History World Rome Julius Caesar

He was granted further honours, which were later used to justify his assassination as a would-be divine monarch: coins were issued bearing his image and his statue was placed next to those of the kings. He was granted a golden chair in the Senate, was allowed to wear triumphal dress whenever he chose, and was offered a form of semi-official or popular cult, with Mark Antony as his high priest.[91]

These were honors granted by the senate to Caesar, right before his assassination.

Marcus Junius Brutus (the Younger

This individual had at first supported Caesar, but then fought on Pompey's optimate side against Caesar's popularis side. After Pompey was defeated at Pharsalus, he was pardoned by Caesar. He was recruited into the plot to assassinate Caesar, and took a leading role. A popular uprising after Caesar's death forced him and his brother-in-law (Cassius) to flee Rome.

January 10, 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon river (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only a single legion, the Legio XIII Gemina, and ignited civil war. Upon crossing the Rubicon, Caesar, according to Plutarch and Suetonius, is supposed to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menander, in Greek, "the die is cast".[67] Erasmus, however, notes that the more accurate Latin translation of the Greek imperative mood would be "alea iacta esto", let the die be cast.[68]

This is how Caesar entered Rome.

44, 23 (only one of which was fatal).

This is the # of Senators who participated in the assassination; this is the number of times Caesar was stabbed.

Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason.

This is what Caesar was concerned about, if he entered Rome w/out an army.

His mother's sister (Julia) had married Gaius Marius

This is why Sulla was opposed to Caesar.

Arisinoe IV

This was Cleopatra's sister; when Caesar paraded her through the streets in chains, Romans actually felt sorry for her.

Brutus defeated Octavian's forces, but Antony defeated Cassius's forces; Cassius committed suicide.

This was the result of the first battle of the Liberators Civil War

Brutus was defeated, and committed suicide.

This was the result of the second battle, between Octavian and Brutus (October 42)

Mark Antony, Marcus Lepidus, and Octavian (Caesar's adopted son)

This was the second triumvirate, that started by attempting to avenge Caesar's death.

veni, vidi, vici

We came, we saw, we conquered. Caesar in 47 BC easily defeats Pharnaces (son of Mithridates VI) in the Kingdom of Pontus

Antony needed soldiers, the cash from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. With the passage of the lex Titia on 27 November 43 BC,[116] the Second Triumvirate was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's loyal cavalry commander Lepidus.[117] It formally deified Caesar as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, and Caesar Octavian henceforth became Divi filius ("Son of a god").[118]

What actions did Antony and Octavian take to reach their goal of (either) avenging Caesar's death (or) gaining power for themselves?

Brutus stepped forward as if to speak to other senators; they fled. Brutus and a few others marched to the Capitol, crying "People of Rome, we are once again free!" But Roman citizens had locked themselves in their houses. Caesar's dead body lay where it fell on the Senate floor for nearly three hours before other officials arrived to remove it.

What did Brutus do immediately after the assassination of Caesar?

Caesar and Cleopatra celebrated their victory with a triumphal procession on the Nile in the spring of 47 BC. The royal barge was accompanied by 400 additional ships, and Caesar was introduced to the luxurious lifestyle of the Egyptian pharaohs.[77]

What did Caesar and Cleopatra do after their triumph against Cleopatra's brother-husband?

divorce his wife Cornelia (Cinna's daughter)

What did Sulla tell Caesar to do, that Caesar refused to do?

Because Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription, abandoned since Sulla.[119] It engaged in the legally sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents to secure funding for its 45 legions in the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius.[120] Antony and Octavian defeated them at Philippi.[121]

What practice did the Second Triumvirate bring back, not used since Sulla?

The construction of an unprecedented temple to Mars, a huge theatre, and a library on the scale of the Library of Alexandria.[91] He also wanted to convert Ostia to a major port, and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth. Militarily, he wanted to conquer the Dacians and Parthians, and avenge the loss at Carrhae. Thus, he instituted a massive mobilisation.

What reforms and changes did Caesar plan for the future?

Caesar established a new constitution, which was intended to accomplish three separate goals.[87] First, he wanted to suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces, and thus bring order back to the Republic. Second, he wanted to create a strong central government in Rome. Finally, he wanted to knit together all of the provinces into a single cohesive unit.[87]

What three goals were Caesar's new constitution intended to establish?

During this time, Caesar was elected to his third and fourth terms as consul in 46 BC and 45 BC

What was Caesar elected to after defeating Pompey's sons at the Battle of Munda?

Caesar and Cleopatra were not married. Caesar continued his relationship with Cleopatra throughout his last marriage—in Roman eyes, this did not constitute adultery—and probably fathered a son called Caesarion. Cleopatra visited Rome on more than one occasion, residing in Caesar's villa just outside Rome across the Tiber.[77]

What was Caesar's relationship w/Cleopatra as time went on?

Caesar raised a fleet, pursued and captured the pirates, and crucified them.

What was the fate of the pirates?

The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was immensely popular and had been since before Gaul, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had killed their champion.

What was the reaction of Romans to Caesar's assassination?

Again, some bystanders complained, this time at Caesar's wasteful extravagance. A riot broke out, and only stopped when Caesar had two rioters sacrificed by the priests on the Field of Mars.[91]

What was the reaction to Caesar's fondness for triumphal games, beast-hunts for hundreds of lions, gladiator contests, naval battles on flooded fields, two armies of war captives (2,000 each, with horses and elephants) fighting to the death?

Caesar was stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry, and his priesthood

When Sulla returned to power, what happened to Caesar

He demanded the ransom be increased to 50.

When the pirates wanted to ransom Caesar for 20 talents of silver, what was Caesar's response?

Shortly before his assassination, the Senate named him censor for life and Father of the Fatherland, and the month of Quintilis was renamed July in his honour.[91]

When was Caesar named censor for life?

As Governor of Roman Syria, he attempted to conquer Parthia, in Asia Minor, but was killed in battle

Where and how was Crassus killed?

Crete

Where did Brutus settle after he fled Rome?

Caesar travels to Africa to deal with the remnants of Pompey's senatorial supporters. He quickly gained a significant victory in 46 BC over Cato, who then committed suicide.[82]

Where did Caesar deal with Pompey's senatorial supporters, such as Cato?

Battle of Actium

Where did Octavian defeat Cleopatra and Marc Antony (at which point they committed suicide)

Caesar then pursued Pompey to Egypt, arriving soon after the murder of the general. There, Caesar was presented with Pompey's severed head (by Cleopatra's brother, the co-ruler of Egypt) and seal-ring, receiving these with tears.[75] He then had Pompey's assassins put to death.[76]

Where was Pompey killed?

Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece,

Who did Antony intend to combat after Caesar's assassination?

On Caesar's return to Italy in September 45 BC, he filed his will, naming his grandnephew Gaius Octavius (Octavian, later known as Augustus Caesar) as his principal heir, leaving his vast estate and property including his name. Caesar also wrote that if Octavian died before Caesar did, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus would be the next heir in succession.[86] In his will, he also left a substantial gift to the citizens of Rome.

Who did Caesar appoint has his principal heir, in 45 BC.

Cleopatra

Who did Marc Antony carry on a romantic relationship with?

Sulla

Who had given Caesar precedent for crossing into Rome with troops?

Lepidus

Who was expelled from the Triumvirate in 36 BC?

Octavia, Octavian's sister.

Who, in 40 BC, did Marc Antony Mary?

There was suspicion she had been involved with another man?

Why did Caesar divorce Pompeia?

When Caesar returned to Rome, the Senate granted him triumphs for his victories, ostensibly those over Gaul, Egypt, Pharnaces, and Juba, rather than over his Roman opponents.

Why did the Senate grant Caesar triumphs?

His mother and the vestal virgins interceded.

Why was Caesar restored to some of his position?

Because Caesar was more of a popularis, and Pompey was more of an optimate.

Why were Caesar and Pompey fundamentally at odds?

He took sides with Cleopatra during the Egyptian civil war between Cleopatra and her husband/brother/co-ruler; he became romantically involved w/Cleoptra.

With whom did Caesar become involved?

crossing the Rubicon

a contemporary phrase that means crossing a line, after which you can't go back.

Ides of March

either March 13 or March 15, known as the day that Caesar was assassinated by about 60 members of the Senate

Caesar's reforms of Roman government

ordered a census taken, and reduced the grain dole; decreed that jurors must be Senators or equestrians (wealthy); passed a sumptuary law that limited the purchase of luxury items; passed a law rewarding families that had many children; outlawed professional guilds (many were subversive political clubs); limited the terms of governors; restructured debt (reducing it by 1/4); created public works program to employ the unemployed (The Forum of Caesar, with its Temple of Venus Genetrix); gave land to his soldiers and the poor; Introduced the Julian Calendar (adapted from the Egyptians); granted Roman citizenship to more people, many who were non-Latins.

patricians and Senators

these groups tended to dislike Caesar, thought he was a tyrant.

First Triumverate

60 BC Power was split between Julius Caesar, consul; Pompey "Magnus" (or Pompey "The Great"), consul, Crassus, retired consul. They called themselves, secretly, the Triumvirate

Pompey

A very successful general; a rival to Crassus; was a member of the First Triumverate with Caesar and Cassus (married Caesar's daughter Julia). After Julia and Cassus died, Pompey returned to his optimate leanings.

Pompey and many of the Senate fled to the south, having little confidence in Pompey's newly raised troops. Pompey, despite greatly outnumbering Caesar, who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him, did not intend to fight. Caesar pursued Pompey, hoping to capture Pompey before his legions could escape.[69]

After Caesar crossed the Rubicon, what did Pompey do?

Caesar conquered Gaul

After Caesar was consul in 59, what did he do?

Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla's, whom he married in 67 BC

After Cornelia died, who did Caesar marry?

After this victory, he was appointed dictator for 10 years.[83]

After his victory over Cato, how long was his appointment as dictator to last?

Pompey managed to escape before Caesar could capture him. Heading for Spain, Caesar left Italy under the control of Mark Antony. After an astonishing 27-day route-march, Caesar defeated Pompey's lieutenants, then returned east, to challenge Pompey in Illyria, where, in July 48 BC in the battle of Dyrrhachium, Caesar barely avoided a catastrophic defeat.

After returning to Rome, what was Caesar's next move?

Late in 48 BC, Caesar was again appointed dictator, with a term of one year.[74]

In 48 BC, what was Caesar appointed?

To lay down his arms and return to Rome.

In 50 BC, when Caesar's term as governor was over, what did the Senate--nervous about Caesar's growing power-- order Caesar to do?

In Rome, Caesar was appointed dictator,[73] with Mark Antony as his Master of the Horse (second in command); Caesar presided over his own election to a second consulship and then, after 11 days, resigned this dictatorship.

In Rome, after defeating Pompey at Pharsulus, what was Caesar and Marc Antony appointed to?

Caesar's daughter Julia

In order to cement the First Triumverate, who married Pompey?

Pharsalus, in Greece.

It was in this battle that Caesar defeated Pompey.

He was captured by pirates.

On his way across the Aegean Sea, what happened to Caesar?

Shortly before his assassination, he passed a few more reforms.[91] He established a police force; appted officers to carry out land reforms; ordered rebuilding of Carthage, Corinth; abolished tax system (allowing cities to collect tribute)

Shortly before he was assassinated, these were some more reforms that Caesar undertook

Sulla said that he could see many a Gaius in Julius Caesar

Sulla did not like Caesar. Who did he compare him to?

To accomplish the other two goals, he needed to ensure that his control over the government was undisputed,[88] so he assumed these powers by increasing his own authority, and by decreasing the authority of Rome's other political institutions.

Caesar's first goal was established by defeating the supporters of Pompey, Cato, etc. What did he do to pursue his second two goals?

Caesar withstood the Siege of Alexandria and later he defeated the pharaoh's forces at the Battle of the Nile in 47 BC and installed Cleopatra as ruler.

At what battle did Caesar defeat Ptolemy, the brother of Cleopatra?

Pompey's sons escaped to Spain; Caesar gave chase and defeated the last remnants of opposition in the Battle of Munda in March 45 BC.[84]

At what battle did Caesar defeat the remnants of Pompey's supporters?

The Liberators civil war

Between Mark Antony and Octavian (who joined forces after briefly fighting each other) and Cassius / Brutus (42 BC)

He served in the army; he returned in 78 BC, after Sulla's death.

For a few years, while Sulla was in power, what did Caesar do?

Antony, who had been drifting apart from Caesar, capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates, perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. To his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir (hence the name Octavian), bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic.[114]

How did Antony (not involved in the plot) act after the assassination?

He had to add 2-3 months to the last year before the new calendar was implemented

How did Caesar make his calendar work

He did not proscribe his enemies; he pardoned almost all of them.

How did Caesar treat his enemies?

Julia (Caesar's daughter and Pompey's wife) died in childbirth in 54 BC; Crassus died trying to take Persia in 53 BC; Caesar offered Pompey his great-niece to marry, but Pompey declined. Rome was in a state of emergency, and Pompey became sole consul; he married the daughter of a political opponent of Caesar.

How did the first Triumverate end?

Great games and celebrations were held in April to honour Caesar's victory at Munda. Plutarch writes that many Romans found the triumph held following Caesar's victory to be in poor taste, as those defeated in the civil war had not been foreigners, but instead fellow Romans.[85]

How was Caesar's victory at Munda commemorated, and how did the people react?

Augustus

In 27, the Empire was established. Octavian was given this title.

Julius Caesar was born

On July 13, this person was born. His father was the governor of Asia, and his aunt had married Gaius Marius.

Crassus

Rival to Pompey. An early supporter of Sulla; had suppressed the slave rebellion of Spartacus. Was rich (in part because of serving Sulla and seizing lands), and was Caesar's patron. Served as consul w/Pompey twice (70-69 BC, 55-54 BC).

The Liberators

The group that planned to assassinate Caesar.

Battle of Philippi

The name of the battle where the Triumvirs defeated the Liberators, throughout October of 42

high priest of Jupiter

in 85 BC, when his uncle Marius was in power (during the civil wars w/Sulla, Julius Caesar was appointed to be this.

Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius

led an assassination of Caesar in the Senate on March 15, 44 BC