HLTH 3000 Exam 2 Study Guide

According to the article, "The theory of planned behavior A review of its applications to health-related behaviors" by Godin & Kok, research suggests that the theory of planned behavior seems to be good for explaining intention, with perceived behavioral control being as important as attitude across health-related behavior categories.

A review of its applications to health-related behaviors" by Godin & Kok, research suggests that the theory of planned behavior seems to be good for explaining intention, with perceived behavioral control being as important as attitude across health-related behavior categories.

Counterconditioning

-Learning new, healthier behavior to replace old, unhealthy behavior -Learn to cope healthy for example: relaxation, nicotine replacement, positive self-statement.

4 methods for enhancing self-efficacy

-Self-confidence -Behavior specific -situation- specific -"here and now"

What stage is defined as completing the behavior change, no longer having temptations of the negative behavior, and having full confidence to continue the behavior change? A. Maintenance B. Termination C. Pre-contemplation D. Action

B. Termination

Self-liberation

Belief that one can change and commitment and recommitment to act on that belief

Behavioral beliefs

Beliefs that behavioral performance is associated with certain attributes or outcomes

Knowledge

Learning of facts and gaining insights related to an action, idea, object, person, or situation;

Methods

Cross sectional survey of among 384 current cigarette smokers using a pretested structured questionnaire

''I refuse to start working out! There is nothing wrong with not going to the gym.'' This describes a person who is in which of the following stages in the Transtheoretical Model? A. Action B. Preparation C. Contemplation D. Pre-contemplation

D. Pre-contemplation

Motivation to comply

Degree to which a person wants to act in accordance with the wishes of those significant in his or her life

Theory

Empirical testing of constructs to explain, predict, or describe behavior

Dramatic relief

Enhances emotional arousal about one's behavior and the relief that can come from changing it. Moving people's emotions to motivate behavior change.

Outcome Expectations

Expected results from engaging in a behavior.

Self-Control

Explicit and specific goal setting for accomplishing a behavior

Self-Regulation

How much control a person has over making a change

Normative beliefs

Individual beliefs about how a person thinks their significant others would like him or her to behave

Preparation

Intention to quit smoking in the next 30 days and had made a quit attempt in last year

Contemplation

Intention to quit smoking, maybe within the next six months but not planning to quit in the next 30 days

People in the __________ stage use these change processes ...then they will move to action

Preparation

intention to take action in the immediate future, say in the next month (inactive; behavioral steps have been taken over the past year)

Preparation

Attitudes

Relatively constant feelings, or set of beliefs directed toward an object, person, or situation—beliefs with an evaluative component

Self-Efficacy

Self-confidence. Behavior specific, situation- specific, "here and now"

Self-regulatory capability

Setting internal standards and having self-evaluative reactions to our own behavior.

Social

Social origins of thought and action.

Beliefs

Statements of perceived fact— impressions about the world

Intention

Subjective probability that someone will engage in a given behavior; potential advantage of measuring intention versus behavior (intention is good proxy for behavior): actual behavior cannot be measured at time, but behavioral intention usually can be

Emotional Coping

Techniques employed by the person to control emotional and physiological states associated with acquisition of a new behavior; -Manage emotions; To modify emotional coping, stress management techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation and visual imagery may be used

Subcategory 1

Uninformed or less informed ppl. Ex. They don't know what will happen to them when they smoke.

Contingency (reinforcement) Management

Utilizes reinforcements and punishments for taking steps in a particular direction.

Evaluation of behavioral outcomes (outcome evaluation)

Values associated with a behavioral outcome or attribute

Decisional Balance

Weighing the importance of the pros and cons of changing Pros: the benefits of the change Cons: the costs of changing

implementation intention

a concept that identifies the process of translating intention into behavior, was utilized in 3 studies

Behavioral Capability

a person's level of knowledge in relation to a specific behavior of change

Self‐reward

a person's provision of tangible or intangible rewards for him/herself.

Self‐monitoring

a person's systematic observation of his/her own behavior.

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

a robust behavioral theory

Action

a specific, relevant modification in behavior has been made (active; for less than 6 months)

Situational Perception

awareness around the behavior and environment. Misperceptions hinder behavior change. Providing awareness to behaviors that people consider normal but are not can provide a better chance of a behavior change. Helping misperceptions not hinder behavior change.

Control Beliefs

beliefs about internal and external factors that may inhibit or facilitate the performance of the behavior;

Collective Efficacy

beliefs about the ability of a group to perform concerted actions that bring about desired outcomes

Enlistment of social support

achieved when a person finds people who encourage his/her efforts to exert self‐control

People in the ________ use these change processes ...then will go to maintenance

action

Self-reflective capability

analysis of your experiences and examinations of your thought processes

Environmental reevaluation

cognitive & affective assessments on how the behavior affects one's environment and how changing the behavior would influence the environment

Self-reevaluation

cognitive and affective assessments of self-image with and without the unhealthy habit

If you get people in the ___________ stage to use these change processes...then they will move on

contemplation

Consciousness raising

entails raising awareness about causes, consequences, and cures for a particular health problem

In Girma et al. (2010)'s study assessing cigarette smokers' intention to quit smoking in Dire Dawa Ethiopia, individuals who scored highest on the behavioral processes of changes (i.e. counter conditioning, contingency management, stimulus control) were 2 to 3 times more likely to intend to quit

false

behavioral intention is a self-regulatory strategy in the form of an "if-then plan" that can lead to better goal attainment, as well as help habit and behavior modification. although behavioral intention is not an original component of the theory of planned behavior, it has been successfully utilized in dietary behavior change programs

false

a self-regulatory strategy in the form of an "if then plan" that can lead to better goal attainment, as well as help in habit and behavior modification

implementation intention

If you can get people in the __________ stage to use these change processes, then you can most likely to get them to move to contemplation

precontemplation

Social liberation

results in an increase in social opportunities or alternatives (advocacy, empowerment-building methods, policy development)

6 ways to achieve self‐regulation

self-monitoring, goal setting, feedback, self-reward, self-instruction, enlistment of social support

Maintenance

striving to maintain change, prevent relapse (active; for over 6 months up to approximately 5 years)

In Girma et al. (2010)'s study assessing cigarette smokers' intention to quit smoking in Dire Dawa Ethiopia, smokers with no intention to quit generally had low self-efficacy to quit smoking.

true

Temptation

urge to engage in negative/unhealthy behavior when confronted with a difficult situation.

Outcome Expectancies

value a person places on the probable outcomes that would result from performing a behavior.

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) constructs

was developed to explore the relationship between attitude, intentions, and behavior. Addresses relationships among beliefs (behavioral and normative), attitudes, intentions, and behavior.

Perceived Power

perception about how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior

4 Self-Efficacy (SINGLE MOST POWERFUL PREDICTOR OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR IS SCT) Building Strategies

1. Break tasks down into small doable steps (mastery experiences) 2. Use demonstrations from credible role models (vicarious experiences) 3. Strengthen beliefs that people have what it takes to succeed (persuasion and reassurance) 4. Reduce stress (promote positive physiological and emotional state)

3 types of outcomes

1. Physical outcomes (positive or negative consequences) 2. Social approval or disapproval of engaging or disengaging from the behavior 3. Positive and negative self-evaluations

Environment

Actual physical and social circumstances that surround a person

Behavior

Any overt action, conscious or unconscious, with measurable frequency, intensity, and duration

Purpose

Assess cigarettes smoker's intention to quit smoking in Dire Dawa town east Ethiopia using the TTM

Cognitive

Causal contributions of thought processes to human motivation, affect, and action

Self‐efficacy in overcoming impediments

Confidence that a person has in overcoming barriers while performing a given behavior

intention to change, maybe within the next 1-6 months (inactive; encourage people to weigh the pros & cons; known as decisional balance)

Contemplation

Helping relationships

Developing caring, open, trusting and accepting relationships to help the person adhere to the healthy behavior (buddy systems, therapeutic alliances)

Stimulus Control

Modify the environment to increase cues for healthy behavior and decrease cues for unhealthy behavior

Subcategory 2

More difficult to deal with. Have tried to change before but failed and are not motivated anymore. Don't want to try again.

Forethought capability

Most behavior is purposive and regulated by our prior thoughts

Precontemplation

No intent to quit smoking within the next 6 months.

Vicarious capability

The ability to learn from observing other people's behavior and the consequences that they face; Enables people to generate and regulate their own behavior without tedious trials and error

Termination

individual no longer "succumbs to temptation" and has strong selfefficacy about maintenance (active)

Feedback

information about the quality of performance and how it might be improved.

The hallmark feature of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior is that behavioral _________ is the most important determinant of behavior.

intention

Pre-contemplation

no intent to take action/change behavior within the next 6 months (inactive; not ready; defensive)

Self‐instruction

occurs when people talk to themselves before and during the behavior.

Goal‐setting

the identification of incremental (proximal) and long‐term (distal) changes that can be obtained.