HLHS 211 Midterm
must be obtained by diet
How do we obtain essential nutrients?
less red meat, eggs, and milk and more fish poultry and cheese; more added fat, added sugar and total food energy
How have Americans changed their consumption of food groups
-indicate that the product has health benefits only when it is part of a daily diet -be complete, easy to understand, honest and not misleading - refer to a product that contains 10% or more of the DV for vitamins A & C, calcium, iron, fiber, or protein, before being fortified with nutrients - be for a product inteded for people who are 2 years of age or older - use may or might to describe the relationship between the product and disease - not quantify any degree of risk reduction indicate that many factors influence disease
The FDA regulates the ability for companies to list health claims on food packages. What is should the claim have?
MyPlate
USDA's interactive internet dietary and menu planning guide
glucose, fructose and galactose
What are three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans?
store triglycerides
What do adipose cells do?
a food or beverage that supplies excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol. (candy, soda, pastries, bacon, snack chips, lite beer)
What is an empty calorie?
1. Promises of quick and easy remedies for complex health-related problems 2. Claims that sound too good to be true 3. Scare tactics that include sensational, frightening, false or misleading statements about food, dietary practice, or health condition 4. Personal attacks on the motives and ethical standards or registered dietitians or conventional scientists 5. Statements about the superiority of certain dietary supplements or unconventional medical practices 6. Testimonials and anecdotes as evidence or effectiveness 7. Information that promotes a product's benefits while overlooking its risks 8. Vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding terms to impress or confuse consumers
What is considered a red flag?
MyPlate
Where can you find information on the amount of various vitamins recommended for your age group?
lactose
Which disaccharide is found in milk?
carbohydrates
a class of nutrients that includes glucose, a major source of energy for the body
gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
a condition that can result when acid reflux damages the wall of the lower esophagus and causes ulcers
dietary supplement (nutrition pills, protein powders, and herbal extracts; sports bars and pills)
a product intended for ingestion that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to add further nutritional value to (supplement) the diet (know examples)
antioxidant
a substance that has the potential to protect a person's cells from being damaged or destroyed by certain harmful factors
mitochondria
cellular structures that release energy from macronutrients
breathing problems, low birth weight, premature birth
consequences experienced by a newborn when a pregnant mother is undernourished?
element
each type of atom; substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means
placebo
fake treatment such as a sham pill, injection or medical procedure
sustainable agriculture
farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment while meeting the demand for food
organic foods
foods produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides or spoilage - killing radiation and genetic improvements
gestational diabetes
form of diabetes that pregnant woman can develop
simple
fructose is a _____ sugar
breakdown of large food molecules into nutrients and the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
function of the digestive system
control group
group being studied that does not receive a treatment
stomach liver pancreas small intestine anus
how are dietary lipids digested and transported throughout the body?
consuming smaller, more frequent meals that are low in fat; not over-eating at meal times; and limiting intake of foods that relax the gastroesophageal sphincter (greasy foods, chili powder, onions, garlic, peppermint, caffine, alcohol and chocolate), wait two hours after meals before lying down, avoid cigarettes
how can a patient with GERD reduce their likelihood of developing heartburn?
if the site contains a disclaimer
how can you determine if a website is biased, unreliable information?
elimination diets (dairy, carbonated drinks, raw fruits, beans and certain veggies) stress management, and taking antidepressants and other medications
how do you treat irritable bowel syndrome?
bread and cereal made from wheat, rice, barley, and ats; vegetables (corn, squash beans and peas); tubers (potatoes, yams, taro, cassava and jicama);
identify foods that are considered starches
limit intake of butter and beef
if you are trying to lower your blood cholesterol level, what should you limit in your diet?
triglyceride
lipid that has 3 fatty acids attached to a 3-carbon compound - glycerol
essental fatty acids
lipids that must be supplied by the diet
atherosclerosis
long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
homeostasis
maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival
exchange system
method of classifying foods into lists based on macronutrient composition
chyme
mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food
enzyme
molecule (usually a protein) that speeds up a particular chemical reaction
compound
molecules that contain 2+ dif. elements in specific proportions
testimonial
personal endorsement of a product
solvent
primary component of a solution
anecdote
report of a personal experience
electron
small, negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus of an atom
cholesterol
sterol in animal foods and precursor for steroid hormones, bile and vitamin
glycogen
storage polysaccharides in animals
organelle
structures in cells that have specific functions
base
substance that accepts hydrogen ions
acid
substance that donates hydrogen ions
metabolism
total of all chemical processes that take place in living cells
DRI (dietary reference index)
various energy and nutrient intake for standard americans
- large waist circumference - chronically elevated blood pressure (hypertension) - chronically elevated fasting blood fats (triglycerides) - low fast high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) - high fasting blood glucose
what are signs of metabolic syndrome?
fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, protein
what are the various food groups included in MyPlate?
< 70 mg/dl
what blood glucose level would indicate a Type 1 diabetic would need to ingest candy or fruit juice?
> 250 mg/dl
what blood glucose reading would indicate a Type 1 diabetic would need insulin?
heart disease, and higher risk of stroke; eye and vision problems; kidney failure
what complications might an uncontrolled Type 2 diabetic experience?
heart disease
what disease or condition is the leading cause of diet related death in the US?
converts it into fat and stores it
what does the body do with excess starch and sugar that is ingested?
provide insulation against cold temperatures
what is the purpose of lipids in the body?
cell
what is the smallest living, functional unit in an organism?
birth defects
what possible complications could a baby of a Type 1, uncontrolled diabetic have?
binge drinking in early stages of pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome
what would you tell a female patient, who was trying to get pregnant about alcohol?
FDA
which governmental office is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications in the united states?