homework: Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy-PSY 228 (psych of human development)

In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." this is an example of ______________________. a) syntax b) phonology c) morphology d) semantics

b) phonology

Equilibration and Stages of Development (141) -equilibration is:

children shift from one stage of thought to the next.

_________ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols. a) interaction b) social referencing c) equilibration d) language

d) language

grasping, strategies for problem-solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are examples of what? a) encoding b) accommodations c) strategies d) schemes

d) schemes because these are mental frameworks of interpreting information (?)

(158) Biological influences aphasia (yellow concept)

damage to wernicke's area or Broca's Area produces APHASIA, loss or impairment of language processing. -Individuals with damage to Broca's area have difficulty producing words correctly -humans with damage to Wernicke's area have poor comprehension and often produce fluent but incomprehensible speech.

habituation (indent, yellow concept)

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus. ex: if you say the same word or showing the same toy to a baby several times in a row, the baby usually PAYS LESS ATTENTION EACH TIME.

what term means restating in a linguistically sophisticated form what a child has said?

expanding

how many rule systems are involved in language organization?

five :)

1) Piaget's Theory of Infant Development (140)

includes what infants know. he saught to discover how children at different points in their development think about the world and how systematic changes in their thinking occur.

Habituation and Dishabituation (148)

includes: -habituation -dishabituation

dishabituation (indent, yellow concept)

increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.

Syntax hint: taxes combine money (?) (yellow concepts, end of 153)

involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. If someone says to you: "Bob slugged Tom" or "Bob was slugged by Tom", you know who did the slugging and who was slugged in each case because you have a SYNTACTIC understanding of these sentence structures.

Study: which of the five systems of rules of language has the function of marking tense and number?

morphemes

Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way? -albert bandura -noam chomsky -michael tomasello -roger brown

noam chomsky

accommodation

occurs when children adjust their schemes [or past experiences] to take new info and [new] experiences into account.

Assimilation and Accommodation (141) assimilation -->

occurs when children use their existing schemes [or past experiences] to deal with new info or [new] experiences.

what is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning?

overextension

does receptive vocabulary come first or does spoken vocabulary come first?

receptive

a way to remember receptive

receptive--> receive-->understand

Morphology (153) yellow concepts hint: meaning, word parts

refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation. **a (indent) MORPHEME is a minimal unit of meaning; it is a word or part of a word that cant be broken into smaller meaningful parts. Every word in English language is made up of ONE OR MORE MORPHEMES. Some words consist of a single morpheme (ex: help) and some are made up of more (ex: helper; help- & -er are two morphemes.) The rules of MORPHOLOGY describe the way meaningful units (morphemes) can be combined in words. Morphemes have many jobs in grammar: -marking tense (ex: "she walks" vs. "she walked") -number (ex: "she walks" vs "they walk")

recasting (yellow concept) (end of 160 + beginning of 161)

rephrasing something the child has said that might lack the appropriate morphology or contain some other error. adult restates child's immature utterance in form of a fully grammatical sentence. ex: if a 2 y/o says "dog bark" adult can say "oh, you heard the dog barking!"

what stage of language refers to the meaning of words and sentences?

seMANtics

Phonology (153) yellow concepts

sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined. EX: English has initial consonant cluster (indent: SPR) as in SPRING, but no words begin with the cluster (indent: RSP). provides a basis for constructing a large and expandable set of words out of two or three dozen phonemes. **Phoneme: basic unit of sound in a language; it is the smallest unit of sound that affects meaning. **EX: In English the sound represented by the letter P, as in POT and SPOT, is a phoneme. The /p/ sound is slightly different in the two words, but this variation is not distinguished in English, + therefore the /p/ sound is A SINGLE PHONEME. The RULES that govern phonology describe the sound sequences that can occur in any language. (from morphology heading)

Language's Rule Systems (153) (yellow concept)

Language is highly ordered and organized. The organization involves 5 systems of rules: 1) phonology 2) morphology 3) syntax 4) semantics 5) pragmatics

receptive vocabulary hint: receive. language: (156)

-words that children understands. -in infancy, this vocab considerably exceeds spoken (or expressive) vocabulary. (def. below)

(142) Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six substages which include:

1) simple reflexes 2) first habits and primary circular reactions 3) secondary circular reactions 4) coordination of secondary circular reactions 5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity 6) internalization of schemes

true or false: one of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.

true

spoken (expressive) vocabulary (156)

words child uses.

PRagmatics (yellow concept, 154)

**final set of language rules involves PRAGMATICS The APPROPRIATE use of language in different contexts. Ex: 1) Take turns speaking in a discussion or use a question to convey a command like: -"Why is it so noisy in here? What is this, Grand Central Station?" 2) When you use polite language in appropriate situations like when: -Talking to teacher, tell stories that are interesting, joke that are funny, + lies that convince. When you use pragmatics, you show your understanding of the rules of your culture for adjusting language to suit the context.

Semantics (yellow concept, 154) hint: seMANtics

**refers to the MEANING of words and sentences. every word has a set of semantic features, which are required attributes related to meaning. EX: "Girl" and "woman" share many semantic features, but differ semantically in regard to age. Word have semantic restrictions on how they can be used in sentences. ex: "the bike talked the boy into buying a candy bar" is SYNTACTICALLY correct but SEMANTICALLY incorrect. The sentence violates our SEMANTIC knowledge that bikes dont talk.

A child says, "Me want food." His mother responds, "What kind of food do you want?" This is an example of which of the following? -recasting -negotiation -identification -labeling

-recasting

continued: (just before 161 + 161) What other STRATEGIES do adults use other than child directed speech?

-recasting (160-161) -expanding (161) -labeling

We understand that the word boy refers to a child and the word man refers to an adult because we understand what? -infinite generativity -semantics -pragmatics -phonology

-semantics

Which of the following is not one of the functions of early vocalizations? -to practice seMANtics of language -to practice making sounds -to communicate -to attract attention

-to practice seMANtics of language

Which of the following is NOT a component of language? 1) rules for varying words 2) rules for combining words 3) perceptual categorization 4) words used by a community

3) perceptual categorization

Chapter 5:

Cognitive Development in Infancy (138)

child directed speech (yellow concept) (159) Child Directed Speech and other caregiver strategies

[baby/simple talk] referred to as parantese -language spoken with higher than normal pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation, with simple words and sentences. hard to use this when not in presence of a baby, but parents shift into it when they start talking to a baby. it is an automatic response. serves important functions of: capturing the infant's attention, maintaining communication and social interaction between infants + caregivers, + providing infants w/ info about native language by heightening differences between speech directed to children and adults 4 year olds speak in simpler ways to 2 year olds than to their 4 year old friends.

language acquisition device (LAD) (158)

a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics. children are equipped by nature with the ability to detect the sounds of language, for ex., + to follow rules such as how to form plurals and ask questions.

language (yellow concept)

a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols. language consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them.

infinite generativity (yellow concept)

ability to produce and comprehend an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules. Rules describe the way language works.

callie cow question

accommodated the info

Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language

acquisition device

Schemes (141) (yellow concept)

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge. In Piaget's theory, a baby's schemes are structured by simple actions that can be performed on objects, such as sucking, looking, and grasping. **mental frameworks that help interpret information (crash course)

expanding (yellow concept) (161)

adding info to a child's incomplete utterance. ex: child says "Doggie eat" the parents say "yes, the dog is eating his food out of his special dish."

characteristic of child-directed speech includes what?

language spoken in higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

the sensorimotor stage (141-142)

lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. In this stage infants construct an understanding of the world by coordination sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) w/ physical, motoric actions-hence the term "sensorimotor".

aphasia is...

loss or impairment of language processing

overextension (156)

tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning by going beyond the set of referents an adult would use. ex: -using the word dada for your father and other men -calling any animal with four legs a "dog". WITH TIME, OVEREXTENSIONS DISAPPEAR

underextension (156)

tendency to apply a word too narrowly; occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object. ex: child may use the word "boy" to describe a 5-y/o neighbor but not apply the word to a male infant or to a 9-y/o male.

Cognitive processes (141)

that are used as children construct their knowledge of the world which include: a) schemes b) assimilation c) accommodation d) organization e) equilibrium f) equilibration

attention (147) (yellow concept)

the focusing of mental resources on select information, improves cognitive processing on many tasks.

Organization (141) yellow concept

the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system. ex: A boy who has a vague idea on how to use a hammer may also have a vague idea on how to use other tools.

Joint Attention (148 and 149) yellow concept

two or more individuals focus on the same object or event. it requires: 1) an ability to track another's behavior, such as following the gaze of another human 2) one person's directing another's attention 3) reciprocal interaction joint attention, early in infancy, involves caregivers pointing, turning the infant's head, snapping fingers, or using words to direct the infant's attention. it's not until toward the end of the first year that joint attention skills are frequently observed. "gaze following": At 10 to 11 months of age, infants first began engaging in gaze following: looking where another person has just looked. By their first birthday, infants have begun to direct adults' attention to objects that capture their interest.

sustained attention (indent, yellow concept) (147-148)

type of attention. also known as focused attention. it is sustained attention that allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar.