History of Photography

Lady Clementina Hawarden

Aristocrat from England who took up photography in the 1860s and began photographing her daughters in her own home She would stage scenes and use clothes as an important component of the photographs.

Eugene Atget

Artist predecessor to the New Vision Orphaned at early age, wanted to become an actor but was rejected from acting school. He finally got in but was called to the military then was expelled for lack of talent Very famous for his photographs in paris at the end of the 19th century. He began taking them in order to sell them to artists His practice evolves and he gets hired to document places in paris Romantic old Paris was disappearing and being replaced by new modern structures. He documented allies, corners, shops. He would often go to the same places at different times of day and photograph at different angles/distances They view him as a forefather for surrealism "Jardin du Luxembourg" "During the Eclipse" (1912)

The Collins Brother

Daguerreotype studio based in Pennsylvania Known more for quantity over quality. Created over 33,000 daguerreotypes in their career in the 1850's. From the 1850's into the 1880's, the cases that the photos came in became an art itself. They were special and became more intricate. They may be lined in silver or velvet.

Anna Atkins

Created first actual book in 1833. Photographs of British Algae. Cyanotypes and Impressions England

Sir John Herschel

Created the Cyanotype in 1842. It created a cyan-blue print. It became widely used to duplicate drawings and blueprints. England

Paul Strand

"Blind", 1916

Gustave Le Gray

"Brig Upon the Water", 1856 wax paper negative

O. Mestral

"Cahors; Pont Valentre", 1851

Dorothea Lange

"Migrant Mother" - migrant pea picker in california

Duchamp

"Nude Descending a Staircase", 1912

Henri Le Secq

"Strasbourg Cathedral", 1851

Edouard Baldus

"The Flooding of the Rhone at Avignon", 1856

Surrealism

1924-World War II (Based in Paris) Manifesto of Surrealism by the poet and critic Andre Breton "Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express... the actual functioning of thought... in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern." Influenced by: Freud (psychological), Karl Marx (political) Free association, subconscious, against rationalism Themes: vistas, melting clocks, checkerboard patterns Salvador Dali "The Melting Watch", 1931 Philippe Halsman "Dali Atomicus", 1948 Man Ray "The Rope Dancer", 1916

Moholy-Nagy

1925. Active as members of Bauhaus in Germany. Believed that photography should be primarily concerned with light and form. "Leda and the Swan", 1924. Turned to photogram as a tool to represent the age of machinery, but it is not reproducible. Counterintuitive to the idea of idealizing the machinery and the fact that it can do such as replication. "The Olly and Dolly Sisters" 1925.

Alfred Langdon Coburn

22 years old when he joined the Camera Succession Initially embraced pictorialism but began doing very abstract work. He would use unusual vantage points "The Octopus" 1912

Ben Shahn

A painter born in lithuania. Advocate for 1933 he assisted Diego on the rockefeller center mural

Zealy and Agassiz

A scientist from Harvard university visited a number of plantations in South Carolina in 1850. He was in a plantation outside of Charleston at the time where he had a meeting with other scientists where they discussed the topic of the separation of races. They defended racial inequality and slavery He expressed some interest in examining some slaves. After this meeting, Robert Gibbs arranged that a photographer would take photos of some of the slaves to support the idea of separation of the races.

Life Magazine

American Publication Wanted to show the news

Disderi

Based in France Invented the Carte de Visite. This process allowed more common people easy access to portraiture. The portrait was on a small piece of paper and transferred to a board. Used to replace calling cards. Able to make multiple images of the person. He took Napoleon's picture and then nobility in Europe all wanted their photo taken.

Look Magazine

Based in Iowa. Format was 11 by 14. Founded in 1936. Stan Lee Kubrick regularly shot for them

Futurism

Began 1907 ended at the end of World War 1 (1918) Rejection of the past, especially the artistic past in Italy, the birthplace of the Renaissance "Spiritual Dynamism": a celebration of speed, machinery, violence, youth and industry Interest in movement, "Photodynamics" Incorporated technologies discovered by Marey to create images with multiple exposures that are indicative of movement Anton Giulio/ Arturo Bragaglia. Published book Futurist Photodynamics in 1911 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Constructivism

Began as early at 1913, most prominent after WW1 and during and after the Russian Revolution (1917) Political, used to create communism propaganda Influenced film, graphic design, architecture, photography, etc Belief that art could be "constructed" from objects already in existence Rodchenko, "Abstract Composition", 1918. Rodchenko "And This Takes Centuries", 1923. Super versatile. Super consistent. El Lissitzky: "Proun" USSR Postcard

Ansel Adams

Born in San Francisco Photographed American West Member of F-64 "Yosemite Valley Clearing Winter Storm", 1942 Most known for his very acute abilities in the darkroom. Zone System - looking at a scene, visualizing what you want the final outcome to be, metering the scene in a very specific way,

Lewis Hine

Born in wisconsin in 1874. He studied sociology at the university of chicago, columbia, and nyu. He used photography as an educational tool 1904 He documented the arrival of immigrants in ellis island. Wanted to humanize the individuals who arrived Pittsburgh survey of the steel mills in Pittsburgh. 70 investigators worked as part of the story to study the effects working in the industry had on immigrant laborers. Photographs for national child labor committee. Took photos around the country taking photos of children in factories, mills and coal mines Hine Series called work portraits, 1931 makes book called "Men at work" Photographed for red cross during world war 1 Later on went to photograph for the FSA and WPA

Margrethe Mather

California based photographer Pictorialism into modernism "Semi-nude" (Billy Justema), 1923 1915-1935 created tremendous amount of work Worked with Weston. Some question whether she influenced him

Hans Bellmer

Created violent photographs of mannequins and dolls. Metaphors for his sexuality. Series called the doll "La poupee",

Frances Benjamin Johnston

Came from a wealthy family, raised outside of west virginia She studied in paris and was trained in the U.S. by the director of photography at the Smithsonian Wrote periodicals until george eastman provided her with her first camera In 1897, she published an article in Ladies Home Journal called "What Women can do with a Camera". It was part of a movement starting to happen Also focused on photographing women and domestic issues. In 1900 her work was also exhibited with 28 other female photographers

Frances Benjamin Johnston

Came from a wealthy family, raised outside of west virginia She studied in paris and was trained in the us by the director of photography at the smithsonian Wrote periodicals until george eastman provided her with her first camera In 1897, she published an article in Ladies Home Journal called "What Women can do with a Camera". It was part of a movement starting to happen

Alfred Stieglitz

Camera Work magazine "The Steerage" 1907

Weiner Camera Club

Club formed in 1891 in Vienna Held earliest exhibition of pictoralist work in 1891 Heinrich Kuhn was one of the founders and personified the ideologies. Used very expressive types of light. Committed to pictorialism throughout the earliest 20th century

Renger-Patzsch

Connected to idea of new objectifity Photographed botanical matter, animals, industrial subjects He published a book called "The World is Beautiful" - collection of 100 photographs in which all of these things are presented in the same way as scientific illustrations "Snakehead", 1927 (New Objectivity)

Jacob Riis

Danish Immigrant and police officer. His office was across the street from police headquarters on mulberry street. Nicknamed "Deaths Thoroughfare". Begins taking photographs there to create evidence of the terrible conditions for immigrants and homeless. He believed that by exposing the conditions that he could effect change and intervention by wealthier citizens in the city Published the book "How the other half lives". Quote comes from famous french writer. Halftone reproductions - plate process that creates a series of dots of different width and weights and creates appearance of tone Book aimed towards middle/upper class of New York City. in 1895, Teddy Roosevelt, president of the board of commissioners for the NYPD, sees the book and is furious about the conditions. He went for a night time stroll in mulberry bend with Roosevelt and found that 9/10 police officers supposed to be on patrol that evening are not there. Roosevelt freaks out and locks down on finding the corruption and fixing the problems He was considered a Muckraker. This was a derogatory term against journalists. It meant someone who brings problems and issues in society to light

Peter Henry Emerson

Did not like combination printing Believed that photographers should use sharp focus to depict the world as truthfully as it could Controversial because he set up some of his photos Believed that the world should be photographed for what it is Form of realism In 1882, he photographed East Anglia and produced images that showed the difficulty of life of rural/poor people in the area and their customs that were disappearing In 1886, he created an Album called "Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads". It had 40 platinum plates In 1889, he published "Naturalistic Photography".. Published this book of his ideology for students learning about the arts

Pictorialism

During the 19th century, photography was not considered a form of art. Many photographers in an effort to increase the perceived level of acceptance of photography turned to painting and mimicked trends in paintings. They used different processes. Pictorialism came about in the late 1870s, early 1880s. It was a reaction to realism. Pictorialism was interested in beauty as opposed to fact Focused on individualism Big interest in natural world Nude photography, predominantly of women Wanted to show photography as a form of fine art Methods included soft focus, combination printing, carbon printing, and manipulation of the photography (handy work - drawing, scratching, tearing). Pictures were printed on unusual papers like : japanese tissue, watercolor paper, etc Coated things on lenses, damaged lenses, put filter-like creations People began focusing on landscapes. Europe was industrialized and had issues with sanitation. People longed for and romanticised nature. Henry Peach Robinson "Dawn and Sunset"

Etienne Jules Marey

French photographer, physioautomy Prior to his work in photography, he did most of his work surrounding cardiology and made medical inventions. He focused on the heart, blood flow in body, and mechanics of skeletal system He was beginning to explore photography when Muybridge's work starts to catapult the connection of photography and science. Physiognomy In 1882, he invents camera that has mechanism that allows you to fire the shutter like a revolver Invents Chronophotography. He wanted complete movement in one frame to see the separate movements. Reflection off of metal/also Dry Plate Kineosology

Dadaism

Emerged during WW1 1914-1918 Causes of the war ; nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand sparks world war 1 because Russia declares war on Austria Hungary for declaring war on Serbia. Allies vs. Axis. Referred to as war to end all wars. Began in NYC with Marcel DuChamp's anti-art Readymades, in Switzerland, and Romania Influenced by Cubism and Futurism Expressed the irrationality of society International movement of poetry, performance, art, reaction to violence Photomontage, collage, use of unconventional materials Referenced technology, film, newspapers, and advertisements that increasingly defined modern life Anti-war, anti-bourgeois, anti-art Readymades - idea that anything can be art Marcel Duchamp "Fountain", Christian Schad "Untitled, Schadograph Nr. 17", 1919

Linked Ring

Formed in England in 1892. Felt like Royal Photographic Society was exclusive and wasnt promoting the ideas of pictorialism. They wanted to promote photography as an artistic medium. Membership was by invitation only. Focused often on soft, romantic, impressionist, landscape photography. George Davidson was one of the founders and founder of kodak. Became a powerful millionaire. Before he formed this club, he was the secretary of the Royal Photographic Society.

Camera Club of Paris

Founded in 1894. See live interest in handy work. Robert Demachy "Study of the Head" 1896, Carbon Print. Wrote over 1,000 articles on photography, known for his manipulation of prints. Featured in "Camera Work", book. Had 5 solo exhibitions E.J. Constant Puyo - leading advocate and later on became president of the Camera Club

Bourne and Shepherd

Founders of a portrait studio in India that became later the oldest portrait studio in the world, being found in 1853 and existing until 1991. They had a team of 42 people working with them (porters), in the end photographed 650 glass plates. Very heavy. They had 2 heavy cameras. 10 foot tent. And two crates of chemicals. The wet collodion process required that they traveled with all of the chemistry with them. 7 years later they completed an album of this work in india. The two of them created 2200 glass plates together. In 1991, a fire destroyed the studio and destroyed the original glass plates.

Alphonse Bertillon

French police officer and biometrics researcher In 1873, he invented Bertillon method. System of categorizing criminals. Used set of measurements and filing system where they kept Physiognomy - person's facial feature or expressions. He would photograph crime scenes and murder victims

Kerry and Co

From Australia. Romanticized life of exploration. The portraits and photographs that he made were more subjective. Much of his work were turned into postcards and sold for commercial purposes In 1885, he was asked to prepare an exhibition of these portraits for the 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition in England. It was up for over 6 months and showed the work of 80 something. By the time it came down it had 5.5 million visitors.

Clarence H. White

From Ohio Was an accountant 1904, he decides to leave his job and move to New York. Arrives to New York in 1906 and begins teaching in Columbia in Brooklyn institute of the Arts. Completely immersed himself in photography and the art scene. Heavily pictorialist 1910 he was in international exhibition of pictorial photography that Stieglitz put together. Him and Stieglitz's promoted each others photograph but White remains devoted to pictorialism and later on they have a falling out when Stieglitz moves onto more modern forms of photography Founded his own school of photography in 1914

Karl Blossfeldt

German photographer When he was 63, in 1928, he published a book called "art forms in nature". He built his own cameras. Blown plants up to 30x its size to show details and shapes in natural world. Objectivity

Group F-64

Group of photographers that formed on the West Coast Believe in straight photography Sharp Focus View Cameras Contact prints as opposed to enlargements Primarily photographs Nature

Pierre-Louis Pierson

In 1844, he opens a daguerreotype studio specialized in hand colored portraits In the late 1850's, a woman named Countess de Castiglione is sent by the Italian government to France to persuade Napoleon the third. She becomes notorious in society and becomes Napoleon the third's mistress. She is known for loving parties, being very flamboyant, bold and outspoken. Between 1866 and 1867, she begins collaborating with Pierson. They create a body of photographs that Pierson takes while she serves as an art director. She would sketch images and they would test photographs together. His picture "Fright" is a fictitious staged event of the Countess fleeing the ball. The idea that her photographic image as well as her life were forms of theatre prefigures post modernisms preoccupation with how mass cultures images and expectations shape identity.

Edward S. Curtis

He takes portrait photographs but also becomes involved with the U.S. Government and travels to Alaska to take photos. This unleashes a curiosity in him about Native Americans in the United States. He wants to preserve evidence of their culture by documenting them and their homes. He gets to work to what ultimately will be 50,000 photographs of around 80 tribes. 20 volume, 20 portfolio, hand bound leather series of books. The book is comprised of his photographs, photogravures, as well as writing with people who worked with him and studied the tribes and recordings of native music. Books sold as a subscription and were very expensive. The problem with that is that only people in positions of power with money were able to see his work. The people in the photos weren't able to afford it. Problem is that it romanticizes Native people. There were conflicts about what was accurate. Traditions that were not practiced anymore. He would encourage the subjects to enhance their appearances that might have not been appropriate for the rituals or their tribe. He became somewhat of a celebrity for the work and in many ways it did reshape public opinions of Native Americans in the United State. The prior opinion was that they were barbaric, intimidating, scary, and uneducated.

Margaret Bourke-White

Hired by the publisher of fortune and was the first foreign photographer to make pictures for the soviet union. She photographed the Dust Bowl for Fortune in 1934. You Have Seen Their Faces (1937), which documented the human aspects of Depression She photographed major international events and stories, including Gandhi's fight for Indian independence, the unrest in South Africa, and the Korean War Photographed first cover of Time Magazine in 1946 Photographed in World War 2, covered a lot of territory Concentration Camp after the world - Buchenwald Liberation

Oscar Gustave Rejlander

His image "Two Ways of Life" was one of the most controversial images of the century. It was made from five negatives and was an elaborate allegory of vice and virtue. He created something new out of the combination of images, not like Robinson. From England

Andre Kertesz

Hungarian Photographer who was known for his emotional impact over technique Had solo exhibitions at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris and at the Museum of Modern Art combined a photojournalistic interest in movement and gesture with a formalist concern for abstract shapes Vernacular photography used a light gap "Fork" Friendly with dadaists Pioneer of producing snapshot images Photographed frequently for vu magazine.

Mathew Brady

In 1844, he opened a portrait studio called "Daguerreian miniature gallery" in New York City. He opened his studio with the specific intention "to vindicate true art by producing better portraits at higher prices than any other studios found in the city." In 1847, he expands and opens a studio in Washington DC with the intention of photographing politicians. He promoted his studio by sending his Daguerreotypes to Harper's Weekly. Although they couldn't reproduce the daguerreotype, they made a woodcut illustration from the daguerreotype and reproduced the woodcut illustration.. In 1850, he publishes a book called "The Gallery of the Illustrious Americans". In 1851, he wins prize for the Best Daguerreotypes at the World's Fair. Late 1850's/1860's, switches into civil war portrait photography.

Mathew Brady

In 1844, he opened a portrait studio called the "Daguerreian miniature gallery" in New York City. He opened his studio with the specific intention "to vindicate true art by producing better portraits at higher prices than any other studios found in the city." He immediately gets a lot of celebrity clients, politicians, writers He promoted his studio by sending his Daguerreotypes to Harper's Weekly. Although they can't reproduce the daguerreotype, they can have someone make a woodcut illustration from the daguerreotype and the woodcut illustration is reproduced. In 1850, he publishes a book called "The Gallery of the Lustrious Americans". Francoise D'Avignon makes lithograph engravings to make the book. One of the people in the book is John James Audubon. 1851, he wins prize for the Best Daguerreotypes at the World's Fair.

Mission Heliographiques

In 1851, France commissioned five photographers to document historic churches, bridges, hospitals, etc in order for the architectural firm to properly preserve and restore them. These five photographers included Edouard Baldus, Gustave Le Gray, Henri Le Secq, Auguste (O.) Mestral, and Hippolyte Bayard Each was assigned a location and places to photograph Gustave Le Gray invented the wax paper negative in 1849, which was an improvement of the calotype because it produced more detail. It was treated paper with melted beeswax.

Timothy O'Sullivan

In 1867-1869, he joined Clarence Kings 40th parallel survey. The urvery consisted of geographical mapping. Photographed North Eastern California into Nevada and Wyoming. Joined George H. Wheeler Survey in 1871-1874. Goal of the survey was to create topographic maps of the top western united states.

W Eugene Smith

In 1955, he became a member of the Magnum picture agency, travelling to Pittsburgh for his first assignment, which entailed producing 100 photographs in three weeks to mark the city's first centenary "Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath" (1971), a portrait of Ryoko Uemura bathing her naked daughter, Tomoko, who has severe deformities from the effects of mercury poisoning. Controversial. Another series, Spanish Village (1951), contains many of his most memorable prints. He lived in the village on and off for many months, and the understanding and empathy he gained is apparent in his photographs of the villagers' daily struggle to draw life from exhausted soil. Had very specific idea of what he wanted in his photographs and often headbutted with editors Dark moody photography

Muybridge

In the mid 1870's, he is approached by a man named Stanford (former president of central pacific railroad, governor of central california, and owner of a horse breeding ranch). He wanted to understand the mechanics of how horses legs worked while running. Creates a method in order to do this called Zoopraxiscope. This device has a series of cable releases. Wires are run to the camera that are triggered at different times to capture the horse in motion. In 1877, this collaboration expanded to the mechanics of the human body as well as other animals. He uses dry plate process. In 1883, he ends his collaboration with Stanford. He leaves California and goes to Pennsylvania to continue his education. He creates around 100,000 images studying all different forms of motion. Normally used 12 cameras and he had stereoscopic lenses. Shutter speed was 1/1000 University of Pennsylvania is very supportive of his work and selects 781 plates of his work for a publication in a book called "Animal Locomotion" Kinesiology

Cubism

Invented in 1907/1908-1914 Emphasis on geometric shapes, lines, and planes Influenced by primitivism (references tribal and non-western art) Emphasized two dimensionality of the canvas, while showing the three dimensionality of the subject Picasso "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon",1907 Marcel Duchamp "Nude Descending a Staircase", 1912

Gertrude Kasbeier

Known early on for photographs of motherhood Attended Pratt. Went to Europe to study Strongly influenced by arts and crafts movement, a movement that embraced and promoted handicrafts like weaving, pottery, metalsmithing (1880s-1890s)

VU Magazine

Magazine in France tended to be more decorative - many of their covers feature montage and constructivist aesthetcis First magazine to systematically feature photo essays - photo essay was a photo with a caption

Carte Postale

Seductive postcards of Algerian women sold in France with a target audience of French men to entice them with the bounties of Algeria

American Civil War

Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner, and Timothy O'Sullivan photographed with the Union. Estimated between 650,000 - 750,000 casualties in Civil War. Rampage spread of disease and illness. Malnutrition. Conclusion of the war in 1865 resulted in the freedom of 4 million people Mathew Brady - Transitioned to wet plate in 1850s. He feels ethical motivation to use his abilities as a photographer to capture the war in as accurate of a way as possible. He employed 20 individuals as assistants to work with him, which included Gardner and O'Sullivan. They used 16x20, 18x10, and stereograph cameras. Over 7-8,000 photos were taken by the end of the war In 1863, Brady publishes the book "the Incidents of the war." He does not credit any assistants, even though their photographs are in the book. Gardner was furious. As a result, an independent publisher publishes the work and credits them. Engravers make plates so that they can be mass produced and published in Harper's Weekly. After the war ended, Brady worked very hard to find a home for his archive of his civil war photographs. People did not want to look at these photos again since it was traumatic. Towards the end of his life, he was broke. Some of his glass plates were sold to greenhouses. Library of Congress bought some. The Lincoln Conspirators - Alexander Gardner took the last photo of Abraham Lincoln before he died.

Edward Steichen

Member of Camera Club of New York Founder of 291 gallery Most featured photographer in Camera work Very commercial work, magazine work. Vanity fair Highest paid photographer in the world during this period

Alfred Eisenstadt

Most famous work "VJ Day in Times Square" (1945), a photo taken at the end of WWII of a sailor and a nurse hugging Father of photojournalism Captures storytelling moments Took candid black-and-white shots of celebrities, politicians, and captivating street shots In April 1936 he became one of the first four photographers hired by the new picture magazine life. HUGE photographer. Had over 90 covers for life magazine. Published over 2500 photographs. Master photographer of the candid portraits and celebrities. Became a professional in 1929 Covered rise of Hitler Created notable series of photographs in Ethiopia 1936, became one of the first four photographers hired by Life. Photographed celebrities but also sensitively portrayed people in everyday work situations. Aim was to find and catch the storytelling moment. JFK

Edward Weston

Moves into modernism from pictorialism Best known for his nudes and still lifes. "Nude Floating", 1939. Worked in California and New Mexico "Pepper", 1930

Alexander Gardner

photographed the last photograph of Lincoln before he was assassinated. Took photograph of his hearse going through parade. Lincoln Conspirators

Man Ray

Painter and photographer More famous now as photographer Dadaism "The Rope Dancer" 1916, oil painting. He had seen some tightrope performance walkers. He ended up creating a series of shapes that looked like the shadows of these individuals. Rayographs - (photograms) - created in darkroom by placing objects on light sensitive paper and exposing them. Only called rayographs if it's man ray's photos. "Percolator", 1917. Painting. "Le Violon d'Ingres" 1924. Surrealist portrait. "Glass Tears" 1930-32. Surrealism

Francis Frith

Photographed the middle east and created an album in between 1858 and 1859 called "Egypt and Palestine Photographed". Photograph allowed people to have accurate depictions of famous locations that they've seen paintings and illustrations of throughout history.

Pictorialism in the US

Photography at this point were more democratic in the United States. Photographers were high class. F. Holland Day was one of the first photographers in the U.S. to advocate for photography to be considered as a fine art 1884, the Camera Club of New York formed. It consisted of 42 different photographers. Alfred Stieglitz founded Camera Work magazine Edward Steichen - Member of Camera Club of New York. Founder of 291 gallery. Most featured photographer in Camera work. Did commercial and magazine work like Vanity fair. He was the highest paid photographer in the world during this period Gertrude Kasebier - Known early on for photographs of motherhood. Attended Pratt. Went to Europe to study. Strongly influenced by arts and crafts movement, a movement that embraced and promoted handicrafts like weaving, pottery, metalsmithing (1880s-1890s)

Henry Peach Robinson

Pictorialist photographer from England known for combination printing. Combination printing was a device where photographers took multiple negatives and they sandwiched them together to change exposures in specific areas of the image or to change the composition entirely. This could be the same photograph at different exposures or different photographs entirely.

William Henry Fox Talbot

Polymath from England who simultaneously, along with Daguerre and Niepce in the 1830s, worked on a way to make a permanent image. In 1834, after France announced the image, he announced his. He worked with sheets of writing paper and coated it with salt and sheets of silver. He places the paper in the sun and placed objects on the paper. Exposed mostly botanical specimens in boxes. First problem is that there is no detail, just an outline of the image. Another problem is that the exposures took an hour or more. In 1839, he sends a collection of his botanical images "The Bertoloni Album" to a fellow botanist in Italy. In 1840 he invents the Calotype. The Calotype is a negative image on paper. It is reproducible, but doesn't have the crisp detail of the Daguerreotype. He publishes the first commercially available book of photographs called "The Pencil of Nature". This book had 24 prints and descriptions of the process. It contained images such as "The Open Door" (1844) and "The Haystack" (1844).

Julia Margaret Cameron

Portrait artist in England. She referred to herself as a hobbyist. She was a member of the upper class where it was frowned upon to have a job She became very well known for portraits and use of heroic themes and allegory. She had access to people. She wasn't doing it for money, she was doing it for her own enjoyment. Photographed Alice Liddell, who became an inspiration for Alice in Wonderland.

Morton Schamberg

Precisionist - 1920s Influenced by cubism and industrialism of the american landscape Depicted in very sharp precise geometrical forms precisionist painter "God", 1917

Robert Capa

Shared a darkroom in Paris with Henri Cartier Bresson Documented the civil war. Most famous image "Death of a Loyalist Soldier" (1936). Picture Post termed him "the greatest war photographer in the world" in 1938 Captured action in war Documented five wars, volatile elections, and the official founding of the state of Israel Hungarian born photojournalist whose images of the Civil War appeared in Vu, picture post, and in 1938 a book entitled "Death in the Making" Photographed the invasion of Normandy on D-Day for Life Died because he stepped on a landmine in the battlefield of indochina

Pictorialism in Europe

Some of the goals were to get their work seen and exhibit their work Would hold exhibitions in salons which were gathering places for viewing works of fine art They would promote their work and ideology by forming clubs and meeting with one another to talk about what pictorialism was as a big idea and specific conversations about the work that they were creating

British Crimean War

Starts in 1853 and ends in 1856. An alliance of Britain, France, Turkey and Sardinia against fought Russia. In 1854, there is troubling news in British press. War is not going well; too many casualties and government is not making the right decisions. British government sends Robert Fenton to conflict area to make pictures to show that the war is going great. He experiences a number of challenges. Heat, humidity, and sand get in the way of using wet plate photography. Shutter speeds are still too slow to capture live action combat. He photographs the "Valley of the Shadow of Death" His photographs didn't necessarily serve the purpose that they were intended to, but they were widely celebrated

Henri Cartier-Bresson

Straight photographer, photographer who coined the phrase "The decisive moment" His signature shooting technique was to find a visually arresting setting for a photograph and then patiently wait for that decisive moment to unfurl In 1947, he and Robert Capa helped create the photographer-owned cooperative photo agency Magnum. Though he often focused on the human condition in his photographs, he would often look at his contact sheets or prints upside down to judge the images separate from any social content. Photographed for VU, LIFE, and Harper Magazine

Walker Evans

Tennant farmer for fortune magazine "Many are called"

Weegee

Took crime scene photos of New York City Photographed at night often with infrared film and flash in 1935, he became a freelance news photographer. He centered his practice around police headquarters and in 1938 obtained permission to install a police radio in his car Born in Ukraine. Immigrated to the US when he was 11. Had a darkroom in the trunk of his car. 1938, obtained permission to install a police radio in his car. He knew first when news events were occurring. Photographs were published in variety of magazines, daily publications. Variety of Books "Naked City" Naked Hollywood" 1943, he was exhibited at the MoMa in an exhibition called action photography

Imogen Cunningham

Very inspired by Richard Ka. Founding member of F-64 In 1954, he was invited by Ansel Adams to join faculty of California Institute of Fine Arts "Snake", 1929 "Calla", 1925 "Magnolia Blossom"

Hippolyte Bayard

Worked in France as a civil servant and had been working on his own photographic process May of 1839, he released his invention called the direct positive printing process. This was immediately positive like Daguerre, but on paper like Talbots. Takes first self portrait that we know of called "Portrait of the Photographer as a Drowned Man", 1840. In his artist statement, he claimed to have taken 3 years to make his process and takes a stab at Daguerre.

Lewis Carroll

Wrote Alice in Wonderland in 1865 Took photos of Alice Lidell, a young girl from his neighborhood People do not know if his interest in Alice was sinister

David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson

a Scottish painter and wanted to record all of the individuals who decided to form the free church of Scotland. The problem was that all of the ministers had come from all over and congregated in a couple of days to make this decision. They were dispersing quickly and painting would take too long to paint each individual minister. He teams up with a photographer. With his experience in composition as a painter and the photographers techniques, they became a team of artists to create calotypes. Together they created calotypes and they made the "The Disruption Painting", 1843

Picture Post

british publication - 1937 in england - biweeky photojournalistic magazine - founded in 1933 when a gentlemen fleeding the nazi regime came to england

Braissai

he saw the work being done by his acquaintance Andre Kertesz, which inspired him to take up the medium himself. He photographed the night of Paris and published one of the most remarkable of all photographic books in 1933. "Paris de Nuit" Since he worked in dark bistros and dark streets, he focused his small plate camera on a tripod, opened the shutter when ready, and fired a flashbulb. Also photographed for Vu magazine and was born in Hungary. Sculptor, writer and painter. Photographed paris at night and published "Paris de Nuit". Photographed prostitutes, transvestites, writers. Photographed underbelly of paris.

Roger Fenton

in 1851, he became studying photography under Le Gray. Specifically the wet collodion / wet plate process. In 1850, he was a founding member of the British Photographic society. He was appointed the first photographer of the British Museum in the early 1850's and was hired to photograph the royal family. He made Stereoscopic images - When being viewed through a specific device the images appear three dimensional. He was hired to make stereoscopic images for the Assyrian Gallery of the British museum and they were sold as souvenirs. Photographed for the British government in the British Crimean War

Joeseph Nicephore Niepce

lived in France in the late 1700s and worked with his brother Claude on a variety of inventions Creates first photograph called "View from the Window at Le Gras" (1827) after an 8 hour exposure. This process is called Heliography Heliography means using light from the sun. There was not much detail or sharpness

Southworth and Hawes

opened a daguerreotype studio in Boston It operated between 1843 and 1863 Together they made 1,500 daguerreotypes as a studio and were affiliated with what was called the transcendentalist period Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement in America that emphasized intuition and focused on the good in people and nature They wanted to create a portrait that exhibits the best quality of a person and their potential.

Charles Sheeler

painter and photographer. Early on was an impressionist painter. Roommates with Morton Schamberg in a small house in Pennsylvania. Doylestown House Series "The Stove" 1917 "Ford Motor Company", 1927

Carleton E. Watkins

photographed in California and Yosemite In 1863, he went to Yosemite as part of the Whitney Survey (government expedition) Used wet plate process. Photographed using 18 x 22 inch plates. The images were monumental; big and detailed. Huge glass plates reflect the idea of transcendental idealism.

William Henry Jackson

trained a painter - in 1869 he is commissioned by the Union Pacific railroad to photograph scenic views along the railroad (what people see while they're on the train). This commercializes railway as an experience. In 1870 he does a government survey of the Colorado River and the Rocky Mountains. 1871/1872, he becomes member of the Hayden Geological Survey. It helped resolve the founding of Yellowstone National Park. When reports came back of boiling water and gas, etc, people on the east coast thought that they were poisoned or going insane. Thomas Moran - painter

Felix Nadar

was a French caricaturist, balloonist, and photographer He had a portrait studio which opened in 1858. It was very well known for high quality daguerreotypes. He did aerial photography from hot air balloon.

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

was a painter and a printmaker from France who invented the diorama Started working with Niepce in 1829 to resolve the issue of long exposure times. Niepce passes away of a stroke in 1833 and he takes charge. In 1839 he goes public with the invention of the Daguerreotype with his photo "Boulevard du Temple" 1838. A daguerreotype is a positive image that cannot be duplicated. His photo took 5 minutes in bright light. People were walking down the street during the exposure, but the camera only capture a man getting his shoe shined His studio "the diorama of Paris" burned to the ground and all of his daguerreotypes were lost with the exception of roughly 20 daguerreotypes.