HPS 409- Final Exam
water scarce
(defined as areas where annual water supplies are less than 1000 cubic meters per person)
water stressed
(defined as areas where annual water supplies drop below 1700 cubic meters per person)
how many are still chronically hungry?
1 billion people who are already chronically hungry, mainly in Africa and south Asia.
About X liters per capita per day should be assured to take care of basic hygiene needs and basic food hygiene
20 liters
Incidences of diarrheal diseases each year
4-8 billion episodes of diarrheal disease
decentralized systems in megacities
40-70 percent of the water pumped into the system never reaches the consumer because of leakage and pilferages. This is true not only in developing countries, but also developed countries.
how much of diarrheal diseases is associated to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and lack of hygiene?
80%
Which of the following statement is true about distribution of water on earth
97% of earth's water is ocean Only 1% of the world's fresh water is available for direct human use
Water-associated diseases are described by the World Health Organization (WHO) in terms of four categories:
: water-borne, water-washed, water-based, and water-related. A fifth category—water-carried (water-travelled)—has been proposed to include diseases spread by people travelling to collect water
Singapore- Decentralized system
A central component to their plan is to use treated wastewater for drinking and to sell wastewater to the semiconductor industry
Major goals of handwashing promotion programmes
Advocacy: Influence public policy and resourceallocation decisions • Education: Increase knowledge of benefits of using soap for handwashing and critical times for handwashing • Behaviour Change: Build up and sustain good handwashing practice and form handwashing habits • Health Impact: Improve child health by preventing diarrhoea and respiratory illness
hand washing... the greatest self administered vaccine?
Can reduce Diarrhoea rates by up to 44% • Can reduce Acute Respiratory Infections by up to 25% • When practised by mothers and birth attendants, can reduce neonatal mortality rates by 44% • Daily HWWS in school reduces days of absence by 27%
The following is one among many impacts of global climate change
Climate change has been associated with increase in climate sensitive infectious diseases including waterborne diseases. These changes may affect the survival, reproduction, or distribution of disease pathogens and hosts, as well as the availability and means of their transmission environment
New Delhi & water
Currently in Delhi, the water board supplies water for three hours a day. Due to this inefficiency, each house or block of flats in Delhi is a mini-utility. They collect enough water to last for 24 hours by using underground storage tanks under each house or block of flats. In Delhi, water consumption is 250 liters per capita per day. Approx. 50 % of this water is not accounted for
Preserving the quality of fresh water is important for
Drinking-water supply Food production Recreational water use
SDGs are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development. These three dimensions of sustainable development are
Economic, social and environmental
Sanitation aims to
Ensure access and use of basic toilets and ways to separate human waste from contact with people Ensure access to safe and clean water
Even in the absence of diarrhea, a fecal- contaminated environment is linked to
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) Chronic undernutrition
According to the JMP ladder under the SDGs, safely managed water sources do not take into account accessibility, availability and quality of water delivery
False
Hygiene under WaSH concept, aims to nurture good hygiene practices, but does not emphasize hand washing with soap
False
The UN definition of water security does not serves as a starting point for dialogue in the UN system to achieving a larger sense of security, sustainability, development and human well-being
False
Typhoid Mary is the bacteria that causes typhoid fever
False
The causative agents (Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139) thrive
In crowded housing conditions with sub optimal water and sanitation conditions In places with deteriorating hygiene such as in refugee camps In places with disrupted water supply conditions
Water quality can be compromised by the presence of
Infectious agents such as microorganisms Toxic chemicals
The following statement is not true
Malnutrition is only a result of lack of food
Behavior change often requires support at a local level, in a locally-appropriate manner, including;
Mass media communications Community mobilization and social marketing
global handwashing day (GHD)
October 15 started in 2008 in 2011: 1 million schools participated
The UN resolution for human rights to water and sanitation calls for all states and international organizations to
Provide financial resources Help capacity building and technology transfer to help countries in particular developing countries to provide safe and clean water Provide accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all
The origin of water stress stemming from three interacting crises are
Quantity Quality Equity
the use of technology
Some of these technologies can result in exposure to pathogens through cross-contamination or growth within distribution systems, and others can have a more direct exposure pathway.
The following is one of the challenge (s) in achieving sustained, universal access to safe water and sanitation
Sustainability of WaSH services over a long period, and beyond donor funding How to reach people in most need The scale and need for safe water, sanitation and hygiene
can technology alone provide access to clean water?
Technology alone cannot provide access to clean water, as social factors such as behavior, health, and culture can work either in concert or against even the best designed implementation strategies
WaSH is important for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) because
The average PLWHA needs to drink at least 1.5 litres of water per day for good drug absorption and body needs
other threats of sustainable development, besides environmental threats:
The human population continues to grow rapidly, by around 75-80 million people per year, and is on a trajectory to reach 9 billion by the middle of the 21st century, and even 10 billion by the end of the century.
Why SDGs?
The idea of the SDGs has quickly gained ground because of the growing urgency of sustainable development for the entire world a combination of economic development, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion
According to World Water Council, by 2020, water use is expected to increase by 40 percent
True
Diarrhea kills 2,195 children every day—more than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined
True
People in developed countries on average consume about 10 times more water daily than those in developing countries
True
The International Drinking water Supply and Sanitation Decade set up groundwork for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
True
The greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal feces
True
UN-Water supports the inclusion of water security on the agenda of the UN Security Council and in the post-2015 development agenda as part of the Sustainable Development Goals
True
The following are examples of improved water sources except
Unprotected dug wells
The following statement is not true
Water is only important because we need water for drinking to sustain human life
pricing
Without full-cost pricing, there is no other way to supply clean water and wastewater treatment. , the world does not have a problem with the lack of available water. There is enough science and management expertise, but its use is not being maximized and if people do not use their current resources appropriately, even with access to all the water in the world, there will still be the same problem.
Food production is:
a major driver not only of greenhouse gas emissions, but also of the loss of biodiversity and increasing stress on fresh water supplies.
sanitation added to MDGs
added by the Johannesburg Declaration of 2002
Results of SDGs
addresses biodiversity and ecosystems, economic development, and human well being
by 2030:
all extreme deprivation—hunger, extreme income poverty, and avoidable disease and deaths—can be eliminated is both realistic and profound. All individuals should be able to access safe water (fi gure 3) and sanitation, electricity, connection to information and communication technology (fi gure 4), and primary health care, and be protected from natural hazards. Many places will remain poor, but no place should be destitute, unable to meet these basic needs.
The urgency of the triple bottom line:
arises from a new realization brought to global awareness by earth science and yearly changes around us
why is there a need for sustainable interventions?
because short-term interventions that lapse back to previous exposures will be more likely to lead to disease
Currently estimated that:
billion people in the world lack access to improved water supplies and 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation
A third opportunity
builds on pilot programs in rural Philippines and Bhutan. Efforts have started there to create a clean-tech water supply system that only runs on solar energy. In this example, the groundwater is chlorinated and distributed by gravity to dispensing areas, where people fill various containers
health-based research
capacity and support for better surveillance and monitoring of acute and chronic illnesses. it will be important to conduct comparative risk analysis before making new policy decisions.
megacities
cities with over 10 million people There will not be a shortage in the availability of water unless there continues to be mismanagement of current resource
Major problems in distribution leading to outbreaks include
construction or repair complications, low pressure, and damaged or outdated water mains.
social outcomes could be:
deeply destabilising, because sharp increases in food prices threaten to push hundreds of millions of people into chronic hunger
A particular focus should be on:
early childhood development (ages 0-6 years), the period of crucial brain development, formation of cognitive skills, and vital health outcomes, all of which have important lifetime implications
I would propose organisation of the SDGs into the three broad categories:
economic development, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion,
main drivers of human induced global environmental change:
energy use, food production, urbanisation with its attendant pollution and potential hazards, and population increase.
barriers to progress- 4:
failure to conduct evaluations of water and sanitation interventions to determine whether they are successful and sustainable.
largest challenges facing megacities
financial issues and lack of expertise are not the largest challenges the need to improve management and harness the political will are inertia among the public
MDGs to SDGs
focus on two considerations: global priorities that need active worldwide public participation, political focus, and quantitative measurement; and lessons from the MDGs, especially the reasons for their successes, and corrections of some of their most important shortcomings.
the three bottom lines will depend on a fourth condition:
good governance at all levels, local, national, regional, and global.
barriers to progress- 1:
inadequate investment in water and sanitation infrastructures
source water risks include
include availability, which has become more important with awareness of climate change; water usage; watershed vulnerability; and pollutants from microbiological and chemical exposures.
tap water risks include
include the infrastructure vulnerabilities from the collection from the watershed, treatment technology, distribution, and operation and maintenance of the system.
yield- raising technologies of the green revolution:
increases in productivity of food and feed grains have slowed worldwide
barriers to progress- 2:
lack of political will to tackle the tough problems in this area
the SDGs will:
necessarily, have a different feel about them. Sustainable development is eluding the entire planet. The SDGs should therefore pose goals and challenges for all countries—not what the rich should do for the poor, but what all countries together should do for the global wellbeing of this generation and those to come
Following the lead of Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen,
one of the discoverers of the chemistry behind stratospheric ozone depletion, scientists have quickly adopted the new term Anthropocene to denote the human-driven age of the planet.
Thames Water in 2006
one of the largest private water supply companies in the United Kingdom, lost 31 percent of its water before it reached the consumer.
MDGs- what they do
packaging their priorities into a set of eight goals, and by establishing measurable and timebound objectives, the MDGs help to promote global awareness, political accountability, improved metrics, social feedback, and public pressures.
MDGs and international water supply and sanitation
people should receive water that is potable.
The three major factors causing increased water demand over the past century include
population growth industrial development expansion of irrigated agriculture
hand washing
reduces occurrence of diarrheal diseases by 14-40% diarrhea is a leading cause of child mortality throughout the world hand washing with soap can reduce diarrheal diseases by 47%
water scarcity and health
requires research in three main areas: improving efficiency of agricultural, industrial and domestic water use; developing technology for implementing and monitoring safe water reuse and developing technologies and economic policies to promote effective water conservation.
A first opportunity- A fit-for-purpose system
requires reservoirs for both potable and nonpotable waters, at the community and/or household level. Approximately 75 percent of domestic water is used for flushing toilets, garden irrigation, and clothes washing, which means that the non-potable water reservoirs will need to be of a sufficient size to accommodate the demand.
A second opportunity
rethink wastewater disposal. Recognizing that the human body keeps urine and fecal materials separate and that urine is approximately less than 1 percent of the output into the sewerage system, there has been interest in separating urine flow from the fecal material as it exits the body. Not only is this separation viewed as sustainable, but the collected urine (yellow water) can be used as a fertilizer for agricultural purposes
what do risks depend on?
risks depend on the system not the distribution system
the MDGs were:
targets mainly for poor countries, to which rich countries were to add their solidarity and assistance through finances and technology
what is the most important step to take?
the FIRST one Standards should not be held too high and risk missing the benefits of simple interventions and education to reduce acute and chronic disease related to water.
anthropogenic interference in the climate system:
the growing burdens of high and volatile food prices are confronting billions of people daily
A less well understood potential problem is
the growth of pathogenic microbes in non-potable water systems, where higher nutrients and periods of stagnant flow may promote their growth.
planetary boundaries
the idea that human activity is pushing crucial global ecosystem functions past a dangerous threshold, beyond which the earth might well encounter abrupt, highly non-linear, and potentially devastating outcomes for human wellbeing and life generally
Sustainability requires:
the leadership and responsibility of the private sector alongside the public sector and civil society.
barriers to progress- 3:
the tendency to avoid new technological or implementation approaches and apply conventional water and sanitation interventions, without community involvement, over and over again even when they are inappropriate for the specific environment and community needs
Anthropocene
to denote the human-driven age of the planet.
globalization since 1980:
together with the advent of the digital age, inequalities in income have generally soared
Sustainable development embraces:
triple bottom line approach to human well being
poverty nowadays:
well over half of the 1 billion people with a low income are living in middle-income countries, which means that they are living in societies with the financial and technological means to address their remaining poverty (as Brazil and China have eff ectively and notably done in recent years).
Millennium Development Goals- social priorities worldwide
widespread public concern about poverty, hunger, disease, unmet schooling, gender inequality, and environmental degradation
