HISTORY STUDY GUIDE

The Reconstruction amendments toppled the ideals of what Supreme Court decision? Gibbons v. Ogden Dred Scott v. Sandford Fletcher v. Peck Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland

Dred Scott v. Sandford

The Whiskey Ring scandal took place during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. Andrew Johnson. Rutherford Hayes. Ulysses Grant. Chester Arthur.

Ulysses Grant.

In terms of employment, Blacks most avidly searched for wages equivalent to those of white workers. factory jobs in the North. the possibility to work their own land. professional careers. their old jobs in the plantations.

the possibility to work their own land.

Economic growth in the South was stronger in urban areas than in rural centers. true false

true

Thaddeus Stevens's most cherished aim was to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among formerly enslaved people and northern migrants to the South. True False

true

Because President Johnson ended land reform and no land distribution took place, the South industrialized and most African Americans got jobs in factories. plantation owners no longer wielded economic and political power. the task system became the dominant labor system in the cotton-producing regions. most white yeoman farmers were able to become plantation owners. the vast majority of rural African Americans remained poor and without property.

the vast majority of rural African Americans remained poor and without property.

Which statement is true of Ku Klux Klan members? they exclusively attacked African Americans they refused to let women participate in their cause they relied on intimidation and threats but rarely escalated to physical violence they often targeted black schoolhouses they were quickly suppressed by southern governments

they often targeted black schoolhouses

After the Civil War, some formerly enslaved people walked hundreds of miles in search of family members. true false

true

Which statement describes how gender roles operated within many free Black families? Men preferred to devote more time to their families than had been possible under slavery. Women were eager to work for wages outside the home. Men encouraged their wives to take jobs. Men and women divided domestic work equally. Families adopted the nineteenth-century notion of men and women inhabiting "separate spheres."

Families adopted the nineteenth-century notion of men and women inhabiting "separate spheres."?

When analyzing the election of 1876, what conclusion can be drawn? If Samuel J. Tilden had won Louisiana, Florida, or South Carolina, he would have been president. A majority of northerners wanted to enforce Reconstruction policies more stringently. Rutherford Hayes did poorly in the western states. The Republican Party had increased its support in the South. The Republican Party did a good job protecting the voting rights of African Americans in Mississippi.

If Samuel J. Tilden had won Louisiana, Florida, or South Carolina, he would have been president.

In what way was the postemancipation experience of formerly enslaved people in the United States different from that of freed enslaved people in other countries in the Western Hemisphere? The United States was the only place where formerly enslaved people tried to reconstruct family life. In the United States, formerly enslaved people did not attempt to acquire their own land. In the United States, formerly enslaved people were temporarily given a major share of political power. The United States was the only country that continued to treat formerly enslaved people as lazy and lacking in ambition. The United States encouraged formerly enslaved people to seek out new types of labor.

In the United States, formerly enslaved people were temporarily given a major share of political power.

By examining Reconstruction from 1863 to 1877, what conclusion can be drawn? Equal rights for African Americans continued to increase after 1877. It was one of the most complex time periods in American history. It was a total failure and left no blueprint for the future. It remade the South economically. The United States had become a declining world power in regard to trade.

It was one of the most complex time periods in American history.

How can Andrew Johnson be compared to Abraham Lincoln? The Republicans trusted Lincoln less than they did Johnson. Johnson was more stubborn and less willing to compromise than Lincoln. Lincoln reached out to the South while Johnson emphasized punishing it. Both men were excellent farmers. Both men faced impeachment charges.

Johnson was more stubborn and less willing to compromise than Lincoln.

Why was Andrew Johnson acquitted on charges of impeachment? Johnson's lawyers assured moderate Republicans that he would stop interfering with Reconstruction policy, so several voted to acquit him. no one would testify against him leading Radical Republican Benjamin Wade brilliantly managed the president's defense Ulysses S. grant urged Republicans to acquit Johnson because convicting him might hurt Grant's chances in the presidential election Many feared a constitutional crisis because, without a vice president in office, no one knew who would succeed Johnson as president

Johnson's lawyers assured moderate Republicans that he would stop interfering with Reconstruction policy, so several voted to acquit him.

Which statement is true about "Sherman land"? The Sherman lands replaced the sharecropping system. General Sherman established a wage labor system on the Sea Islands. President Andrew Johnson supported and expanded the Sherman land reform. The Freedman's Bureau distributed hundreds of thousands of forty-acre plots of Sherman land in every southern state. Sherman set aside lands for settlement of Black families on forty-acre plots.

Sherman set aside lands for settlement of Black families on forty-acre plots.

Why was the civil rights era of the 1950s and 1960s considered a "second Reconstruction"? A large region of the country had to rebuild after a war. Asian immigrants won their own protections under the law. New policies restructured the southern economy. Black prosperity finally caught up to white prosperity. The federal government once again considered the issue of equal rights for descendants of enslaved people.

The federal government once again considered the issue of equal rights for descendants of enslaved people.

What was one of the ways in which Black education evolved during Reconstruction? The first Black colleges were established. It was mandatory that all Black children attend school. Only Black schools supported by the federal government were permitted. Only white organizations ran Black schools. Religion and Black education were entirely separate by law.

The first Black colleges were established.

How did Reconstruction leave an enduring legacy? Within fifty years of Reconstruction, a majority of African American families owned land. By the turn of the twentieth century, a higher percentage of African Americans voted than whites. By 1900 in the South, whites were focused on creating harmony between the races. In the twentieth century, formerly enslaved people became the majority owners of big plantations. The nation's first African American colleges were established.

The nation's first African American colleges were established.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Radical Republicans? They tended to represent the ideas of southern plantation owners in Congress. They accepted the idea that racial inequality was unavoidable for the time being. They promoted the ideal of a strong federal government able to protect the rights of all Americans. They believed that the states should control all important matters. They agreed to support President Andrew Johnson in the upcoming elections.

They promoted the ideal of a strong federal government able to protect the rights of all Americans.

Which statement is true of the Black Codes? They inspired support for Johnson's Reconstruction policies. They ultimately spread to the urban North. They prompted a vigorous response from northern Republicans. They allowed Blacks to serve on juries and in state militias. They denied marriage and property rights to formerly enslaved people.

They prompted a vigorous response from northern Republicans.

During Reconstruction, what new southern class arose due to the building of new railroads? sharecroppers an urban middle class poor farmers plantation owners political radicals

an urban middle class

If a man from Maine came to live in the South as a teacher, what would he most likely be labeled as? a scalawag a rice traitor a Liberal Republican a carpetbagger a radical

a carpetbagger

When assessing the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, what can be determined about this issue? both congress and the president accused the other of unconstitutional acts Johnson was wiling to compromise, but Congress was unwilling to listen the moderate Republicans hoped in general terms to weaken the office of president Johnson had little support from white southerners Johnson survived being removed from office due to overwhelming support from his cabinet

both congress and the president accused the other of unconstitutional acts

President Andrew Johnson appointed provisional governors to southern states. How were they supposed to rule local affairs? by prioritizing Black people's needs by managing local affairs as they pleased by discontinuing state conventions by seeking Johnson's permission to make major decisions by forming popular assemblies to make all decisions

by managing local affairs as they pleased

Reconstruction governments hoped that opportunity and growth for both Blacks and whites would result from restructuring local legislatures. electing feminists to office. breaking up the corrupt Tweed Ring. completely replacing agriculture with industry. constructing railroads.

constructing railroads

The Civil Right Bill of 1866 was proposed by border-state Democrats provided African Americans with the right to vote defined the rights of American citizens without regard to race allowed states to determine essential citizenship standards won the support of President Andrew Johnson

defined the rights of American citizens without regard to race

After the Civil War, cotton prices rose. fluctuated for a while. benefited from successful economic policies. dropped. stayed the same.

dropped

Why specifically did Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan fail? the south had angered the North by almost surpassing its industrial productivity black southerners were apathetic to equal rights ex-confederates and pre-Civil War elite returned to power blacks refused to work with white politicians in the South form the beginning, no northerners supported his plan

ex-confederates and pre-Civil War elite returned to power

Because of land redistribution, the vast majority of rural freedmen and freedwomen prospered during Reconstruction. True False

false

Compared to rebels in the rest of world history's civil wars, the rebels of the defeated Confederacy were treated very harshly. true false

false

How did Garrison Frazier define freedom for African Americans during his January 1865 conversation with General Sherman and Secretary of War Stanton? working for wages for an employer renting land on the plantations on which they had been formerly enslaved maintaining a state of mind that was untethered from material circumstances leaving the United States for Canada having and owning their own land

having and owning their own land

White farmers in the late nineteenth-century South by and large owned their own land. saw their debts decrease as crop prices went up from 1870 to 1900. refused to grow cotton because it had been a "slave crop." were all enormously prosperous following the end of the Civil War. included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system.

included many sharecroppers involved in the crop-lien system.

What did Andrew Johnson focus on with his Reconstruction plan? issuing presidential pardons creating a biracial government limiting immigration building railroads in the South securing the individual rights of African Americans

issuing presidential pardons

In which way did the black church change during Reconstruction? it started to play a central role as Blacks abandoned white-controlled religious institutions it no longer played a central role because Blacks walked away from religion in large numbers it became cut off from the African American community becasue it was deemed too radical it stopped playing a fundamental part in Blacks' lives as they started to create more brotherhoods its rise coincided with a decreased interest in education on the part of Afircan Americans

it started to play a central role as Blacks abandoned white-controlled religious institutions

The crop-lien system annoyed bankers and merchants who resented how it made them dependent on farmers. applied only to African American farmers, as white farmers rarely grew cotton after the war. enabled yeoman farmers to continue to function under the same system as before the Civil War. kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty. grew more desirable and attracted more workers as farm prices increased in the 1870s.

kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

For most formerly enslaved people, freedom first and foremost meant education. landownership. political freedom. immediate relocation to the North. voting rights.

landownership

The Bargain of 1877 called for the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. allowed Samuel Tilden to become president. led to the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general. was made by Grant to prevent his impeachment over the Whiskey Ring. marked a compromise between Radical and Liberal Republicans.

led to the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general.

After the Civil War, the South's new urban middle class was composed of factory and garment workers. teachers and office workers. civil servants and bureaucrats. doctors and lawyers. merchants, railroad promoters, and bankers.

merchants, railroad promoters, and bankers.

Which group opposed Reconstruction, and why? observers in Europe, because they believed Reconstruction led to human rights violations northerners, because they didn't want to compete with southern economic growth formerly enslaved people, because they didn't trust the government to give them a fair deal poor whites, because they failed to benefit from Reconstruction economically radicals, because they believed Reconstruction didn't go far enough to achieve true justice

poor whites, because they failed to benefit from Reconstruction economically

During Radical Reconstruction, what did every state help finance in an effort to transform the southern economy? schools for Native Americans a public transit system of free buses and trollies railroad construction vocational training for formerly enslaved people interstate highways

railroad construction

In the 1870s, who claimed to have saved the white South from the corruption of northern and Black officals liberal republicans carpetbaggers redeemers scalawags radical republicans

redeemers

The Enforcement Acts, passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871, were designed to end reconstruction by allowing state governments to oversee citizenship rights stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan enforce the Emancipation Proclamation in the Confederate states increase the authority of the Freedmen's Bureau eliminate racial discrimination in public spaces such as hotels and theaters

stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan

What was a central element of African Americans' understanding of freedom following the Civil War? the opportunity to return to their ancestors' homelands the ability to remain in their homes on plantations the chance to openly hold mass meetings and religious services away from White supervision the right to integrated public facilities the right to interracial marriage

the chance to openly hold mass meetings and religious services away from White supervision

Reconstruction planted the seed of a debate that would dominate the political agenda for the next half century. What was this debate about? gender equality the validity of Native American treaties the definition of the economic essence of freedom the minimum amount of education necessary to have the right to vote the division between politics and religion

the definition of the economic essence of freedom

During Radical Reconstruction in the South, about 2,000 African Americans held political office, but only in local governments. the first interracial governments in U.S. history accomplished a great deal, despite violent opposition. Republicans included "carpetbaggers," who were white Republicans born in the South. white voters provided the majority of the Republican Party's support. Republicans included "scalawags," who were white northerners who moved to the South.

the first interracial governments in U.S. history accomplished a great deal, despite violent opposition.

The Fourteenth Amendment eventually led to which future Supreme Court outcome? the right to burn the American flag the legalization of gay marriage the banning of child labor the right to legal representation for all the legalization of abortion

the legalization of gay marriage

The Black Codes remained a part of southern state laws throughout Radical Reconstruction. overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment. violated free labor principles so celebrated by the North at the time. were created by the Freedmen's Bureau. demonstrated to many Republicans in Congress that President Johnson's Reconstruction plan was a success.

violated free labor principles so celebrated by the North at the time.

The Bargain of 1877 radicalized Black activists. gave more power to southern Republicans. included the agreement that Hayes would put a northerner in the cabinet position of postmaster general. formed a commission to oversee the results of the presidential election. was not fulfilled in all its parts.

was not fulfilled in all its parts

Sharecropping was most popular in the old rice plantation areas of South Carolina and Georgia. was preferred by African Americans to gang labor, because they were less subject to supervision. was a compromise between African Americans' desire for discipline and planters' desire to learn to do physical labor. became more popular because of rising farm prices that brought increased prosperity. meant that African Americans were paid a daily wage for doing specific tasks.

was preferred by African Americans to gang labor, because they were less subject to supervision.

The election of 1876 was won by Ulysses S. Grant by a narrow count. was tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. was finally decided by the Supreme Court. marked the final stage of Reconstruction, which ended in 1880. was won by Rutherford B. Hayes by a landslide.

was tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.

After the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, which group was still not guaranteed a constitutional right to vote? Black Americans servants men who did not own property naturalized citizens women

women