructured into bharatanatyam

What are some universal ideologies from Native America?

The Great Mother, reverence for nature, The Happy Hunting Ground, Vision Quests - Shaman, Orenda (navajo term)

what was the Treaty of Waitangi?

The Maori ceded their governance in exchange for the possession of their lands, forests, and fisheries. Violated numerous times; Battled unsuccessfully against the British in 1860 to avoid colonization

Where do Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to?

The Polynesians coming in ~500 A.D.

What are the Calonarong dance narratives?

The main protagonists are the Rangda, a witch who represents destruction and controls leyaks, the Barong Ket, a lion-like creature that keeps demonic forces at bay. A battle between good and evil ensues between them, and although neither can vanquish the other, a temporary balance is restored.

Who escaped to Bali?

The top echelon of Javanese society (priests, aristocrats, artisans, dancers, musicians, and scholars)

What would Sun Dance candidates sacrifice?

Their flesh as an act of spirituality and thanks. They'd fast in preparation and contribute slices of flesh known as "red blanket". Some also pierced their pectoral muscles by hooks o eagle talons or wooden pegs attached to the mystery pole. They'd dance while attached pulling back until their flesh was ripped, and they were released. They danced with eagle bones in their mouths which they whistled through to mitigate pain.

What is the Kathakali repertoire?

There is a set repetoire of legends that come from the mythological puranas.

What is Bali-Balihan dance?

They are dances of the outer temple; secular, for entertainment.

What are some elements of Bosavi way of life?

They lived in communal longhouses, reciprocity and sharing food is crucial, high importance of birds and water, held sing-sings which are ceremonies of singing and dancing.

Where did clans (Iwi) live?

They lived in fortified settlements called "Pa"

Where did the Bosavi live?

They lived in the rainforest on the slopes of Mt. Bosavi in Papua New Guinea

What did Hula troupes do for the king?

They manifested the power of his mana

How many genres are there of Hula?

Two, Hula kahiko & Hula 'auana

What are the three categories of Balinese dance?

Wali, Bebali, Bali-balihan

What is the Maori community meeting house?

Whare tapere

What is the noble class of Hawaiian royalty?

ali'i

What gave validity to the Devadasis dance?

associating the dance with its origins in Sanskrit principles of drama found in the Bharata Natyasastra

Dasi attam

dance of the devadasis AND the original name of bharatanatyam

Shiva

destroyer (destroys in order to create)

What is a devadasis' costume?

dressed like a bride

What was King Kalakaua's nickname? His reign? What did he do?

known as "Merrie Monarch"; Reign from 1874 - 1891 (17 years); He revived traditional hula and mele and reinstated court dances, which became Hula ku'i; used ukelele

nattuvanars

male teachers of dance and conductors of music

The effect of British colonization on devadasis and their dance

members of the Indian Women's Movement, Hindu Brahmins, and Britisch colonial officials question the devadasis' vocation as entertainers, and the ritualistic and financial connections between the rulers and temples sustaining the devadasi system

Where was bharatanatyam originally performed? Who performed it?

originally performed in temples by women only; now on stage and men can perform it too; no sets or props, musicians are on stage.

What are the characteristics of Indian Classical Dance?

rhythmic footwork, accentuated by ankle bells; mudras, hand gestures that can have meaning or be ornamental; codified facial expressions, relate to the 9 emotions, or navarasas; Bharatanatyam subject matter, devotional dances to gods.

What is Wali dance? Two examples?

sacred and non-narrative dances done in the inner courtyard of temple. Two examples are "Sanghyang Dedari" (honored goddess nymphs) and "Baris" (line or row)

What is the Kerala Kalamandalam?

school for Kathakali performers to train

Sadir

solo devadasi dance form

Puranas

stories from Hindu mythology, recorded in the mahabharata and the Ramayana

Brahma

the creator

sringara

the expression of love in song, danced out by a devadasi in sadir

Vishnu

the preserver (has ten avatars, or incarnations)

Cultural beliefs tribes have in common?

women have high standing, importance of purifying rituals ie. sweatlodge, shaman medicine men or women healing individuals and tribe as a whole, importance of 4's (seasons, cardinal directions, elements), importance of the circle.