HORT Exam 2 End of Chapter 7 Q's

How can you experimentally determine the % seed germination

Put 10 seeds in water and see how many germinate

Air layering occurs when... A. a portion of the bark on the stem is removed, moist material is placed around the wounded site, and this material is wrapped with plastic to hold in the moisture B. the terminal end of teh shoot is buried and the shoot tip is left exposed to the air C. a branch is placed under the ground with portions left exposed to the air D. None of the above

A

Scarification is.... A. a method for breaking the seed coat to promote germination B. a scaring process in plants following damage C. a wound-healing process D. All of the above

A

Stratification is... A. Placing seeds in a moist medium at temperatures between 32 and 50 degrees F B. subjecting plants to cold temperatures to induce flowering C. a method to promote rooting D. none of the above

A

What time of the day should cuttings be taken? A. Early morning B. Early afternoon C. The time of day does not matter D. None of the above

A

Commercial seed producers are located in which of the following areas to minimize disease problems? A. Tropical climate B. Arid climate C. At a location with high humidity D. All of the above

B

Simple layerings occurs when... A. a branch is placed in a trench and roots form at the nodes B. the terminal end of the shoot being buried is left exposed C. soil is mounded around new shoots D. none of the above

B

Which of the following is a fast and easy way to determine if seeds are alive? A. xenobiotic test B. phenylpropylene test C. tetrazolium test D. None of the above

C

Many federal and state laws regulate the shipment and sale of seeds. These laws require that seeds be tested and labeled for which of the following? A. Trueness of name B.Pure seed percentage C. Origin D.All of the above

D

Which of the following tissue culture methods are commonly used? A. callus culture B. Embryo culture C. Meristem culture D. all of the above

D

Why is propagation by seeds the major means of reproduction in agriculture

Easy and inexpensive

True or False: Apomixis is a form of incompatibility in plants

False

True or False: Budding should be done during the summer months when the bark separates easily

False

True or False: Leaf cuttings consist of a leaf, petiole, and a short piece of stem with a lateral bud

False

True or False: Mechanical and physical seed dormancy are both caused by the seed covering being impervious to water

False

True or False: One of the major benefits of asexual propagation is its ease

False

True or False: Stratification is commonly used to overcome chemical dormancy

False

True or False: Stratification occurs when seeds are placed in a moist medium at high temepratures to overcome dormancy

False

True or False: The phloem of the scion must be in close contact with the cambium of the understock for a graft union to be successful

False

true or false: mechanical dormancy is caused by the seed covering being impervious to water

False

What are the four factors to be considered when producing seeds

Location, Harvesting and collection of seeds, cleaning seeds, storing seeds

True or False: Budding should be done during the spring or fall when the bark separates easily from the wood

True

True or False: Chemical dormacy is caused by germination inhibitors that accumulate in the fruit or seed covering during development

True

True or False: Fertilization of cuttings is not necessary until roots have emerged

True

True or False: Leaf cuttings are used when plant materials are scarce and when large numbers of plants are needed

True

True or False: Mechanial dormancy is caused by the seed-enclosing structure being too strong to permit expansion of the embryo even though water can penetrate the enclosing strucutre

True

True or False: Physical dormancy occurs when the seed covering is impervious to water

True

True or False: Plants produced by seeds are genetically different form their parents

True

True or False: Scion is the term used to describe the short piece of stem with one or two buds used for grafting

True

True or False: The most important factor to be considered when harvesting seeds is knowing when they are ripe

True

What is damping off

a disease that attacks seedlings at the surface

What are the methods of asexual propagation (if get 4, mark right)

apomixis, cuttings, grafting, budding, layering, separation and division, tissue culture

What are the four classes of seed production that mus occur prior to commercial seed distribution

breeder seeds, foundation seeds, registered seeds, certified seed

How do you determine % living seed

called Tetrazolium test, turns seed pink if they're alive

What are the five types of tissue culture

callus culture, cell suspension culture, embryo culture, meristem culture, anther culture

What are the three types of budding

chip budding, t-budding, and patch budding

A fungal disease that causes the stems to rot at the soil line is called ___________

damping off

What are factors to ensure optimal rooting of cuttings

environmental conditions and physiological status or parent plant,timing and collection of cuttings, preparation of cuttings, root-=inducing environment, fertilization

What is the most important benefit of asexual propagation

genetically identical to parent plants

What are four uses of grafting

maintain clones that cannot be propagated by other methods, gain benefits of certain rootstocks, speed up time to maturity and promote earlier fruit production, repair damaged parts of trees

What are the five major areas of dormancy

physical, mechanical, chemical, morphological, and physiological

What is indirect seeding

planting seeds indoors and growing seedlings prrior to being transplanted to a larger container or to a permanent location outdoors

What are the 5 criteria that should be considered when selecting a germination media

proper drainage and aeration, favorable ph, provides essential nutrients, free of pests, good nutrient and water holding capacity

what are three ways to control damping off

sanitation, avoid warm wet medium, use of fungicides

What are some factors to consider for a successful graft union

scion and understock must be compatible, diamteter of the understock must be equal to or larger than the scion, scion and understocks's cambium must match (there's more but these seem most important)

What is chemical dormancy

seed coat has inhibitors in it

What are the five types of layering?

simple layering, serpentine layering, trench layering, mound layering, air layering

What are the four factors that affect the success of direct seeding

site selection (proper light, proper soil, and proper moisture), seed bed preparation, planting date, adequate moisture

Give the four types of cutting

stem, leaf, leaf bud, root

What is one way to treat physiological dormancy

stratification

What are the three factors to determine if cuttings produce roots

time of year, type of wood, stage of growth

what is mechanical dormancy

water can get into seed but embryo isn't strong enough to break seed coat

What is physical dormancy

water cannot penetrate the seed coat