history of jazz ch 1-5 test
Wilbur Sweatman
-Known for dixieland jazz and ragtime. -First black composer to develop a national fan base. --"Down home rag" --Seen as a transitional recording from ragtime to jazz --Wilbur Sweatman clarinet with the Emerson Trio, (piano and trombone) --Uses secondary ragtime syncopation and swooping blue notes
triad
3 note chord with root usually located in the bass.. Are built from the root, 3rd and 5th of the scale
32-bar song form
8 bars(A) repeated (A) again, ending with a turn around to the contrasting 8 bar (B)Section the bridge and then the last 8 bars are A Unlike the blues song form refers to the tunes harmony and melody not th words And unlike blues it isn't formed to a certain harmonic progression Since 1930 people used songs for improvising Knowing the melodys gave listeners a way to keep their place within the tune once the cycle of choruses was established It is very common for composers to vary the AABA form with added measures Many popular songs start with a verse They are sung out of tempo serving as a bridge between spoken monologue and singing Another common form is the ABAC form A (8mm) B(8mm) A(8mm) C(8mm) Also referred to as A(16mm) A(16mm) popular form for broadway songs
ballads
A retelling of a local history folk legend
holy rollers
African american religious music impacted creole musicians Kid ory a french creole trombonist attended the holy rollers service to absorb the exuberant music Drums and piano reinforced the singing and clapping of the parishioners who ory found would get to swinging Cornists buddy bolden and joe oliver obtained a lot of their style from the church services
af american sea dance music
After the civil war freed slaves were pushed towards manual labor for jobs Music was one of the few alternative professions They were then hired to play music at formal dances Early part of 20th century dancing began to take place at resturants ad cabarets. These dances were less inhibited and more physical
little bands
Apply the same principles as big band but smaller and more compact in size Typically consist of a few horns and rhythm section
blues form
Basic harmonic form of 12 bar blues consists of chords i, IV, V In small combo jazz, composed head of a blues distinguishes one blues from another since much of the harmonic progressions would be identical from one blues to the next The head(melody) can provide inspiration for the improvised material to flow During improvised solos, chords may be added and/or substituted to the progression to create variations from one chorus to the next One common thing is a turnaround, which is a chord progression that leads the ear to a new part of the cycle or beginning of a new cycle Additional passing chords may be added as well The same harmonic devices may also be used within the chord structure of a composition as well Blues can be interrupted by introductions, modulations and contrasting sections But it is still a blues regardless of its tempo rhythmic groove and interruptions It is the foundation of rhythm and blues A (12 bar blues) B (16 bar blues) C (12 bar blues)
Minstrelsy
Because racism made it difficult for black performers to succeed white performers took on black style in an exaggerated fashion performing music and comedy and playing the banjo In 1843 Dan Emmets virginia minstrels put on a show in black face that depicted slave culture and was wildly popular Racist exaggeration in appearance were typical White audiences enjoyed these depictions Popular theatrical entertainment begun around 1830, in which white actors in blackface presented comic routines that combined racist caricature and social criticism.
breaks and stop time
Breaks: a form of monophony where musician plays solo while rest of band is quiet Stop time: a type of break where the band plays short chords at brief intervals with the soloist improvising on the breaks
Race Records
By 1920s the growing northeastern urban african american population wanted music that they could relate to and then race records were born White owned companies paid black performers a fee and denied copyright and were pressured into giving up ownership of their songs In 1940s the term race which was eventually considered offensive became known as rhythm and blues A term that came into use in the early 1920's to describe recordings by African American artists intended for sale primarily in the African American community.
half cadence and full cadence
Cadences in music are similar to punctuation in language Half cadence: end of a phrase sounds incomplete or unresolved Full cadence: end oh phrase feels fully resolved
spirituals
Call and response with religious poetry in two styles.. Polished style and orally transmitted congregational church singing Spirituals are highly interactional which influenced jazz musicians and mainstream culture a different folk tradition which transformed call and response songs into religious poetry by the 1920s it had turned to gospel music
chord degrees
Chords are classified according to the degree of scale they fall into May fall into two categories: Consonant- relatively stable dissonant - unstable Tonic triad is the focal point where other chords in a key are directed The I chord of tonic chord is the most stable The V chord or dominant chord is at the opposite end of the stability spectrum The IV chord or subdominant is in the center of the stability spectrum The twelve bar blues chord is based around these chords
clarinet and saxophone families
Clarinet Popular in new orleans and swing jazz but declined in popularity since Considered difficult to master Has widest range of any muscial instrument Saxophone family Soprano, alto, tenor and baratone sax are most common By 1930 became one of most popular instrument in jazz
sidney bechet
Clarinet and soprano saxophonist is considered first great jazz improvisor He made the saxophone central to jazz He traveled abroad during the 1920s spreading new music Born a creole he taught himself on the clarinet In 1916 started touring and settled in chicago While touring with cook sidney bought his first sax in london The band touring europe inspired the first serious jazz essay which was written by ernest ansermet and praised bechets singing In 1921 he was arrested for allegedly assaulting a prostitute and got deported to america While in chicago bechet attracted the attention of c]Will Marion Cook who offered to tour with him in Europe bechet joined cooks band and during the tour was when he switched from clarinet to sax and became well known for his saxophone work The tour helped popularize jazz in europe 1921 bechet teamed up with williams ( a pianist, composer, song publisher, and record producer) In the groups 1924 recording of "cake Walking Babies From Home" bechet proved to be the only one who could rival the upcoming louis armstrong
what are the two types of blues
Country blues vaudeville/classic blues
small combo
Derive from small dance halls and private dance sessions Small bands or combos rely more on improv rather than arrangements
foundation of jazz and its culture
Foundation of jazz is essentially african american but jazz people may be of any ethnicity African american : not a race but rather an ethnic or cultural group African american elements of jazz can be learned and shared by any ethnic group Use of polyrhythm, call and response and folk elements are not unique to any one culture.. even tho typically are given credits to the african americans Intermingling of these cultural elements combined with blues and spirituals which are uniquely african american make jazz vastly different from other style music Jazz music and shared cultural identities: Jazz music became the social bond of the different ethnicities Tilting the scale in any direction provides jazz music with diversity Societal racism and stereotypes have created obstacles
harmonic improvisation
Harmonic improvisation which is more common uses notes from underlying chords a new melodic line created with notes drawn from the underlying harmonic progression; also known as running the changes.
homophony, monophony, polyphony
Homophony: melody supported by harmonic accompaniment usually in separate layers Monophony: single solo melody with no harmonic accompany Polyphony: two or more simultaneous melodies of equal interest played at the same time.. Was common in early new orleans jazz Avant garde jazz often returns to experimentation with polyphonic textures
Storyville, New Orleans
In 1897 a new orleans alderman named sydney story defined a specific red-light district for new orleans similar to those in port cities such as Amsterdam or the netherlands. Prostitution was legalized and the brothels in this district were to be monitored and prostitution was discouraged in neighborhoods outside the defined district The red light district became known as storyville Aside from parks, parades, excursions advertising wagon, riverboats and dances throughout the city, jazz musicians mostly pianists like jelly roll morton worked in storyville cabarets Brass bands were not suitable for the ambience in storyville bordellos Storyville was a rough area where mainstream values of taste were absent This made it easier for musicians to develop techniques , slow tempos for sexy dances and variations in timbre In 1917 the navy demanded storyville be closed down because of death of soldiers in that area
joe king oliver
In 1905 oliver started playing the cornet in brass bands and saloon groups before joining trombonist kid orys band in 1917 By 1922 jazz musicians had matured, writing many new pieces and demonstrating increased instrumental technique In 1918 he moved to chicago In 1922 he played at a high end black owned nightclub called the lincoln gardens His band the creole jazz band was made up of new orleans musicians except for the painist lil harden from TN Oliver required a back up louis armstrong on the cornet because of his gum disease He had a special interest in altering the cornet sound He pioneered the use of mutes The mute was particularly influential with duke ellingtons trumpeters Oliver had the rubber plunge mute, derby hat, bottles, cups, doorknobs
what kind of music is jazz music?
In 1987 congress claims it is art yet also peoples music .. indigenous american music yet global.. Ethnically unifying yet african american Jazz is also folk music .. its folk qualities come from its folk origins which is african american so basically jazz is african american music
strong vs weak beats
In meter, individual beats within a measure are either strong or weak In a 4/4 meter the 1 is the strongest followed by beat 3 which then beats 2 and 4 are weak In ¾ the 1st beat is the strongest and 2 and 3 are weak Strong beats are "on beats" while weak beats are "off beats" or back beats The first beat of a measure is called a down beat
the great migration
In the late 19th century former slaves started migrating to cities like new orleans With onset of WW1 they moved north to places like new york and chicago They were socially motivated by discriminatory practices of sharecropping, widespread racial segregation, thousands of lynching for which nobody was arrested Jazz folklore attributes to the closing of storyville in 1917 as major force of new orleans musicians moved to chicago In reality the establishments merely dispersed throughout N.O and had little to no impact on livelihood of musicians Jazz began to leave new orleans the years of the great migration, the largest internal relocation of people in the history of the US The migration was inevitable
jam sessions
Jam sessions are recreational playing sessions in venues that encourage improvisation performances During 1940s jam sessions went public but remained informal Heads (composed melodies) are short and emphasis is on improvisation Typically horns improvise first and then the rhythm section
brass bands
John sousa took over us marine band and made it into a world famous concert band His band often performed ragtime Inspired by him most towns had brass bands made up of local townspeople to play at concerts parades and dances Military bands catered to the public at outdoor events African american brass bands: Af Am who were formally trained in all black schools were denied access to symphonic orchestras So they formed their own brass bands The castles: African american derived dances such as 'charleston' became a fad Often introduced by white dance instructors who toned down the dances for their white audiences Brass bands primary contribution to jazz was its structure.. It marched to a 16 bar strain . marches are made up of a succession of strains each usually repeated before moving to the next The third or trio strain is significant. Because it modules a new key and usually is twice as long lasting 32 bars. They used the trio to change the pieces dynamics musical ensemble generally consisting entirely of brass instruments, most often with a percussion section
Scott Joplin
Joplin became the leading role of music in his town in missouri and organized a brass band Wrote more than 50 rags United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917) king of ragtime
jazz form
Like european and african music jazz form is cyclic Each cycle is defined rhythmically and harmonically Each cycle is called a chorus Choruses are a fixed length usually 12, 16, 24 or 32
pre ragtime and ragtime banjo
Louis gottschalk was americans first world renowned classical pianist and composer at 20 he performed his solo 'bamboula' in paris Bamboula is a drum of afro-caribbean origin and also a dance accompanied by it Ragtime banjo Mix of af am and euro art, popular, and folk music Later was played on the piano ragtime piano was transferred to sheet music in 1897
creoles falling social status
Louisiana eventually joined the other states in the Jim Crow laws which enforced a ridgid color lien Creoles lost their independence and couldn't ride on the white busses The uptown uneducated negros played a loud upbeat and passionate music combining elements of the late 19th century marching band ragtime and folk music Creoles could read so they remained on top musically and musically getting more opportunities and better income The creoles special status started to slip away when the "separate but equal" of the jim crow laws and plessy vs ferg. Homer plessy who was ⅞ white refused to move to the black bus from the white bus and was arrested The case was ruled against him
who was the first female to make a blues recording
Mami smith was the first artist to make a vocal blues recording In 1920 perry bradford convinced Okeh records to produce mami smiths recording of " crazy blues " Bessie smith was the most popular classical blues singer born in tennessee. Her career peaked in 1929 and she starred in the film st louis blues. She tried performing swing but wasn't successful Eventually blues became more codified (12 bar stanzas and written harmony) and closely resembles basic blues form known and practiced today.
Lake Pontchartrains influence on jazz
More influential than storyville were the resorts at lake pontchartrain, milneburg, old spanish fort, little woods, bucktown and west end Musicians of all cultures and ethnicities flourished among the pavilions, dance halls and road houses and private parties The role played by the 635 sq ft lake shouldn't be underestimated, its south shore housed milneburg, old spanish fort, little woods, bucktown and west end included boardwalks, amusement park, restaurants, dance pavilions, theatres, movies, shooting galleries, ect all serving black, white and creoles. In the mid 19th century music was a large part of the south shore life Here, the cross pollination of musical ideas techniques and repertoire gave rise to the music that would eventually become jazz "Papa" jack laine recalls that in milenburg "many great early bands met in the friendly cutting contests from one warf to the other
bass during rhythm section
Must play engaging melodic material and functions harmonically while keeping walking time
what is a mute used for
Mutes are added to the end of trumpets and trombones to produce different timbres
history of new orleans
New orleans became a 19th century commercial center focusing on the slave trade on the one hand with a distinct more relaxed caribbean culture on the other In 1718 new orleans was founded by france In 1763 they were sold to spain In 1803 they were reclaimed by the french and sold to the US New orleans had french, spanish and english speaking ppl and was the largest most sophisticated city in the south This included active cultural life from the eighteenth century, encompassing opera, mardi gras, dances, parades, and fancy balls
the mississippi river and lake pontchartrain
New orleans has always been the principal city of the south cradled in a crescent shape around the mississippi river To the north new orleans faces lake pontchartrain which is the biggest inlet in the south These two bodies of water allowed the city to grow as a major port before the railroad replaced shipping as the primary vehicle for trade.
papa jack laine
New orleans offered numerous venues for brass bands Drummer papa jack laine who led a number of brass bands is considered to be one of the first to mix european, african and latin music which are some of the key components of jazz music He led a drum and bugle corp during the spanish war Papa jack led a group known as the reliance band performing a wide range of music including: ragtime, spirituals, minstrel songs, military music And performing for a wide range of events such as: parades, circuses, civic ceremonies, park concerts, dances funerals, Through his reliance bands laine trained over 150 musicians many of which would become important jazz figures like the dixieland jass band and new orleans rhythm kings The musicians he employed came from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds like af amer, creole, italian, french, irish, german... As with most Af Am musicians laines music played mostly by ear which allowed for improvisation Brass player dave perkins, a light skinned african american who played in laines band taught laine and members how to read music Laine said all the stuff his band played they called ragtime before it became jazz Perkins also acquainted Laine to the ragtime music he grew up with Conforms ragtime to be of african american origin
early jazz characteristics
New orleans was the birthplace of jazz Founding father was buddy bolden Firsts artists to bring jazz to the north were dixieland jazz band, king oliver, sidney bechet, jelly roll morton. "Jazz age" in the 1920s
creoles in New Orleans
North american culture only recognized you as either white or black Caribbean culture as well as new orleans recognized a mulatto culture as well This benefitted free blacks with lighter skin The mulattoes were known as creoles of color and were usually the result of black and french or black and spanish Evolved into a social group that got many legal and social liberties By 1860 more creoles had french last names and spoke french and english and attended catholic churches got a decent education and worked as a trade
the banjo's origins in jazz
Origin can be traced back to 1600s where african slaves brought to the colonies a variety of plectrum musical instruments Akoning closely resembles the banjo Banjo like instruments with as many as four strings proliferated during the period of slavery in america During the civil war the development of modern banjo and its popularity took shape Believed by many that ragtime originated from post civil war african american plectrum banjo style As early as 1769 white minstrels impersonated african american musicians music and performed in blackface 1840 joel walker sweeney popularized the 5 string banjo 5th string used to produce a drone
Freddie Keppard
Original creole orchestra was offered an opportunity to record in 1916 but declines because keppard feared other musicians would steal ideas, they were unable to negotiate a contract agreement with the Viktor Talking Machine company and recording technology couldn't record bass
spasm bands
Originated in new orleans in the ragtime period around 1894 They played instruments made out of various objects makeshift instruments of paper and wood, resembled a circus, not considered serious music
what are harmony instruments
Piano, guitar, banjo organ More than one harmony instrument may be used Popular combo is a guitar and piano Most common rhythm section is piano bass and drums
poetic form
Poetic form (metric verse): a 3 line asymmetric stanza AAB with each line consisting of two vocal measures (call) followed by two instrumental measures (response) to make a 12 measure chorus
how do wind instruments produce sound
Produce sound by vibrating a column of air that can be modified by changing the length of the column or overblowing
timbre
Refers to the distinctive qualities of a sound, as in the difference between various instruments and voices We control timbre: tone of voice can indicate emotions we can physically change the sound of an instrument with mutes Timbral variation is a musical value in jazz and can be used to find one's own sound We all possess our own personal recognizable timbre when we speak quality of sound
texture
Refers to the way that harmony and melody are balanced
what does the rhythm section consist of
Rhythm section consists of instruments that provide harmony, bass and percussion One of the earliest percussion instruments for jazz was the washboard
bill johnson
Southern entertained led the change north Through that they brought the music of N.O to the rest of the country Before 1917 bill johnson original creole orchestra played all over the US with trumpeter freddie keppard Bill johnson is considered the father of 'slap' bass technique In chicago in early 1920s johnson assembled the king olivers creole jazz band
buzzard lope
Spiritual dance representing buzzards devouring dead slave bodies Call and response, polyrhythmic background and syncopation Throw my anywhere lord is a buzzard lope song Buzzard lope song is a spiritual dance with african origins. by Bessie Jones and the Georgia Sea Island Singers
original dixieland jazz band
Started in chicago and made their way to new york to play at riesenweber restaurant in 1917 and were an instant sensation Viktor signed them to record two pieces "Livery Stable Blues" and "original dixieland jazz band one step" which turned out to be blockbusters So popular they helped bring the word jass or jazz to to popular They played a spirited, unpretentious music that established many jazz standards :tiger Rag" is said to be the most performed composition of all time In 1919 original dixieland jass band toured europe making jazz international Group split in 1922 Original dixieland jass band cornist Nick LaRocca claimed to have invented jazz and often complained that african american musicians have been given too much credit for jazz
big bands
Starting in the 1930s til after WW2 bands of 16 players became popular Grouped by instruments in sections of trumpets trombones, reeds and rhythm section Big bands used arrangements, composed scores orchestrations for the band with individual parts for each instrument There are most often places designated for improvisation in arrangements In this way the band strives to maintain a seamless balances between composition and improvisation
work songs
Sung in groups often with call and response and has strong rhythmic feel often in prisons and work camps
Buddy Bolden (1877-1931)
The cornist was known for his loud, bluesy improvisational style He began playing the cornet as a teenager Joined a small new orleans dance band led by charlie "sweet lovin galloway By 20 he left the band to make his own group No one in the band could read sheet music so all compositions were either copied by other bands or created on the spot helping to generate the spontaneous improvisation that would become the hallmark of jazz He led many bands but his best known in 1905 with cornet trombone two clarinets a guitar bass and drums Sometimes louis armstrong would shadow him on the cornet In 1906 he experienced a mental breakdown from depression and alcoholism He was diagnosed with schizophrenia and remained in the mental institute for the rest of his life Boasts about him relate to his loudness of his playing and seductiveness of his approach to slow blues He was the first jazz celebrity for his individuality of his music
creole education
The creoles were educated and to them the african americans failed to meet the minimum standards of musicianship They began teaching them for additional income At first creoles got the better and weller paid jobs playing traditional european dances but blacks became to offer a new way of playing The 'uptown' (because blacks lived in uptown) approach relied on improv, quick thinking and a rhythmic sharpness that appealed to dancers and listeners Eventually they would mix and play together As jim crow forced the integration between creoles and darker blacks the two traditions collided The uptown dark blacks couldn't read so they played loud upbeat music and faked their performance by relying on oral traditions
Jelly Roll Morton
The development of jazz can be seen as a mutually influencing relationship between composers and improvisers and between european and af am influences Fits in as a creole composer who learned from and worked with black new orleans musicians combining ragtime, blues, spanish music At age 12 he played bordellos becoming one of the best regarding pianists in storyville He traveled widely assimilating new musical approaches From 1904 to 1917 he traveled the country earning money as a piano player , comic, gambler, pimp, door to door salesman In 1917 to 1022 he moved to LA but moved to chicago in 1922 He made a name for himself in chicago getting piano recordings with gennett records In 1923 he started recording with the new orleans rhythm kings for gennett records This was the first important integrated recording Morton claimed to be the inventor of jazz He was the first to write down his arrangements By 1930 he was considered outdated Red hot peppers Morton became a successful writer Started recording his studio band of 7 or 8 .. the red hot peppers in 1926 At this time recording technology was switching from acoustic to electric Dead mans blues: Is morton's interpretation of the new orleans burial ritual which he traced back to scripture : rejoice at death and cry at the birth Is a 12 bar blues but organized like a tune in march/ragtime form with chorus 1 and 2 corresponding to the first strain (A) ad choruses 3 and 4 corresponding to the second B. By the 30s mortons music was dismissed and outdated Acoustic to electric recordings "Black bottom stomp" was recorded using the new electronic technology This produced a higher accuracy and made recording string bass and drum possible
first jazz recordings
There is much controversy surrounding who made the first jazz recording In 1916 wilbur sweatman released "down Home Rag" which is considered by some to be the first recording of jazz Others believed it was a series of recordings by W.C Handy and his memphis orchestra in 1917 Most agree that it is "Livery Stable Blues" and "original dixieland jazz band one step" recorded by original dixieland jass band in 1917 Regardless they all had a big impact on the development of jazz
the different types of brass instruments
Trumpet Has cylindirical tubing except for the bell Cornet Similar to a trumpet Has an extra length of tubing and deeper mouth piece Which prduces a mellower timbre Dominated jazz around 1926 Flugelhorn More tubing than the cornet and wider and deeper mouth piece Even more mellow timbre Trombone Uses slide to change pitch Tuba Largest and lowest pitch of the brass instruments Favored brass instrument in the early stages Sousaphone Tuba designed for marching Named after the band director and composer, john phillip sousa
country blues
Unlike the ballad the blues are personal It reflected the cultural shift from slave community to individualism the former slaves engagement with freedom Three lone (AAB) stanza distinguishes it from other music Blues also has a distinctive chord progression Combination of folk elements (ex field holler) and wide availability of the guitar Performed by solitary male musicians accompanying themselves on the guitar in the american south loosely based around blues form Country blues which was the blues new poetic genre began to emerge in the 20th century marked by its unusual 3 line stanza. the earliest form of the blues performed by solo male singers accompanying themselves on guitar
drums during rhythm section
Uses right hand ride cymbal pattern Possibly the back beat on high hat Right foot plays drum on 1&3 softly behind the bass Left hand can play accents on the snare Both hands are used when playing with brushes
modal improvisation
Uses the scale suggested by the chord not just the chord notes "So what" uses dorian mode Modes of major C scale: Ionian- C D E F G A B C Dorian- D E F G A B C D PHRYGIAN- E F G A B C D E Lydian- F G A B C D E F Mixolydian- G A B C D E F G Aeolian- A B C D E F G A Locrian- B C D E F G A B "SO What" Is a 32 AABA pattern Both sections on this piece have the same single chord The chord in the bridge is a half a step higher than the A section the process of using a scale as the basis for improvisation
piano during rhythm section
Usually serves as the primary harmony instrument, but others like the guitar can also play this role Requires one to play specific chords using improvised voicings and harmonic substitutions By accompanying, the pianist can take part in a rhythmic layer that compliments the melody of the soloist
how do brass instruments make sound
Valves or slide controls length Overblowing can effect sound Sound is made by vibrating lips in a cup shaped mouth piece
w.c handy
Was a cornet player born in florence, alabama and first heard blues in mississippi Started writing and publishing blues for dance ensembles and many became a hit Can be known as the father of blues American musician and composer. He was the first person to recognize the importance of blues as a legitimate musical form and the first to publish a blues composition, "The Memphis Blues" (1911).
King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band
Was a great success Black and white musicians came to hear the uptown style of this band The bands recordings from this period exhibit a mature new orleans collective style In 1923 they recorded for gennett in richmond using stop time, breaks and an improvised polyphonic first line "Dippermouth blues" includes solos by clarinet Johnny Dodds and louis armstrong and a widely imitated one by king oliver using his conn metal mute Oliver was soon to be surpassed by new styles of jazz By 1935 he could no longer play Worked as a janitor in georga for the last new years of his life and ran a fruit stand
the french quarter
Was home to mix of african americans creoles of color and sicilians in new orleans
Swing Era Characteristics
Within a decade of armstrong's first recordings as a leader his music became the foundation for mainstream pop
beat
a basic unit in time by which music is heard and followed
chord progression
a fixed series of interrelated chords, usually repeated, played in a strict rhythmic sequence a succession of chords moving forward in a purposeful fashion
pulse
a group of beats which are repeated at regular intervals
rhythm
a musical event made up of varied divisions of sound and silence most often determined by a meter
tempo
a speed or pace of a given piece of music
vaudeville/classic blues
a type of entertainment popular in the US in early 20th century featuring a mixture of specialty acts , comedy , and song and dance When blues crossed over into popular music performers enlisted the skills of jazz musicians This style of jazz is performed by female singers Ma Rainey heard blues in saint louis and made it into a theatrical form of performance for black vaudeville circuit in the 1920s Previous to 1920 recordings were for white audiences an early theatrical form of the blues featuring female singers, accompanied by a small band
swing and swing eighths
a type of groove basic to jazz that occurs when all the rhythms ultimately interlock Swing eighths: Term is used to refer to a particular performance practice with rhythm that lengthening and shortening pulse divisions Is a technique most commonly associated w jazz In 18th centruy, french baroque composers used a similar technique
measure
also called a bar, and is the means by which a meter is repeated
folk music on jazz
although jazz was an urban music african american folk traditions played an important role in providing the blues and folk tradition to its character
block chords
clusters can be played by one single instrument such as a piano or a guitar or parsed out a homophonic texture in which the chordal accompaniment moves in the same rhythm as the main melody.
time signature
determines how many beats/pulses are in a measure and which kind of note gets the beat
octave
he distance between one pitch to the next that shares the same pitch name (C to C) an eight-line stanza
popular music
jazz viewed as commodity partly dependent on taste
art form
jazz viewed as heart of institutional america played by skillfully trained musicians
major scale, minor scale, and blues scale
major scale: The most common scale and is made up of 7 degrees Like all scales it has combo of half step and whole step Minor scale: Has different pattern of whole and half steps Blues scale: There are two main blues scale.. Major blues and minor blues
Block harmony
melody and harmony exist within a single layer with each note in a melodic phase assigned its own chord to create a parallel harmonic movement
melody and scale
melody: derived from a scale .. (series of notes that add up to a whole) Scale: a collection of pitches within an octave
the front line
refers to the 3 melody instruments in the early new orleans jazz bands The first voice of front like was originally violin but became cornet Second voice usually clarinet Trombone third voice Front line improvised a dense polyphonic texture
chords
simultaneous sounding of pitches creates a chord Created when three or more different pitches are sounded together
ragtime
the cool middle class dance music that was black music and derived from contemporary piano type of music that blended African-American songs and European musical forms Collision of african american and white music Used to be played on the banjo but then became played on the piano Could mean a type of song, dance or piano style.
half step
the distance between two adjacent steps Smallest distance between two notes
bar line
the lines which cross the staff and divide it into measures or bars the boundaries by which measure are indicated
meter
the method by which pulses are grouped
groove
the overall rhythmic framework in which other rhythmic events may occur, as with 4/4 meter and backbeats
Syncopation
the rhythm basis by which jazz is built on Occurs whenever a strong accent contradicts a basic meter Accenting the backbeats 2 and 4 instead of the 1 and 3 in a 4/4 meter is an example The strong and weak beats carry over on to the rhythmic divisions of meter as well Incorporating syncopations within the rhytmic divisions produces the characteristics feel of jazz (deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat of off beat)
chromatic step
twelve half steps within an octave
field hollers
unaccompanied , rhythmically loose singing designed to accompany farm labor Quittin time song is an example The musical roots of the blues were spoken or sung shouts between slaves working in the fields and were spititual and work songs of African Americans.
what instrument is the largest category of instruments
wind instruments
