HLHS 211 Midterm

must be obtained by diet

How do we obtain essential nutrients?

less red meat, eggs, and milk and more fish poultry and cheese; more added fat, added sugar and total food energy

How have Americans changed their consumption of food groups

-indicate that the product has health benefits only when it is part of a daily diet -be complete, easy to understand, honest and not misleading - refer to a product that contains 10% or more of the DV for vitamins A & C, calcium, iron, fiber, or protein, before being fortified with nutrients - be for a product inteded for people who are 2 years of age or older - use may or might to describe the relationship between the product and disease - not quantify any degree of risk reduction indicate that many factors influence disease

The FDA regulates the ability for companies to list health claims on food packages. What is should the claim have?

MyPlate

USDA's interactive internet dietary and menu planning guide

glucose, fructose and galactose

What are three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans?

store triglycerides

What do adipose cells do?

a food or beverage that supplies excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol. (candy, soda, pastries, bacon, snack chips, lite beer)

What is an empty calorie?

1. Promises of quick and easy remedies for complex health-related problems 2. Claims that sound too good to be true 3. Scare tactics that include sensational, frightening, false or misleading statements about food, dietary practice, or health condition 4. Personal attacks on the motives and ethical standards or registered dietitians or conventional scientists 5. Statements about the superiority of certain dietary supplements or unconventional medical practices 6. Testimonials and anecdotes as evidence or effectiveness 7. Information that promotes a product's benefits while overlooking its risks 8. Vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding terms to impress or confuse consumers

What is considered a red flag?

MyPlate

Where can you find information on the amount of various vitamins recommended for your age group?

lactose

Which disaccharide is found in milk?

carbohydrates

a class of nutrients that includes glucose, a major source of energy for the body

gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

a condition that can result when acid reflux damages the wall of the lower esophagus and causes ulcers

dietary supplement (nutrition pills, protein powders, and herbal extracts; sports bars and pills)

a product intended for ingestion that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to add further nutritional value to (supplement) the diet (know examples)

antioxidant

a substance that has the potential to protect a person's cells from being damaged or destroyed by certain harmful factors

mitochondria

cellular structures that release energy from macronutrients

breathing problems, low birth weight, premature birth

consequences experienced by a newborn when a pregnant mother is undernourished?

element

each type of atom; substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

placebo

fake treatment such as a sham pill, injection or medical procedure

sustainable agriculture

farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment while meeting the demand for food

organic foods

foods produced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides or spoilage - killing radiation and genetic improvements

gestational diabetes

form of diabetes that pregnant woman can develop

simple

fructose is a _____ sugar

breakdown of large food molecules into nutrients and the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

function of the digestive system

control group

group being studied that does not receive a treatment

stomach liver pancreas small intestine anus

how are dietary lipids digested and transported throughout the body?

consuming smaller, more frequent meals that are low in fat; not over-eating at meal times; and limiting intake of foods that relax the gastroesophageal sphincter (greasy foods, chili powder, onions, garlic, peppermint, caffine, alcohol and chocolate), wait two hours after meals before lying down, avoid cigarettes

how can a patient with GERD reduce their likelihood of developing heartburn?

if the site contains a disclaimer

how can you determine if a website is biased, unreliable information?

elimination diets (dairy, carbonated drinks, raw fruits, beans and certain veggies) stress management, and taking antidepressants and other medications

how do you treat irritable bowel syndrome?

bread and cereal made from wheat, rice, barley, and ats; vegetables (corn, squash beans and peas); tubers (potatoes, yams, taro, cassava and jicama);

identify foods that are considered starches

limit intake of butter and beef

if you are trying to lower your blood cholesterol level, what should you limit in your diet?

triglyceride

lipid that has 3 fatty acids attached to a 3-carbon compound - glycerol

essental fatty acids

lipids that must be supplied by the diet

atherosclerosis

long-term disease process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

homeostasis

maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival

exchange system

method of classifying foods into lists based on macronutrient composition

chyme

mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food

enzyme

molecule (usually a protein) that speeds up a particular chemical reaction

compound

molecules that contain 2+ dif. elements in specific proportions

testimonial

personal endorsement of a product

solvent

primary component of a solution

anecdote

report of a personal experience

electron

small, negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus of an atom

cholesterol

sterol in animal foods and precursor for steroid hormones, bile and vitamin

glycogen

storage polysaccharides in animals

organelle

structures in cells that have specific functions

base

substance that accepts hydrogen ions

acid

substance that donates hydrogen ions

metabolism

total of all chemical processes that take place in living cells

DRI (dietary reference index)

various energy and nutrient intake for standard americans

- large waist circumference - chronically elevated blood pressure (hypertension) - chronically elevated fasting blood fats (triglycerides) - low fast high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) - high fasting blood glucose

what are signs of metabolic syndrome?

fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, protein

what are the various food groups included in MyPlate?

< 70 mg/dl

what blood glucose level would indicate a Type 1 diabetic would need to ingest candy or fruit juice?

> 250 mg/dl

what blood glucose reading would indicate a Type 1 diabetic would need insulin?

heart disease, and higher risk of stroke; eye and vision problems; kidney failure

what complications might an uncontrolled Type 2 diabetic experience?

heart disease

what disease or condition is the leading cause of diet related death in the US?

converts it into fat and stores it

what does the body do with excess starch and sugar that is ingested?

provide insulation against cold temperatures

what is the purpose of lipids in the body?

cell

what is the smallest living, functional unit in an organism?

birth defects

what possible complications could a baby of a Type 1, uncontrolled diabetic have?

binge drinking in early stages of pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome

what would you tell a female patient, who was trying to get pregnant about alcohol?

FDA

which governmental office is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications in the united states?