Hofstede's cultural dimensions
Individualist / Collectivist
How people define themselves and there relationships with others
What year?
1984, then 2001
Low uncertainty avoidance
Accept ambiguity and lack of structure, more inclined to take risks and think outside the box, rules are rejected or ignored
High uncertainty avoidance
Avoid ambiguity, strict code of behaviour, belief in absolute truths
Masculinity
Distinct roles, men are assertive,ambitious, competitive, women are supportive and nurturing
Long term / Short term orientation
Extent to which a culture has a future orientated mentality
Power distance
Extent to which people promote and legitimise power and status differences between individuals
Femininity
Fewer rigid gender roles, men and women are more equal, interpersonal relationships,
Method
Gathered data from 100,000 IBM employees, surveyed workers from 50 countries and 3 regions
Short term orientation
Immediate gratification, make money, spend money, less willing to sacrifice
Individualist
Individual is the most important, Independence over dependence, reward individual achievement, Value uniqueness of individual
Hofstede's cultural dimensions
Individualist/Collectivists Uncertainity avoidance Power distance Masculinity/Femininity Long term/Short term orientation
Low power distance
Minimal power differences, power can be achieved through work, superiority not rigid
Uncertainty avoidance
People within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable
High power distance
Power is a scarce resource, Natural and inevitable, Centralisation of power
Masculinity/Femininity
Relationship between gender and sex appropriate behaviour
Long term orientation
Savings, do anything to achieve a goal, eye on the prize
Conclusion
That there are five dimensions used to differentiate and rate cultures
Collectivist
Views, needs, and goals of the group are the most important, Obligation to group is norm, Self is defined in relation to the group, Focus on cooperation, not competition
Aim
Wanted to determine values of which countries vary