History Test 3 - Ming, Qing, Tokugawa

Oda Nobunga

- "If a bird doesn't sing, kill it" - Fierce - Samurai - Cruel - Killed all opponents... like at Mt Hiei

Tokugawa Ieyasu

- "If the bird doesn't sing, wait for it to sing" - Founder and first shogun of tokugawa - Three of great unifiers - But really he was the one ^ - Patient, persevere, manager

Tomoyoti Hideyoshi

- A daimyo lord who aspired to unify Japan under his own rule - His attempts to conquer Korea and China failed - "If the bird doesn't sing, make it sing" - Conqueror, go-getter

Kowtow

- Act of deep respect - Bowing so low, head touches ground - Highest sign of reverence - Shown for elders, superiors and emperors

Zheng He

- Admiral who led Zheng He Expeditions - ^a fleet of Chinese junks that traveled on well-established hajj routes from China to Southeast Asia, India, the Islamic world and East Africa from 1405 to 1433 - ^point was to showcase CHina's greatness

Yangtze River Valley

- Agriculturally productive region with important urban center of Nanjing - Yangtze river delta site of strong industrial and commercial growth

Manchu

- Beginnings of Qing Dynasty - Were nomads - ^took up agriculture, literacy, confucian philosophy - Still maintained language + nomadic ways

Bejing

- Capital of China today - Forbidden City there - Capital moved there

Examination system

- Chinese system for choosing officials in positions in the Ming imperial bureaucracy - Candidates needed to pass one or more examinations in increased difficulty for higher positions

Bushido

- Code of honor and morals for Japanese samurai - Kept them in check - Fidelity (loyalty), politeness, virility (manly), simplicity

Edo

- Considered a period of time too Flourishing city (capital) - Cultural and commercial center - Art + activities

Kyoto

- Cultural capital of Japan - Shibto shrines, buddhist temples, palaces and gardens - One of the flourishing cities in that time

Han

- Derives from Han dynasty - Said to be high point of civilization - Feel belong to same ethnic group - General term for chinese citizens

Alternate Residence System

- Developed during warring states period - Daimyo had to alternate between Edo and their own domains -^kept them in check

Foot binding

- Distinction of wealth and leisure, but became fashion trend - Feet broken and compressed into balls - painful + infections - "Boys = blessing, girls = burden"

Banner system

- Eight banners - Administrative and military divisions - Functioned as armies - Organization framework for society

Yongzheng

- Empirical form of Confucianism - Encyclopedia - Increased state revenue (Spread tax burden equitably + established more efficient tax collection)

Ashikaga

- First dynasty type thing - political power decentralized - shogun, daimyo, samurai - not unified - land of contrasts (buddhist daimyo) - feudal military government

Ukiyo

- Genre of art Woodblock prints + paintings - "Pictures of the floating world"

Hagakure

- In the shadow of leaves - Way of samurai: death - ^charge forward onto death

Shinto

- Japanese ethnic religion - Ancestral/natural world, spiritual forces

Shogun

- Literally "military commander" - Nominally appointed by emperor - Controlled Daimyo with favors and land grants

Daimyo

- Lords who ruled their own rural domains - Had to be kept in check - Had authority in domains

Samurai

- Military retainers - ^each daimyo had one - Warriors

Yongle Emperor

- Ming Taizu's successor (his brother) - MT's grandson was supposed to take over, but brother got mad - Created encyclopedia - Military expeditions - Canal system (beijing → Yangtzee)

Wanli Emporer

- Ming emperor at time of Matteo Ricci's mission - Vain and extravagant - Hastened the decline fo the Ming dynasty through lack of attentiont o policy and promotion of incompetent officials

Macartney Mission

- Mission in which Lord Macartney was sent by King George to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing empire - Because he couldn't accept the British king as his equal, the Qianlong emperor refused

Neo-Confuciansm

- Moral, ethical, metaphysical chinese philosophy influenced by confucianism - Attempt to create more secular form of confucianism (reject superstitions/mythical elements)

Mt. Hiei

- Nobunaga - attack on monastery - sept 29th 1571 - 20,000 died - burned monastery - killed anyone in path (solution: kill everybody)

Buddhim

- Non-theistic religion and philosophy - Manchu religion - didn't inforce it on everybody, but made them cut hair into Queue

Emporer Kangxi

- One of the most powerful and long-ruling emperors in CHinese imperial history - Extended the Qing empire, expanded the economy, and cultivated an image as a Confucian scholar and sage

Queue

- Only aspect of Buddhism that the Manchu enforced - Shaved forehead + single long braid in back - Haircut for all men

Nanjing

- Original capital - Moved to Beijing

Mongol

- Overthrown b - Practices incorporated in Ming - Ming Taizu tried to take out practices (tried to restaff gov, take out civil service examinations) but never worked

Haiku

- Poetry - 17 syllables - Three lines of five, seven and five - zevoking images of the natural world

Canton System

- Qing - How china controlled trade within their country - All trade coming in from Souther port of Canton

Qianlong

- Qing emperor who ruled during the empire's greatest territorial expansion and prosperity - Corruption began late in reign - Rejected an english attempt to establish diplomatic relations

Seclusion Edicts

- Series of edicts issued by shoguns that outlawed Christianity and strictly limited Japanese contact with Europeans - Only a single anual Dutch trading mission allowed (were not trying to spread Christianity) - No bibles or christian texts allowed

Qing Dynasty

- Sometimes called Manchu dynasty after Manchurian origins if rulers - Extended their rule from behind to Mongolia and Tibet

Confucianism

- System of philosophical and ethical teachings - Obedience to superiors - Mandate of Heaven (God said person could rule, would look for signs that go against that to repeal their power) - ^hierarchy - Emperors - deserved unquestioning obedience, benevolent behavior of confucian sages

Ming Taizu

- Tasked with changing or not changing Mongol practices - Incorporated ^ - Founder + first emperor - surveyed lands - Equitable taxes

Tokugawa Shogunate

- The dynasty of shoguns, paramount military leaders of japan - From their capital at Edo, Tokugawa rulers brought political stability by restraining the power of the daimyo lords

Dutch learning

- Traditional Japanese title for Western Knowledge - Knowledge of Dutch in Japan was a sign of worldliness and sophistication

Kabuki

- Traditional japanese form of theater - Popular dramas - Designed for tastes of common people - Dancers (sometimes prostitutes) - women were banned from performing

Chengde palace

- Where Manchu emperors would spend their summers - Outside Great Wall - could embrace their nomadic lifestyle

Ming Dynasty

- a native chinese dynasty that overthrew the Mongols but continued many of their practices

Prompt 1 (symbols) GRABBER

A new age for China and Japan, one of new rulers and policies.

Prompt 3 (political organization) GRABBER

A new age of governmental organization.

Prompt 3 (political organization) INFO P2

Banner system: Eight banners, administrative and military divisions, functioned as armies. Organization framework for society Manchu: never fully assimilated. Intermarriage forbidden. Keep my own culture + language. Three emperors spent summers in Chengde palace. Studied own culture + chinese classics Buddhism: didn't force it, but still made men cut hair. Symbolized how they were under Manchu rule (lower) whether they liked it or not. Han: derived from early dynasty, used to differentiate ethnic Chinese groups Women: feet bound together. "Boys blessing, girls burden". Unified practice among women of luxury (wanted to do it) but caused them much pain Supremacy: like Ming, thought were superior. Tried to show others this. Mission trips - bestowed gifts. Tributary system - didn't treat everyone equally (specifically Europeans).

Prompt 1 (symbols) INFO P2

Buddhism: though they didn't force the religion as a whole they made all men cut their hair. Thought this doesn't seem like a big deal, a hairstyle is one of the first things you notice Chenge palace: symbolized Manchu ability to stay distant. Overall wanted nomadic lifestyle Feet binding: oppression of women. Bound feet together (fashion trend/sign of leisure). Only did it to show that women are a burden Outsiders: threatened by nomads. 1757: slaughtered many outsiders including Muslim Uighurs (threw them into whatever land they could find) Supremacy: not willing to form diplomatic relations. Mcartney mission (English) - turned down relations. Saw China as the center of the world. Made people send annual tribute to Beijing - symbolized powerful leaders

Prompt 3 (political organization) INFO P3

Bushido: Code of laws for Samurai, kept in check. No real [lace for samurai in society Religion: shinto, buddhism, taoism - all east asian religions. Outlawed Christianity - keeping religions in a specific bubble (unification) Control: over daimyo, ^had to live in Edo for half a year. This was the biggest piece - having the powerful lords who had their own domains under control Foreign influence: not much foreign influence. Nationalism. Kind of like the same superiority thing as China. Only Dutch - knew they wouldn';t spread Christaintiy. Wouldn't let citizens leave - saw everyone else as inferior Art: created unique things. People of all social classes contributed. Different forms. Were able to test boundaries Social: strict social norms, kept everyone in check. Emperor: most power, but literally just sat there and did nothing. Women: some opportunity (against confucianism), performers (prostitution)Merchants/artisans: at bottom even though did most of the work.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) INFO P3

China: did not pay tribute to Chinese emperor. Not subject to foreign power. Provided influence. Influence downplayed by Samurai Seclusion edicts: did not allow Christiantity to enter the country. Went to great lengths to ensure religion remained unified Dutch: only allowed them. Dutch learning - annual Dutch mission bringing enlightenment knowledge Shinto: main religion, isolationist and nativist - tide turning Ships: American ships (1791) then Russian ships. Offers persistent - had to consider opening doors Edicts: ships cannot leave for other countries. No japanese can leave. Return from another country - executed. Suspected hristiainity - investigation. Thought everyone else barbarians

Prompt 3 (political organization) INFO P1

Confucianism: suspended civil service examinations, tried to restaff central government. Suspicious of it... eventually reinstated (country-wide theology). Labor: assigned to the category of labor (agriculture, military, salt mining). Each house contributed a fixed amount of days. Mongol: kept some of the practices. Emphasized on defense against them Zheng He expeditions: fleet of ships, traveled to assert dominance. Superiority leads to unification. Forbidden City: center of Confucian learning. Standing today - represented power **Confucian social order: kept people in check. Obedience relations with the emperor on top. Only people equivalent to each other - men of the same age and station. Foreign: hierarchy also governed foreign relations Tax collection: silver, surge in global demand. Inflation, economic growth, rising prices are not good for the poor. Vulnerable to economic shocks. Tried to spread tax burden equitably.

Prompt 3 (political organization) RELATION TO THESIS P3

Creating a strict social hierarchy and social norms allowed the Tokugawa Shogunate to flourish in ways the Ashikaga never did.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) TS P1

Different types of people clung to their native languages and cultures, driving them further away from each other.

Prompt 3 (political organization) RELATION TO THESIS P1

During the Ming's reign, everyone knew their place and duty in life, thereby creating a balanced environment.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) THESIS

Each of the three dynasties decided that other nations were inferior to them, and closed their borders to the outside world

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) GRABBER

European nations began knocking at Japan's and CHina's doors, but to no avail.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) RELATION TO THESIS P2

Even though the Qing was more of an external rule than the Ming, they still maintained the superiority that the Ming showcased.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) THESIS

However, this was not always a positive thing, as it drove people even further apart from each other.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) RELATION TO THESIS P2

In many of these dynasties, certain religions were outlawed in favor of one unified religion, but instead this separated the people's ideals even further.

Prompt 1 (symbols) RELATION TO THESIS P1

Instead of focusing on the problems in their country, the Ming leaders used their position to personally profit; this would eventually be their downfall.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) THESIS RESTATEMENT

Just as these nations were beginning to band together, their people were breaking apart.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) RELATION TO THESIS P1

Languages, that people clung to and used to express their personalities, represented the growing rift between people.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) INFO P2

Manchu: leaders, from nomadic tribes. Every summer I went to Chengde palace to embrace traditions. External rule... kind of different. COnquered nations: incorporated conquered people into the banner system. Annexed many other nations - brought back knowledge. Doubled in size. Used force Gifts: tribute missions to beijing (pay respects). Symbolized "fealty" of other rulers. Preserved political autonomy by recognizing Qing Local: allowed local influence (not as powerful as emperor). Appointed people to monitor conquered areas Relations: treated Russians as equals (worried would ally with nomads). Reluctant to use Euros as equals. Canton: Restricted trade to singular port (canton system) so could monitor everything Britain: refused to see as equals, frustrating. Mccartney mission - asked for diplomatic relations, Qing turned down. Couldn't recognize superiority. Qing thought China was "center of world"

Prompt 1 (symbols) THESIS RESTATEMENT

Many rulers in the far east sought out their narcissistic goals at the expense of their people.

Prompt 1 (symbols) TS P1

Ming leaders were very focused on raising their own status in the eyes of the world and the nation.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) INFO P1

Ming: Ming Taizu seeked to get rid of many Mongol practices, however he ended up incorporating them. Got rid of Mongolian language and replaced with Mandarin - signified new start. Were many different dialects of Mandarin - separated people across the country. Leaders didn't want the people to have their own identity, yet different dialects caused that Qing: External rule (Manchu), so was a different story. Leaders were Manchu - nomadic culture and practices. Would go to Chengde palace every summer - ride horses and such, embrace culture. Kangxi (first emperor) retained ancestral culture + spoke native language with fam. < also studied Chinese classics. Tried to unify people, but it was really hard since the emperor was speaking a different language. No unified language Tokugawa: Spoke Japanese, however much like Ming, had different dialects. Also meant different things for different people; samurai said death > life, others thought differently. Very against foreign influence so low chance of other languages - not much to set people apart, have to find other ways. Found ways to use language to illustrate ideas in oppressive society: theater, art forms (haiku, Ukiyo-e)

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) INFO P3

Ming: born a peasant, but had a conservative vision. Said people shouldn't change social position (yet he did, so I guess he thought it didn't apply to him). Confucian hierarchy - obedience to superiors. Top: emperor who didn't even do much. Spread tax burden - positive Qing: confucian hierarchy also - obedience (make everyone mad). Women driven away from society - feet bound up (literally could not go out). Superiority idea - eventually downfall Tokugawa: peasants who worked hard at bottom (not flexible). Emperor at top - probs made people angry since he did nothing. Shogun ahd real power - not respected so much for it. Samurai + daimyo - tributary relationship with respect. But daimyo did not want to fall at the feet of shogun - causing divides. Samurai have no place in social classes in peace. Women forced into prostituiotn roles - not respected in society

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) INFO P2

Ming: tried to take away Confucianism (civil service examinations) but eventually were put back. Created a curriculum with it. Mandate of Heaven - said that the ruler would be in power until the event told them the rule was not legitimate >> everyone had dif perceptions of when that would be. Kind of contrasting to the main idea - they were pretty tolerant (taoism, buddhism, e.t.c.) Qing: made everyone have buddhist haircut - didn't enforce but still a great distinction for people. Still people who worshipped other religions. 1757: slaughtered many outsiders including Muslim Uighurs (threw them into whatever land they could find: not accepting of other religions Tokugawa: outlawed Christianity (executed for it) - Seclusion Edicts. Only allowed Dutch into the country - went crazy about Christianity. Drove ppl apart (christians executed or in hiding). Not religiously tolerant. Their religion = shinto (ancestral worlds + supernatural)

Prompt 1 (symbols) INFO P3

Mt Hiei: Nobunaga came in and killed everyone for no reason. 20,000 dead. became the solution for everything. Daimyo and Samurai: warrior elite and their lords. No real place for them when peace came. Signified a dark period; constantly killing people. Followed Bushido Hagakure: shadow of leaves piece of writing. Way of Samurai: death. Always chose death over life, be one with it. Gave people the wrong idea, showed them that violence and accepting death was okay Hierarchy/emperor: emperor at top, but didn't mean much. Had "compassion for people". Basically just sat there and tried to organize religion, yet required the utmost respect and admiration. Bird poem: Nobunaga and Hideyoshi are very violent. First two unifiers, so showed the people what to do, and that it was okay Seclusion Edicts: outlawed Christianity. Said it was not ok, and they would kill anyone caught doing it Edicts on European TRade: very strict rules regulating Japanese. Only allowed dutch, ships cannot g o abroad, no japanese can elave, samurai cannot purchase foreign goods. Awfully strict rules Kabuki: in many cities, prostitution was okay. Objectified women, and no one cared. Everyone just put up with it

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) TS P2

Religion was another distinction that was evident in society.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) TS P3

Social classes and standings was the clearest distinction to see when looking at these societies.

Prompt 1 (symbols) INFO P1

Specific emperors: Ming Taizu: born a peasant, but had a conservative vision. Said people shouldn't change social position (yet he did, so I guess he thought it didn't apply to him). Wanli: vain and extravagant - hastened decline by not paying attention to policy + promoting officials Zheng He expeditions: men and ships wasted just for a tour around the world. Never went inland - had no intention of discovering new things and places. Simply wanted to impress everyone, remind them of supremacy Confucianism: unquestioning obedience to the emperor (didn't even care about people). Only for benefits to men of similar age + status - much of the population discounted. Also governed foreign relations - instilled supremacy idea Silver (tax collection): used silver to try to benefit the government. Ended up creating a surge in global demand. Part of downfall - not enough silver. Inflation, economic growth, rising prices not good for poor

Prompt 3 (political organization) BACKGROUND INFO

The Ming Qing and Tokugawa created something that their people had never seen before; a united and stable government. Because of this, they were able to stay in power for long periods of time.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) RELATION TO THESIS P1

The Ming dynasty closed themselves off to foreign relations, view other nation's relationship with China as tributary.

Prompt 1 (symbols) RESTATE STRONGEST POINTS

The Ming dynasty ignored problems within their country, the Qing straight up oppressed their people and denied foreign relations, and the Tokugawa did all three.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) TS P1

The Ming dynasty was the first of the three to exhibit superiority,

Prompt 3 (political organization) TS P1

The Ming was the earliest of the dynasties to establish political control through the social order.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) THESIS RESTATEMENT

The Ming, Qing and Tokugawa all established a tributary system between their countries and other nations, in order to protect the spread of any ideas other than their own.

Prompt 3 (political organization) THESIS

The New regimes created an organized government by keeping each of the social classes in check through various methods.

Prompt 3 (political organization) TS P2

The Qing conquered the Ming and took over China, but they used the same tactic of keeping social classes in check, even if their methods for doing so were slightly different.

Prompt 1 (symbols) RELATION TO THESIS P2

The Qing leaders took measures to become more powerful that resulted in the maltreatment of their citizens and potential foreign allies, also.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) TS P2

The Qing much like the Ming, saaw themselves as superior to other antions.

Prompt 3 (political organization) RELATION TO THESIS P2

The Qing used Manchu and Han Chinese ideals to create their solid social network in order to create one of the greatest empires China had ever seen.

Prompt 3 (political organization) THESIS RESTATEMENT

The Tokugawa Shogunate and the Ming and Qing dynasties each realized that social stability would lead to political stability, even if they enforced this idea with different tactics.

Prompt 3 (political organization) TS P3

The Tokugawa Shogunate, all the way in Japan, also created order by keeping their social classes in check.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) RELATION TO THESIS P3

The Tokugawa had strict rules when it came to foreign relations, so that nobody could take away their ideas and convert their people.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) TS P3

The Tokugawa modeled their froeign relaktions's attitude after the Chinese.

Prompt 1 (symbols) TS P3

The Tokugawa was perhaps the most oppressive and selfish of the three.

Prompt 1 (symbols) RELATION TO THESIS P3

The Tokugawa was the worst mixture of the Ming and the Qing: the leaders oppressed their people and drove out foreign allies, all to see themselves rise up.

Prompt 1 (symbols) TS P2

The leaders of the Qing dynasty greatly oppressed their people, to accomplish their goals.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) RELATION TO THESIS P3

The non-fluid nature of social classes in these three time periods caused the divides to further even more.

Prompt 1 (symbols) THESIS

These leaders used symbols to accomplish their own personal agendas, whether through force or not, even if it hurt their people.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) BACKGROUND INFO

These three dynasties were committed to maintaining their supremacy and conserving their ideas behind closed doors. Although they each had slightly different reasons for doing so, the overall message was the same.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) GRABBER

Though the countries as a whole were unified, the individual people were anything but.

Prompt 1 (symbols) BACKGROUND INFO

Though this new age ushered in many changes, the selfishness possessed by leaders reamined. In the Ming and Qing dynasties and the Tokugawa shogunate, specific symbols stand out as evidence of this greed.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) BACKGROUND INFO

Through language, religion and social relations, the people of the Ming and Qing dynasties and Tokugawa shogunate, people were able to find and express their own personal identity in ways that they never thought they could.

Prompt 2 (cultural practices) RESTATE STRONGEST POINTS

Through social classes, language and culture, and religion, these divides become evident.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) RESTATE STRONGEST POINTS

Whether it was blocking Christianity, refusing to even speak with an inferior country or parading around the world to showcase superiority, each of these dynasties held their doors shut, until they were inevitably knocked down by the changing world.

Prompt 3 (political organization) RESTATE STRONGEST POINTS

Whether it was through international supremacy, Confucian obedience ideals or control of the strong lords, these three empires brought security to their countries.

Prompt 4 (foreign relations) INFO P1

Zheng He expeditions: fleet of ships, traveled to assert dominance. Superiority Great wall: made repairs on it. Wanted to keep barbarians out Relationship: tributary. Modeled after Confucian hierarchy. Expected other societies to be modeled after them. Annual missions to Beijing with gifts Silver: needed for the tax system. Caused global decline. Didn't care - even though causing problems for own gain