History Unit 1 Chapter Test
The State of Nature/Human Nature
'The State of Nature' is Locke's theory of how humans come to be the way they are and how they influence society. What this theory states is that
Divine Right (of Kings)
King James I and Charles I believed in the divine/absolute right, which is the idea that God gave kings the divine right to rule and that therefore no one on earth can judge them, and that they should be respected. They believed that as kings they are gods, and have the power and moral to do everything they wish.
Mary Tudor
(Mary I, Bloody Mary) Was a vigorous Catholic and so killed openly Protestant and Anglican public by scalping then burning or hanging them. Could never have a child to succeed her and so was obliged to hand over the throne to her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth. Married and divorced Philip of Spain.
Charles II
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Civil War: Cavaliers VS Roundheads
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Consent of the Governed
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Declaration of Independence
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Grand Remonstrance
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Hobbes/Leviathan
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James II
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Locke/Two Treatises of Government
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Major Generals
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Natural Law
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Natural Rights
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New Model Army
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New Model Army in Ireland (Drogheda and Wexford)
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Protestant VS Catholic
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Puritan VS Anglican
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The Agreement of the People
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The Glorious Revolution
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The Levellers
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The Restoration
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The Social Contract/Limits of State Power
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King John
A tyrant in the 1200s, who, as king of England, greatly displeased his barons and was forced to sign the Magna Carta. Died in 1216. John's reign as king was important, but not successful from England's point of view. He tried several times to get back land in France which had been lost, but did not succeed.
William III
Also known as William of Orange
Lord Protector
Cromwell was a lord protector.
Henry VIII (le obese 8)
Had six wives. He split from the Roman Catholic Church, and the Pope, and created the new Anglican Church of England. Had three legitimate children: Catholic Mary and Protestant Edward and Elizabeth.
Elizabeth I
Queen during the 'Golden Age'. Was sister to Mary Tudor. Protestant queen. Taxed those who did not attend the Anglican church but was more tolerant. Used more parliamentary means (smart). Wanted to create a common book for religious purposes so to put an end to controversy.
The Rump Parliament
Some of the members of Parliament who were opposed to killing king Charles were purged, and from this time on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the Rump Parliament. This Parliament took complete power in England, and there was no new king at all until 1660.
Charles I
Son of James I. After James died his son Charles tried to rule in the same way as James, but caused the English Civil War. At the end of the war, in 1649, Charles was executed (beheaded). - Charles I of England was the King of England and Scotland, of the House of Stuart. When Charles became king, he needed money for a war with Spain, but Parliament wouldn't give it to him. Therefore, he dissolved parliament and did not call it again for eleven years, from 1629 to 1640. When the king and the Archbishop then tried to force a Prayer Book on Scotland, which was even more Protestant (Calvinist), armed rebellion broke out there. Now that the king was at war, he needed more money than ever, so he had no choice but to call Parliament again in 1640. The members of Parliament, angry at the things that had been going on for 11 years, did not want to give him money to fight his war, instead, they spent the session complaining about what had been going on in the country for the last 11 years. So after only three weeks, Charles dissolved Parliament again. For this reason, it was known as the Short Parliament. Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly, and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have. This meant that once again he had to call a Parliament, much as he hated to do so. One of the first things they did was vote that the King had to call Parliament, and could not shut them down again. Charles had no choice but to agree. This Parliament is known as the Long Parliament, because it ended up lasting for twenty years, until 1660. The Parliament and the King then began to quarrel about who was in control of the army. Each side ended up with their own army, and this led to the English Civil War that started in 1642. Parliament voted to put the king on trial. This had never been done to a king of England before. At the trial he was found guilty and was finally put to death by beheading in January 1649.
Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish navy fleet of 130 ships most famous for being used by Spain's King Philip II to attack Britain in 1588 (attempt to conquer England). The Royal Navy defeated the Armada by using the wind to blow ships that were lit on fire into the anchored fleet. - The British only had 55 ships, but these ships carried more guns. The Spanish only had short-range cannons, while the English had long-range cannons. The morale and dedication of the British sailors was high, buoyed by the famous speech by Queen Elizabeth and national loyalty, and led by experienced captains who had years of naval battles behind them. However, even though the English sailors had done so well, they didn't get paid and were made to stay on their ships and 'Guard' in case there was another Spanish attack.
James I
Was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and Ireland as James I. He was the first to call himself King of Great Britain. His rule was important because it was the first time England and Scotland had agreed to have the same monarch. He was the first monarch of England from the House of Stuart. The last English monarch had been Elizabeth I. She had died without any children so the English looked to Scotland for a monarch and because he was the closest relative Elizabeth had. King of England and Scotland. Strong supporter of the Anglican church with little patience of the Puritan reformers. Strong opposition from a puritan parliament, for he was a foreigner. This caused the English Civil War which lasted for six years. In addition, he did not use the kingdom's money well. While James was ruling, the Scottish and English governments were quite stable.
Magna Carta
Was a document signed by King John, forced by his barons and bishops (1215). The Magna Carta was a significant legal document in English history, as well as the first English "bill of rights". It introduced the idea that monarchs had limited rights and had to follow certain laws, and it gave the nobles more say in the government. It was also an important step towards England becoming a constitution. It not only affected English government, but inspired governments of other countries (inspired the US Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights). It established a council of 25 barons to make sure John kept to the clauses. In latin, Magna Carta means the Great Charter. John sought approval from the Pope to break it, whom agreed to all the king's complaints
Declaration/Bill of Rights
Was an Act of the Parliament of England passed in 1689. It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law". These ideas about rights reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England. It also sets out—or, in the view of its drafters, restates—certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament. Along with the Act of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights is still in effect. It is one of the main constitutional laws governing the succession to the throne of the United Kingdom and—following British colonialism, the resultant doctrine of reception, and independence—to the thrones of those other Commonwealth realms, by willing deference to the Act as a British statute or as a patriated part of the particular realm's constitution.[3] Since the implementation of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in each of the Commonwealth realms (on successive dates from 1931 onwards) the Bill of Rights cannot be altered in any realm except by that realm's own parliament, and then, by convention, and as it touches on the succession to the shared throne, only with the consent of all the other realms.[4] In the United Kingdom, the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, Habeas Corpus Act 1679, Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 and the Human Rights Act 1998 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution.[5] A separate but similar document, the Claim of Right Act, applies in Scotland. The Bill of Rights (1688 or 1689) was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights.[6]
Mary Queen of Scots
Was caught plotting along with Philip of Spain (through letters) against the queen of England so she could take the throne, since there were no successors. Accused and beheaded for treason against the queen Mary Tudor (her cousin). Mary believed she died as a religious martyr to Catholicism.
The Reformation
Was the dissolution of monasteries (the most wealthy Catholics/the most loyal supporters of the pope) in England. Took place in order to allow Henry VIII to get a divorce and to be free from the popery.
Mary II
Wife of William of Orange. They ruled England's first constitutional monarchy together.