history sol review

Civic Humanism

A basic humanist criticism of Scholastic education was that much of its content was useless. Education, humanists believed, should promote individual virture and public province. Examples seen in Florence whre three humanists served as chancellors of the city: Coluccio Salutati, Leonardo Bruni, and Poggio Bracciolini.

Star Chamber

Court used to deal with public infractions of the peace made by Henry VII. Decorated with stars, no jury, popular at first criticized later.

Secularism

Secularism is the basic concern with the material world instead of with the external world of spirit. Though medieval business people searched for wealth, their dominant goals regarded life after death while in the Renaissance people were religous but focused on the here and now = materialism. For example, Christian doctrine frowned upon usury though in the Renaissance practice of it became acceptable. Secularism saw slow but steady growth in 14th and 15th century Italy. Increase in trade and economic activity = secularism. Church leaders didn't attack secularism and in other words actually supported as renaissance popes beautified Rome with artist and many structures that were built.(New Papal chancellory, Saint Peters Basillica, etc. ) Though over people still remained faithful to church. Art had a religous focus proving this.

Francis Bacon

Sir Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. After his death, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. Sir Francis Bacon is best known for his introduction of inductive thinking regarding science. His idea regarding science has lasted until modern day.

Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book ''Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'', first published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal calculus. Sir Issac Newton is best known for creating the rules of classical physics and calcus. He also best known for his rules of gravity which stood unchallenged until Einstein changed the field in the 20th century.

Sir Thomas More

Sir Thomas More refused to sign the Act of Succession because he wouldn't recognize Henry VIII as head of the Church and the validity of his divorce of Catherine of Aragon. Despite his position as Lord Chancellor, he was beheaded in 1535; wrote Utopia (literally means nowhere, which points to the fact that he did not believe that a perfect society was achievable) depicted a civilization in which political and economic injustices were limited by having all property held in common.

Scientific Revolution

Sixteenth and Seventeenth century, natural philopsophers were often reexamining and rethinking theories and data from ancient world and th late Middle Ages. It was a complex movement with many false starts and brilliant people suggesting wrong and useful ideas. It involed people in the following countries: Poland, Italy, Denmark, Bohemia, France, and Great Britain. The leading figures of the scientfic revolution often drew on the aid of artisians and craftspeople to help them construct new instruments for experimentation.

Petrarch

" Father of Humanism" Petrarch is an Italian idealist and a literate man who conceptualized the basic thoughts of civic and basic humanism which is based on the prior culture and education of The Greeks and Romans. He was also the first man to describe the periods prior to the Renaissance as the "Dark Ages" as there was minimal advancement in cultural and educational aspects and elements. Felt that the writers and artists in ancient Rome had reached a level of perfection that had never since been duplicated. Believed that the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement, an idea that many other came to share. Around 1350 proposed a new kind of education in which young men studied the works of ancient Latin and Greek authors. Studia Humanitates, humanists, humanism.

Protestant Reformation

- Reformation first broke out in the free imperical cities of Germany and Switzerland, and the basic tenets of Luthera and Zwinglism. -Guilds whose members were economically prospering and socially rising were in the forefront of the Reformation. - the Reformation could have not occured without the challennges to the medieval church sugh as the exile in Avignon, the Great Schism, the Conciliar period, and the Renaissance papacy. - ideas of Marthi luther( justification by faith alone) - The attack of indulgences by Johan Tetzel The calling of Diet if Worms by Charles V and hs caliing out of the DIet of worms which luther didnt not say he'd stop.

Military Revolution

-military power was seen as something that was required of a ruler's reputation and power -The use of firearms required adjustments -Gustavus Adolphus had developed the first standing army of conscripts -Salvo~All rows of the infantry fired at once -standing armies became more expensive and larger -better trained and well disciplined which led to military schools -Linear formations -naval arms had larger warships

Balance of Power

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Centralization

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French Wars of Religion

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New Armies

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Renaissace merchants

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Francesco Guicciardini

1483-1540 great historian wrote history to teach lessons (some of which weren't always obvious) due to his background in government, he had skills that allowed him to analyze political situations precisely and critically

Gentry (England)

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats. They usually became prosperous through commercial ventures. Wealthy landowners in the countryside who dominated politics in the House of Commons.

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

Christian humanism

A movement that developed in Northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church

Michelangelo

A painter, sculptor, architect, and poet from Florence, a true "Renaissance Man," works include: The Creation of Man, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and sculptures (Pieta, David, Moses)expressed human emotions such as anger , sorrow, and strength in his paintings and sculptures.

Copernicus

A polish priest and an astronomer who enjoyed a higher reputation druing his life. He had been educated first at the University of Krakow in Poland and later in Italy. Published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres where he challenged the Ptolemaic picture in the most conservative manner. He adopted many elements from the Ptolemaic (geocentric view), but transferred them to a heliocentric model which assumed the earth moved the earth moved about the sun in a circle. Argued that the farther planets ere from the sun, the longer they took to revolve it. Impact of his views were to provide another way of confronting some of the difficulties inherent in Ptolemaic astronomy. It did not immediately replace the old astronomy, but it allowed other people who were disconnected with the Ptolemaic view to think in new directions.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. An event in which the Stuart king James II (James VII of Scotland) was removed from his thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland, and replaced by William of the House of Orange and his wife and joint sovereign Mary. It is sometimes referred to as the "Bloodless Revolution" which is largely true of William's succession to the English throne, although his struggles to gain the Scottish and Irish thrones were far from bloodless.

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the CHurch during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Baroque

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 155 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic counter-reformation.

Paracelsus

Advanced the treatment and diagnosis of disease. Thought that diseases were caused by chemical imbalances.

Marsilo Ficino

An Italian Neoplatonist, under the patronage of the Medici's, a philosopher, a follower of Plato. Marsilio Ficino Translated Plato, fusing Christianity & Platonism into Neoplatonism, which said material world is reflection of spiritual world with everything being bound by love

Galileo

An Italian mathematician and natural philosopher who created the telescope. In the Starry Messenger and Letters on Sunspots, he used his cosiderable rhetorical skills to argue that his newly observed physical evidece, particularly the phases of Venus, requiered a Copernican interpretation of the heavens. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism.Galileo is best known for two things during his career. First, he discovered four moons of Jupiter with his better telescope of his invention. Secondly, he is also known for his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church who placed him under house arrest for the last few years of his life which marked the most dramatic disagreement between the science and church community.

Gian Bernini

Artist Baroque Arts Contributions: Bernini created many master pieces including a sculpture of St. Teresa of Avila and the construction of the great tabernacle below St. Peter's Basilica's dome and directly over the space St. Peter is buried.

Johannes Kepler

Astronomer Scientific Revolution Contributions: Using the knowledge and observations regarding planets ofhis teacher, Tycho Brahe, Kelper was able to successfully prove that planets orbited around the sun in an oval pathway.

Peace of Augsburg

Augsburg 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. After defeat of Schmalkaldic League, Charles issued the Augsburg Interim (1548). Ordered that all Protestants must return to their Catholic beliefs and traditions. Intense negative reaction from Protestants. Compromise reached at Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Cujus Regio, Ejus Religio. Ruler of the land had a right to determine the religion in his region. Those unhappy with the choice could leave. Calvinism NOT recognized by the Peace of Augsburg, but Lutheranism was. This gave the princes of Germany to chose between being Catholic and any other religion.

Witchcraft

Causes: -religious uncertainties played a role ~a lot of trials occurred in areas where Protestantism had been recently victorious or in places where Protestant -Catholic controversies were still occurring -there was an economic factor also Spread of Witchcraft -100,000 people were prosecuted through Europe for charges on witchcraft -The witches often confessed to multple practices, mostly after intense torture -some said they had sworn allegiance to the devil -others confessed to practices of using evil incantations on neighbor, killing their livestock and children Women and Witchcraft -old women were suseptible to accusation because they sold herbs to get money -Women were seen as inferior

Charles I (England)

Charles I Son of James I. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). Forced to agree to Petition of Right. Power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649.

William Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Harvey developed an accurate theory of how the heart and ciculatory system operated. He speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg

Erasmus

Erasmus most influential, view on reform: Christianity is the guiding philosophy of daily life--emphasized inner piety, de-emphasized: sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, veneration of saints/relics, his plan of reformation didn't work: overwhelmed by the other passion of the reformation, disapproved of Luther/Protestant reformers (Erasmus didn't want to destroy the unity, wanted to reform within the church), wrote: In Praise of Folly, New editions in Greek & Latin of the New Testament

Ferdinand and Isabella

Ferdinand and Isabella origins ∙Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castille -unified most of Spain -fought in civil war against the nobles that opposed the marriage -controlled Aragon and Castille differently Ferdinand and Isabella control ∙Used Cortes to achieve goals in restoring order -didn't challenge royal authority -could tax w/o consent ∙reduced nobles in royal court ∙administration based on ability, not social status -hidalgo were willing to work and gained power (weakened nobles) ∙took control of aristocracy's military ∙hermandades- alliances of cities to oppose nobles -helped bring cities in line w/ royal authority ∙used sales tax Ferdinand and Isabella military and diplomacy ∙Reorganized the army -based on merit and mercenaries ∙Established a diplomatic service centered on the five major cities of Europe at the time

Donatello

Florentine Renassaince sculptor who was the most influential of any of the artists before Michaelangelo. His statues express appreciation of human nature. In the medieval times nudity was only for spiritual and moral content. However, Donatello revived this with balance and self-awareness.

Leon Battista Alberti

Florentine architect said that "Men can do all things if they will". An accomplished humanist scholar who was a noted architect and builder in Florence. wrote On the Family, On Architecture, A Florentine writer who lived in the mid-Renaissance and wrote "De re aedificatoria", a very influential "how-to" architecture books that set standards and principles still in use today.

Galen

He relied on animal disection. Dominated Physiology. Shared the belief that there were 2 seperate blood streams (one controlled muscular activities and the other governed digestive functions) Believed that disease was the imbalance of the four humors.

Jan Van Eyck

He was a Flemish painter who was one of the equals of Italian painters from the North. (generation before Leanardo and Michelangelo.) He aws one of the earlies artists to use oil- based paints showeing love for detail in the Ghent Altarpiece and his portrait Hiovanni Arnolfini and His Bride using great realism.

Religious Pluralism

Holding several benifices(or offices) in the Church, often neglecting most of them. This was a sign of disorder in the Catholic Church, and many pluralists made significant profit off of their multiple titles. Pluralism came about largely through the practice of buying church positions and was one of the main faults many wanted reformed in the Church.

Humanists

Humanism was a philosophy based on the importance and dignity of each human. Humanism began Italy. Humanism began in Italy because of the etreme wealth trading brought Italny and the quick way new ideas could be spread as trade ships traveled to Italy and somewhere else. The study of classical and Christian antiguity had already lived in Italy before the Renissance. The first humanists were orators and poets. They wrote original literature i both classical and vernacular languages, inspired by the old Greek and Roman classics. Humanists studied classical art, architecture, government, language, histiry, poetry . Humanists believed humans have the ability to control their own lives, humans have the ability to achieve greatness, and use their minds to question everything. Two major ideas of humanists were the government and its right to rule was separate from the church and a person's achievement is is more important than social class or background.

Pico della Mirandola

Humanist focued on the Christian perspetive that men and women were meade in the image of God. The Florentine writer of "On the Dignity of Man", Mirandola said that man was made as the image of god and there are no limits to what he can acomplish.

Alchemy

Humans could use magic, especially mathematical magic, to understand and dominate the world of nature or employ the powers of nature for beneficial purposes. -Believed that the world was a living embodiment of divinity. -Humans also had a spark of divinity within . (Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton)

St. Teresa of Avila

Important Spanish nun who had mystical visions. She was a Catholic reformer / writer who encouraged a contemplative life through mental prayer. Importance/Example of: The new emotionalism/piety of the Catholic Reformation. Catholics were getting as "fired up" as Luther/Calvin but staying faithful to the Church.

Cardinal Richelieu

Initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy. Eliminated political and military rights of Huguenots while preserving their religious ones.Cardinal Richelieu ran the country for Louis XIII, president of the royal council of minsters, reshuffled the council so he could rule, devised intendants and the new robe nobility, tore down the castles of nobles, ceased military practices of Huguenots, came to an alliance with the Lutheran kings against the Habsburgs

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

James I (England)

James I the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625) Saw the divine right of kings as an extension of the apostolic succession; he was protestant ruling over r. catholic england

Louis XIII (France)

King of France from 1610 to 1642 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII Created two types of nobility, the intellects and the hereditary, took advise from intellectuals

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the New Model Army in the English Civil War, where he led the Roundheads to victory against the Cavaliers. He became Lord Protector of Great Britain. Oliver Cromwell English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Parliament

Long Parliament:This Parliament met for 13 years from 1640-1653 and chose not to implement the taxes that Charles II wanted to defend England against the Scots. This was mostly because they agreed with the Scot's negative opinion of Laud's religious changes and disagreed with the king on many issues. This powerful parliament also executed Charles's chief advisory, the Earl of Strafford. Rump Parliament After much of Parliament was killed for voting against the trial of Charles I, the remainder did their best to hold it together, until Cromwell took control and started a new Parliament.

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

Luther's and Calvin's ideas spread across Europe quickly. This was due to unrest in the peasant population, inventions like the printing press, and the support of rulers wishing to free themselves from Catholic control. Religious unity in Europe was lost, which resulted in many wars including, civil wars in Germany and France, and wars between Protestant England and Catholic France and Spain. Also new religion such as Lutheranism, Jesuits, and Methodists.

Lutheranism

Lutheranism The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith. Its tremendous growth is based on the invention of the printing press which allowed ideas to pass around and Bibles to be owned by those other than the priests. Started the questioning of the church and the reformation. Compare with Christian Humanism: both initiated social and religious reform but one influenced attitudes towards the Catholic church while the other influenced art and philosophy. It spread from Germany throughout Europe in less that two months.

Renissance FInanciers (Bankers)

Medici Family: Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries Fugger Family: German family which controlled banking in Northern Europe

Niccolo Machiavelli

Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the most read Renassiance book "The Prince" which subjected that political power for a ruler should be tough gaining, maintaining, and increasing it. As a humanist he said that humans are selfish and look at their own needs and a prince must manipulate people. He said that a leader should be feared rather than loved and said that the Prince should be concerned with actuality and now what should be which most people believed in Christian standards. Thought that political behaviour cannot be restricted by moral behaviour and that armor maybe best effective. He said poitics should be a science and have their own laws.

Christian Humanism

Northern European Reniassance. A branch of humanism. Like thier italian counterparts the christian humanists closely studied classical texts however they also sought to give it a specifically christian content. Christian humanists like Erasmus were committed to religious piety and institutional reform

Patronage of the Arts

Patrons were the Medici Family in Florence who promted their paitings and art.

Jean Bodin

Philosopher on absolutism; "only a strong absolutist monarch can provide order" (wrote during the FRENCH CIVIL WARS) Among first to provide theoretical basis for absolutist states, wrote during chaos of French Civil Wars of late 16th century, believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey the government

Pieter Brueghel the Elder

Pieter (Peter) Brueghel the Elder (1520-1569) A painter and print-maker who was isolated from Italian influences and usually painted ordinary scenes like villages and peasants (genre scenes).

Holy Roman Empire

Political affiliation of Germanic and central European city states and principalities to perpetuate Latin Christendom. Did not include England and France. Emperors after the 14th century were elected by seven electors representing the clergy and important participants.

Printing Press

Printing Press invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for propaganda. Johan Gutenburg Him along with Johann Fust and Peter Schoofer all experimented to created the movable type whcih would be printed on paper from China and Arabs. In the government moveable type helped type up from cumberstonetreaties, documents, etc. Also made propaganda possible. For the public however this allowed lieracy to increase with tincrease in books and literature but also allowed silent individuals to join silent causees and groups internationally. Promoted humanistic values such as secularism and individualism.

Raphael

Raphael, like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most famous artists of Italy's High Renaissance and one of the greatest influences in the history of Western art. Immensely talented, he first studied with his father and then as an assistant to the great master Pietro Vannucci, known as Perugino. Raphael (also known as Raffaello Sanzio) worked in Florence (1504) and earned a reputation as a productive and much-admired painter before going to Rome sometime after 1508. In Rome he was commissioned by Pope Julius II to create the large-scale fresco The School of Athens, as well as other decorative work at the Vatican. Raphael also took over as architect of St. Peter's after the death of Donato Bramante (1514), contributed ten tapestries to the Sistine Chapel and painted some of the most prized and reproduced holy pictures of the era, including The Sistine Madonna and Transfiguration. His work is often cited for its harmony and balance of composition, and his early death (on his 37th birthday) is considered by many experts to be one of the great tragedies of art history.

Cathloic Reformation/Counter Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline (Counter-Reformation)

Mannerism

Religious, dark colors, unbalanced, twisted figures, odd lighting, sometimes more than one scene.Mannerism Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

Rene Descartes

Rene Descartes is a French mathematician, philosopher, and scientist who is considered the father of analytic geometry and the founder of modern rationalism. His main works, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) and Principles of Philosophy (1644), include the famous dictum "I think, therefore I am." Rene Descartes is best known for his work into the analytic geometry field which is still very important today in the modern world.

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614), La Vista de Toledo, El Entierro del Conde de Orgaz, San Martin y el Pordiosero .Greek artist who did most of his greates work in Spain, perhaps the greateset use of Mannerists with his use of elongated figures and unnatural pigments; Burial of Count Orgaz and Toledo

Norhtern Renissance

Spread of the rebirth of art and learning influenced by the Italian Renaissance to France, Flanders, England, and Germany . Northern Europe supported ideas, merged humanist ideas with Christianity, movable type printing press and sale of books, Gutenberg bible.

Leonardo Bruni

Studied under Chrysoloras (Greek scholar) and translated ancient Greek texts to Latin. Served Florence in politics and wrote a Latin history of the city. Admired Cicero (Roman statesman and model of civic virtue)The Florentine chancellor, patriot, and humanist (Leonardo Bruni) wrote The New Cicero which explained how an individual can be maturely and intellectually a "man" through participation in and out of the state.

Council of Trent

Summoned by Pope Paul III to try and define Catholic doctrine and thwart Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. These meetings did not reform the doctrines but did end several currupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish general in the Thirty Years War, fought in the Swedish Phase of the War, he is a devout Lutheran and fights because he wants to support Protestants, his army has superior muskets and warm uniforms and are well disciplined. They win battles at Breitenfeld and Lutzen, but he is killed there

The Fronde

The Fronde was an aristocratic tax revolt. It did not seek to change the existing power structures, but rather to reverse the trend of advancing centralized power by the King and return some powers to the nobility. Consequently, it was not a revolution

Vernacular language

The common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this form of literature which began to flourish in the 14th century. Though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation. Writer who wrote in vernacular were Petrarch, Boccacio, and Chaucer.

Protestantism

The general name given to any of the Christian denominations that broke from the Catholic Church during the sixteenth-century Reformation and to the splinter churches from these communities; today these include the Lutherans, Anglicans (Episcopalians), Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, and many others. More generally, the term refers to any Western Christian community not in union with the Catholic Church.

Pluralism

The holding of several benefices, or church offices.

Nobles of the Robe (France)

The nobles whose nobility was either acquired by serving in the bureaucracy or had purchased them.

Nepotism

The practice of appointing family members to positions of favor. The practice was very common in the Catholic Church. Theocracy - A community in which the state is subordinate to the church

Edict of Nantes

The uneasy truce between Catholics and Protestants created by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 deteriorated as the faiths of various areas shifted. Lutheran princes felt compelled to form the Protestant Union (1608), and Catholics retaliated with the Catholic League (1609).

New Monarchies

These rulers consolidated power to themselves by reducing the power of the nobility and clergy as well as creating efficient bureaucracies. They did not, however, achieve absolutism.Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europes first modern nation-states in France, England, and Spain. Lous XI-France, Henry VII- England Ferdinand and Isabella- Spain Never achieved absolute power

Thirty Year's War

Thirty Years' War causes :The Peace of Augsburg only legalized Lutheranism and Catholicism -Calvinists gained support and demanded recognition of their rights Thirty Years' War overview: -religious conflict b/w Catholics and Protestants -political conflict b/w Habsburgs and other German states -mercenaries and outside countries will interfere - Death rates comparable to WWI

John Calvin

This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell, by PREDESTINATION.

Artemisia Gentileschi

This baroque artist painted vivid depictions of dramatic scenes. He/she was known for his/her Judith scenes.Was an early Italian Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio. In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence Painted "Judith Slaying Holofernes" and "Esther before Ahasuerus".

Constitutional Monarchy

Though retaining the role of head of state, the monarch in this type of governmental system, like Great Britain', must consult with Parliament.

Simony

the selling of Church offices

Elizabeth I

Tudor •politique-put state above herself -refused to marry as it would take power away from the Tudor family and her priority was the state (Parliament threatened to cut off funds) •restored Protestantism in England -aided Protestant conflicts •changed dedication to task of govt, choice of advisors, civilizing influence in court, encouraged arts, tolerated religious dissent if it didn't cause political unrest •work w/ parliament but often manipulated them to get what she wanted •expanded into New World •smooth transition by naming heir before death (never had children) -James IV of Scotland (son of rival Mary Queen of Scots)

Ursulines

Ursuline Order of Nuns provide religious and educational training; approved by Pope Paul III

Lorenzo Valla

Valla was a man born in Rome who was brought up in three different languages. He wrote several books on why to convince people that the vernacular should be replaced with the last century of Roman Republic and the first century of the Roman Empire Latin. On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.Humanist wrote "On Pleasure" which defends the sneses at the highest good. Valla was praised by scholars as father of modern historical criticism. Also in his study (1444) On the False Donation of Constantine he shows that an anonymous 8th century document giving papacy jurisdiction over western Europe territories = forgery. This weakend the papacy amon people making them temporal authority.

Renaissance

Was a time of transition from medieval to modern times. It was characterized by growing national consciounsness and political centralization, an urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism, and growing lay and secular control of thought and culture, including religion.

Individulaism

Was one of the Renaissance hallmarks stresssing personality, uniqueness, genius and full development of ones capabilities. Despite the fact Christian humilty discouraged self-absorption, 14th and 15th centiury guilds and parish provided strong support for the individual as people distanced themselves from the past and medieval times.

English Civil War

What: The English Civil War (1642-1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first (1642-46) and second (1648-49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649-51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. When: 1642-1651 Where: Kingdom of England Why: Parliamentarian victory; execution of king Charles I, establishment of the republican Commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. Results: The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649-53), and then with a Protectorate (1653-59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was legally established only with the Glorious Revolution later in the century.

Astrology

the study of the influence of stars on human behavior.

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote the most influential education book, "The Courier" (1528) as he said that training, discimpline, and fasioning youngmen --> gentlemen. He said that upper class education should have backgrounds in many academics topics along with spirtual and physical abiliites. Courtier should know or be familiar with how to dance, know music, and the arts. During the 16th and 17th century it was widley read and influenced the conduct of Elite making the model of a European gentleman.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements to reform the church and their practices. The church should only use 2 sacraments (Ukerast Baptism=Community), he created the Diet of Worms and denied to recant, therefor, he was excommunicated from the church. "Faith, not Deeds". He saw Tetzel selling the indulgences and relics, so he created the 95 Thesis.

Bureaucracy

bureaucracy A system of managing government through departments run by appointed (nonelected) officials. *A way of extending State Authority under King Louis XIV

Indulgences

certificates issued by the pope, which were said to reduce or cancel punishment for a person's sins; used to raise money for the church; common way for chruch to gain power

Filippo Brunelleschi

created II Duomo - first Italian freestanding dome since antiquity; introduced perspective

Peter Paul Rubens

one of the 1st studio painters, employed a team of assistants. "The Raising of the Cross" "Portraits of Marie de Medicis" Popularized full figured women.

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.

Rembrandt

• 1606-1669 • Greatest Dutch artist of the seventeenth century • Interested by human character, emotion, and self-revelation • Painted portraits of wealthy middle class merchants • Painted The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp in 1632 • Drew human bodies through dissections which gave us a better understanding of the human anatomy

Andreas Vesalius

• Belgian Doctor, 1514-1564 • Published earliest anatomical drawings 1543 • Blood originated in liver, passed through heart through mysterious pores (later defined as Capillaries by Marcello Malpighi) • Physician to Charles V

Peace of Westphalia

∙Peace negotiations started in 1641, signed in 1648 ∙ended Thirty Years' War ∙All participants negotiated ∙Rearranged territory -France gained Alsace and Lorraine -Sweden and Brandenburg got land from HRE -United Provinces and Swiss Confederation gained independence ∙300+ German states gained the right to make treaties and alliances ∙Renewed Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism Effects of Thirty Years' War and Peace of Westphalia ∙Authority of Calvinism ended Catholic Reformation in Germany, guaranteeing that they would remain divided religiously and politically for decades (catholics v lutheran v calvinism) ∙Sovereignty of German states led to near dissolution of HRE ∙Brought rise of France as dominant European power and accelerated rise of England and Netherlands as economic power ∙Habsburgs weakened (loss of influence in Germany), moved to affairs in E. Europe ∙Balance of power diplomacy, used as basis for future negotiations ∙Wars were based on economic, political, or diplomatic disputes, not religious ones ∙Germany devastated (1/3 pop gone) ∙Damaged economy ∙Armies more disciplined, civilians treated better

Henry VII

∙Refined admin and managed parliament ∙Killed claimants to the throne (York) ∙Broke from Catholic Church -increased strength of Parliament (especially House of Commons, limited authority of Lords) ∙used star chamber as a political weapon for bringing actions against opponents Henry VIII English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)