hsci - exam 3
The connective tissue around each muscle fiber is the ____________________; the layer around each fascicle is the ____________________, and the layer around the whole muscle is the ____________________. The last connective tissue layer that seperates the muscle from suround tissues is the ____________.
(4) fascia (1) endomysium (2) perimysium (3) epimysium
Which of the following muscles is/are innervated by the Accessory nerve: (select all that apply)
-Anterior Scalene -Sternocleidomastoid
Which of the following muscles is/are innervated by the Musculocutaneous nerve: (select all that apply)
-Bicep Brachii -Brachialis
Which of the following muscles is/are innervated by the Axillary nerve: (select all that apply)
-Deltoid -teres minor
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the orbicularis oris muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-Direction of fibers -location
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the triceps brachii muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-Location -Number of heads or divisions
Which of the following muscles is/are innervated by the trigeminal nerve: (select all that apply)
-Temporalis -Masseter
Which of the following muscles are considered "muscles of Facial Expression"? (Select all that apply)
-Temporalis -Medial (internal) pterygoid -Masseter -Sternocleidomasotid
Which of the following muscles is/are innervated by the facial nerve: (select all that apply)
-Zygomaticus Major -Orbicularis Oculi -Zygomaticus Minor
How does muscle tissue contribute to homeostasis?
-by generating heat that helps maintain body temperature -by moving materials through the body -by pulling on bones to move the body
Which of the following is located in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
-extensor carpi ulnaris -extensor indicis -abductor pollicis brevis
Which of the following are way in which muscle can be named? (Select all the correct answers)
-function. -direction of fibers. -Relative size -points of attachment. -number of head/bodies -location -shape
The calcaneal (Achilles) tendon is formed by the fusion of the tendons of the
-gastrocnemius -soleus -plantaris
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the External oblique rectus muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-location & -direction of fibers
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the biceps brachii muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-number of heads or divsions -location
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the Sternocliedomastoid muscle is named?
-points of attachment
Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle?
-produce movement -maintain posture -maintain body temperature -guard body entrances and exits
Which of the following muscles is/are innervated by the Median nerve: (select all that apply)
-pronator teres
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the Deltoid muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-shape
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the Rhomboideus major muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-shape -Size of the muscle
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the Rhomboideus major muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-shape -size of muscle
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the pronator teres muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-shape -function
Muscles are named according to one or more of 7 different features. Which feature or features describes how the Adductor longus muscle is named? (selected all that are correct)
-size of muscle -function
When comparing slow motor units to fast motor units, slow units
-take about three times as long to reach peak tension. -have much smaller fiber diameters. -generate much less tension. -are rich in the red protein myoglobin.
____ (4) Neurotransmitter that converts "nerve impulses" into a "muscle impulse" _____ (3) ion that enters muscle fiber; causing depolarization and allowing muscle action potential to propagate _____ (5) enzyme that removes neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft; helps muscle relax
1. Ca2+ 2. calsequestrin 3. Na+ 4. acetylcholine 5. acetylcholinesterase
_____ (18) lowers a part _____ (11) turning the hand palm side down. _____ (3) stretching or extending a joint beyond it's anatomical posistion. _____ (12) articular part of one bones moves over the articular part of another bone. _____ (13) turning the sole of the foot inwards _____ (2) Increases the angle of the joint _____ (14) turning the sole of the foot outwards _____ (6) Moving a part away from the median plan of the body. _____ (16) Move a part backwards _____ (1) Decreased angle of joint _____ (5) Decreasing the joint angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg. _____ (4) Pointing of the toes _____ (9) Moving a part so that it's distal end moves in a circle _____ (15) Move a part forwards _____ (8) Pivoting a bone on it's own axis. _____ (7) Moving a part towards the median plan of the body. _____ (10) turning the hand palm up _____ (17) move a part up
1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. hyperextension 4. Plantar flexion 5. Dorsiflexion 6. Abduction 7. Adduction 8. Rotation 9. Circumduction 10. Supination 11. Pronation 12. Gliding movements 13. Inversion 14. Eversion 15. Protraction 16. Retraction 17. Elevation 18. Depression
_____ (2) site where thick and thin filaments overlap each other _____ (5) site where support proteins attach to thick filaments to each other _____ (3) sites delineating ends of sarcomeres
1. H zone 2. A band 3. Z discs 4. I band 5. M line
_____ (2) Contraction in which the tension within the muscle increases as the length remains constant. _____ (1) Contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same as the length changes. _____ (4) Contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same as the muscle shortens. _____ (5) Contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same as the muscle lengthens.
1. Isotonic 2. Isometric 3. Isokinetic 4. Concentric 5. Eccentric
*match* ______ Contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same as the length changes. ______ Contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same as the muscle shortens. ______ Contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same as the muscle lengthens. ______ Contraction in which the tension within the muscle increases as the length remains constant.
1. Isotonic 4. Concentric 5. Eccentric 2. Isometric
_____ (1) contractile protein found in thin filament _____ (2) structural protein; anchors thick filament to M line and Z disc _____ (5) regulatory protein associated with thin filament; binds Ca2+
1. actin 2. titin 3. tropomyosin 4. myosin 5. troponin
_____ (5) regulatory protein associated with thin filament; binds Ca2+ _____ (1) contractile protein found in thin filament _____ (2) structural protein; anchors thick filament to M line and Z disc
1. actin 2. titin 3. tropomyosin 4. myosin 5. troponin
_____ (4) muscles that rotate the thigh medially and bring it toward the midline _____ (3) muscle that adducts thigh and flexes knee _____ (5) antagonist of the hamstrings
1. biceps femoris 2. soleus 3. gracilis 4. adductor group 5. quadriceps femoris
_____ (2) also known as degenerative joint disease; the most common noninflammatory disorder of joints _____ (1) injury that results in articular surfaces of the bones that form the joint no longer being in proper contact _____ (6) metabolic disorder in which excess blood levels of uric acid crystals are deposited in the synovial fluid of joints _____ (5) form of systemic autoimmune disease that involves chronic inflammation of many different tissues and organs of the body _____ (4) acute musculoskeletal injury to ligamentous structures surrounding a joint that disrupts the continuity of the synovial membrane _____ (7) aggregation of inflammatory cells, granulation tissue, and fibroblasts that adheres to the articular cartilage _____ (3) inflammation of the bursa
1. dislocation 2. osteoarthritis 3. bursitis 4. sprain 5. rheumatoid arthritis 6. gouty arthritis 7. pannus
_____ (2) occurs at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints when arms are crossed _____ (5) occurs when thumb is brought across the palm to touch the base of the little finger _____ (4) occurs at foot when standing on tip-toe
1. dorsiflexion 2. protraction 3. retraction 4. plantar flexion 5. opposition
_____ (1) found at wrists and ankles _____ (3) found where thumbs attach to hands _____ (4) found at knees and elbows
1. gliding joints 2. ball-and-socket joints 3. saddle joints 4. hinge joints 5. pivot joints
_____ (1) found at wrists and ankles _____ (4) found at knees and elbows _____ (3) found where thumbs attach to hands
1. gliding joints 2. ball-and-socket joints 3. saddle joints 4. hinge joints 5. pivot joints
_____ (1) bundles of dense connective tissue; help link bones together and stabilize joint while movement occurs _____ (2) cover ends of synarthrotic bones; reduces friction and absorbs mechanical shocks _____ (3) fluid-filled sacs that cushion some joints
1. ligaments 2. articular capsule 3. bursae 4. articular cartilage 5. synovial fluid
_____ (3) role of the part of the quadriceps femoris attached to the tibia when the leg is extended on the thigh _____ (4) part of muscle between tendons _____ (1) role of the part of the biceps brachii attached to humerus when forearm is flexed on arm
1. origin 2. tendon 3. insertion 4. belly 5. action
_____ (5) anterior coxal _____ (4) first metacarpal and the trapezium of the thumb _____ (6) hip _____ (3) knee _____ (7) wrist _____ (2) sacroiliac _____ (1) atlantoepistropheal
1. pivot 2. gliding 3. hinge 4. saddle 5. symphysis 6. ball and socket 7. condyloid
_____ (2) embryonic cells; fuse to form muscle cells _____ (5) modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell; stores Ca2+ _____ (4) plasma membrane of muscle cell
1. sarcoplasm 2. myoblasts 3. myofibers 4. sarcolemma 5. sarcoplasmic reticulum
_____ (4) joint found at distal tibial-fibular joint _____ (2) joint found only in skull _____ (5) joint between tooth and jaw
1. synostosis 2. suture 3. synchondrosis 4. syndesmosis 5. gomphosis
______ phenomenon in which successive stimulations cause stronger contractions ______ contraction of a single muscle following a single stimulation ______ type of contraction responsible for most of the smooth, sustained movements performed by skeletal muscle
1. wave summation 2. twitch contraction 3. unfused tetanus
_____ (1) phenomenon in which successive stimulations cause stronger contractions Incorrect Response _____ (2) contraction of a single muscle following a single stimulation Incorrect Response _____ (3) type of contraction responsible for most of the smooth, sustained movements performed by skeletal muscle
1. wave summation 2. twitch contraction 3. unfused tetanus
_____ (2) contraction of a single muscle following a single stimulation _____ (3) type of contraction responsible for most of the smooth, sustained movements performed by skeletal muscle _____ (1) phenomenon in which successive stimulations cause stronger contractions
1. wave summation 2. twitch contraction 3. unfused tetanus 4. fused tetanus 5. relaxation period
The connective tissue around each muscle fiber is the ____________________; the layer around each fascicle is the ____________________, and the layer around the whole muscle is the ____________________. The last connective tissue layer that seperates the muscle from suround tissues is the ____________.
1.endomysium 2.perimysium 3.epimysium 4.fascia
*match* _____ site where thick and thin filaments overlap each other _____ sites delineating ends of sarcomeres _____ site where support proteins attach to thick filaments to each other
2. A band 3. Z discs 5. M line
______ bringing an extremity closer to the midline of the body ______ occurs when bent knee is straightened ______ occurs at elbow when right hand is placed on right shoulder
3. adduction 4. extension 1. flexion
The leverage of the biceps brachii applies its force six times closer to the fulcrum (elbow joint) than the resistance. This means it will need to exert ________ kg of force to support a load of 6 kg.
36
______ the stimulus to contract the muscle is carried inside the muscle by this structure ______ by energizing these structures, chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy ______ compound that supplies the energy for muscle contraction ______ protein that directly prevents the formation of cross-bridges in the sarcomere ______ chemical released by the motor neuron that initiates the stimulus for a muscle contraction ______ protein that has receptor sites for an ion that causes it to change shape and pull another protein away from the receptor sites on the actin _____ protein that has active sites for cross-bridge heads _____ protein that has cross-bridge heads that pull on the thin fiber _____ ion that is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
4. T-tubules 7. cross-bridges 5. ATP 8. tropomyosin 9. acetylcholine 1. troponin 3. actin 2. myosin 6. calcium
_____ decrease the angle of a joint _____ turn the palm anteriorly _____ turn the hand palm posteriorly _____ increase the angle of a joint _____ move the part toward the midline _____ move the bone away from midline
4. flexors 6. supinators 5. pronators 3. extensors 2. adductors 1. abductors
______ the plasma membrane of a muscle cell ______ cytoplasm of a muscle cell ______ muscle cell ______ modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell; stores Ca2+ _____ embryonic cells; fuse to form muscle cells
4. sarcolemma 1. sarcoplasm 3. myofibers 5. sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. myoblasts
Which of the following is true of the development of muscle tissue?
42-44 pairs of somites that will yield skeletal muscle tissue appear by the end of the 5th week.
Approximately how long is a skeletal muscle impulse?
5 msec
Choose the answer from the column on the right that best matches the description or term on in the column on the left. _____ found at the knee _____ found at the epiphyseal plate _____ found between the pubic bones
5. synovial joint 3. synchondrosis 2. symphysis
(pic) Where would calcium ion be predominately found?
6 or 9
______ inward extensions of the sarcolemma that allow impulses to go deeper into the cell ______ the ability of a muscle cell to be stimulated or excited ______ the ability of a muscle cell to shorten ______ protein that looks like "bundled golf clubs"; makes up the thick myofilament ______ the ability of a muscle to stretch ______ a segment of the myofilament between two Z-lines ______ a neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates ______ protein that joins with calcium ions to allow cross-bridges to form _____ protein that blocks the receptor sites on the actin molecule _____ beadlike globular protein that makes up the thin myofilament ______ name given to the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
7. T-tubule 8. irritability 3. contractility 6. myosin 5. extensibility 9. sarcomere 11. motor unit 10. troponin 4. tropomyosin 1. actin 2. sarcolemma
Which part of the sarcomere stays the same size during contraction?
A-band
For the initiation of an action potential that starts contraction in skeletal muscle fiber...
ACh must bind to receptors on the motor end plate
During anaerobic glycolysis
ALL -ATP is produced. -pyruvic acid is produced. -oxygen is not consumed.
Which joint allows for the widest range of movement?
Ball and socket
Which of the following terms describes an inflamation of the fluid filled sac of the synovial membrane?
Bursasitis
Which statement about excitation-contraction coupling is incorrect?
Calcium ion is released from the transverse tubule.
Which type of contraction occurs in which the tension within the muscle remains the same as the muscle shortens?
Concentric contraction.
Which of the following is NOT true of the effect of aging on muscular tissue?
Exercise has little effect on delaying or reversing age-related loss of skeletal muscle function.
Muscle Fibers in skeletal muscles form bundles called ______.
Fascicles
Which type of lever is the alantoocipital joint considered to be?
First-class lever
Which type of lever is the atlantooccipital joint considered to be?
First-class lever
What are the unique joints that occur between the root of a tooth and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla?
Gomphoses
Which region of the sarcomere contains the thin filaments?
I band
What is Muscular dystrophy?
Inherited disorder caussing muscle weakness and muscle atrophy.
Which joint is the largest and most frequently injured?
Knee
Which of the following proteins found in myofilaments contains the cross-bridges?
Myosin
All of the following is true of rigor mortis EXCEPT:
Myosin ATPase activity allows the contraction cycle to repeat indefinitely.
(pic) Which muscle is indicated by the number "4"?
Peroneus Brevis
(pic) Which muscle is indicated by the number "7" in the muscle picture?
Peroneus Brevis
(pic) What is the innervation for the muscle shown/hightlighted?
Phrenic Nerve
Which of the following terms describes an autoimmmune disease of the joints?
Rheumatoid arthritis
Which of the following terms describes an autoimmune disease of the joints?
Rheumatoid arthritis
What is the name of the muscle plasma membrane?
Sarcolemma
What is the name of the muscle cytoplasm?
Sarcoplasm
Which of the following types of muscle tissue contains cells that have a multiple nuclei?
Skeletal
All of the following are true of muscle tissue regeneration EXCEPT:
Skeletal muscle tissue retains its mitotic ability and ability to regenerate throughout life.
Which type of joint joins the two pubis bones together?
Symphysis
A suture is an example of a(n)
Synarthrosis
An immovable joint is a(n).
Synarthrosis
In terms of structure, which type of articulation has a joint capsule?
Synovial
What are the most movable joints in the body?
Synovial joints
What is the deep invagination of the muscle plasma membrane called?
T tubule
The sternocleidomastoid muscles flex the neck, and the splenius cervic muscles extend it. What is the relationship between these muscles when bowing your head?
The sternocleidomastoid is the prime mover, and the splenius cervical is the antagonist.
*graph pic* What is thought to happen in a muscle during the response shown in graph (a)?
There is a gradual increase in the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm.
Which type of lever is the elbow considered to be?
Third-Class lever
Which of the following motor units would produce the greatest tension?
a motor unit in a back muscle
A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called
a motor unit.
What happens in a third class lever if the distance between the force/effort and the fulcrum is increased?
a reduced amount of effort will be required to move the same amount of load
What happens in a second class lever if the distance between the force/effort and the fulcrum is increased?
a reduced amount of effort will be required to move the same amount of load.
A movement away from the midline of the body is called what?
abduction.
Which of the following is a chemical released by the motor neuron that initiates the stimulus for a muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
Triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after
acetylcholine binds to chemically gated channels in the motor end plate membrane.
Which neurotransmitter(s) are secreted at the motor end plates of skeletal muscles?
acetylcholine.
How do Calcium ions move back from the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
active transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane
During the recovery period the body's need for oxygen is increased because
additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise.
A movement towards the midline of the body is called what?
adduction.
Which action moves the part toward the midline?
adductors
A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
aerobic metabolism of fatty acids
The __________________________ is responsible for the striations of striated muscle.
alternating of A bands and I bands
A slightly movable joint is a(n)
amphiarthrosis
After heavy exercise, if energy reserves in a muscle are depleted, ________ occurs.
an oxygen debt
Which of the following is stretched or torn in about 70 percent of all serious knee injuries?
anterior cruciate ligament
Thin filaments
are composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin.
Thick filaments
are composed primarily of myosin.
Which synovial joint structure can be described as a thin layer of cartilage covering the articulating surfaces of the bones?
articular cartilage
What is the term to describe an decrease in muscle size?
atrophy
Four year old Parker has been going to the health club with his dad. Today he is showing the trainers his big muscle. Parker flexes his forearm at the elbow and a bulge appears. That bulge is, in part, due to the contraction of Parker's
biceps brachii
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the quadriceps femoris?
biceps femoris
Which of the following regulate the type of movement possible at a synovial joint?
both amount of synovial fluid in the joint and shape of the joint.
What is another name for a muscle cell?
both myocyte and muscle fibers are acceptable names for a muscle cell.
The term aponeurosis refers to a...
broad, flat, sheetlike tendon
(1) Which synovial joint structure can be described as closed pillowlike structures formed from synovial membrane?
bursae
Fluid-filled sacs that help cushion certain joints are the...
bursae
Which of the following is a ion that is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
calcium
Which of the following is NOT an extrinsic muscle of the eye?
ciliary
A muscle that controls the diameter of an opening is a ________ muscle
circular
When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called
complete tetanus.
What is the term to describe the ability of a muscle cell to shorten?
contractility
Which of the following properties of muscle tissue is its ability to generate tension to do work?
contractility
Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for
contraction.
Which of the following is a function of muscle tissue?
controlling flow of materials out of the stomach and urinary bladder
The primary function of muscle is
conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy.
Painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches are called:
cramps.
Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes
decreased width of the H band during contraction.
The transversus abdominis muscle is located ________ to the internal oblique muscle...
deep
Which muscle that crosses the shoulder joint moves the arm in the greatest number of different directions?
deltoid
Which of the following is an example of a pivot joint?
dens of the axis rotating against atlas
A freely movable joint is a(n)
diarthrosis.
A muscle of the anterior neck that has two origins is the...
digastric muscle
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg...
dorsiflex the foot
What type of movement is being performed when a person is lifting a stone with the tip of their foot?
dorsiflexion.
The radiocarpal joint is a(n) ________ joint.
ellipsoid
Individual muscle cells are surrounded by
endomysium.
What is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle?
epimysium
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
epimysium.
What is the term that describes the ability of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged?
extensibility
Which type of movement increases the angle between body parts?
extension.
Agonists and synergists are interchangeable terms.
false
Biceps femoris muscle is a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group.
false
Bundles of fine fibers that extend lengthwise along muscle fibers are called myofilaments.
false
Bundles of fine fibers that extend lengthwise along muscle fibers are called sarcomere.
false
In a second-class lever, the pull is exerted between the fulcrum and the load.
false
One of the major functions of muscles is protection.
false
Tendons are often continuous with the endosteum of bone tissue.
false
The flexor muscles that move the fingers are located on the posterior surface of the forearm.
false
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcomere.
false
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasm.
false
The rectus abdominal muscle is an example of a convergent muscle.
false
Tipping the head back on its atlas is an example of a third-class lever.
false
In muscle histology, what term is used to describe a bundle or a cluster of skeletal muscle fibers?
fascicle
On which type of lever is the effort (or applied force) and load/resistance on opposite sides of the fulcrum?
first-class lever
Which type of lever describes movement of the head posteriorly from anatomical posistion?
first-class lever.
Anatomical speaking Which of the following is not a component of a lever system?
fixator
Which motions are NOT observed for the scapula?
flexion and extension
The intercarpal articulations are ________ joints.
gliding
Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones?
gliding
ATP can be made in muscles from stored glucose. In muscles, glucose is stored in the form of __________.
glycogen
In the liver, some of the lactic acid is converted to...
glycogen
Dense connective tissue is to a suture as a periodontal ligament is to a(n)
gomphosis.
Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers
have many nuclei.
The splenius muscles act only on the...
head and neck
Which of the following is an example of a ball and socket joint?
head of the humerus articulating with the scapula.
Which of the following is an example of a pivot joint ?
head of the radius articulating with the ulna.
Which of the following is an example of a pivot joint?
head of the radius articulating with the ulna.
The ankle joint is an example of a(n) ________ joint.
hinge
The elbow joint is an example of a(n) ________ joint.
hinge
Each skeletal muscle fiber contains ________ myofibrils.
hundreds to thousands
(pic) What type of tissue occurs at the structure labeled "3"?
hyaline cartilage
An adult has more muscle mass than a child. How did that increase in muscle mass occur?
hypertrophy
What separates muscle from the skin?
hypodermis
Myofibrils
include the contractile proteins actin and myosin.
A muscle producing tension that peaks and falls at intermediate stimulus rates is said to be in
incomplete tetanus.
Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?
increases osmotic pressure within joint
Heat energy produced from muscle contraction is released by the ________ system.
integumentary
Cardiac muscle fibers are attached to one another at...
intercalated discs
Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint ?
interphalangeal joints.
A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, termed
inversion
What is the term that describes the ability of muscle cells to respond to a nerve stimulus?
irritability
What is Muscular atrophy?
is a decrease in muscle mass due to loss of myofibrils.
The ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials
is called electrical excitability ; is a property of muscle tissue.
What is Muscular Hypertrophy?
is in increase in muscle mass due to increased numbers of myofibrils.
Finish this sentence: A third class lever...
is the most common lever system in the human body.
A prime mover (agonist)
is the muscle most responsible for a particular action.
What is the the type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten called?
isometric.
Which synovial joint structure can be described as a sleeve-like extension of the periosteum of each of the articulating bones in a joint?
joint capsule
Which synovial joint structure can be described as small space between two articulating bones?
joint cavity
Which muscle is contracted when you open your eyes (elevate the upper eyelid)?
levator palpebrae superioris
A sprain refers to damage to which anatomical feature?
liagemnt
Which synovial joint structure can be described as strong cords of dense white connective tissue that help stabilize a joint?
ligaments
The muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from
loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane.
A brand new muscle has been identified and has been name it abductor brevis femoris. Where is it located?
lower extremity
Which synovial joint structure can be described as pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones?
menisci
When acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the end plate membrane becomes
more permeable to sodium ions.
During activities requiring aerobic endurance
most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.
During activities requiring aerobic endurance Question 20 options:
most of the muscle's energy is produced in mitochondria.
What is the name of the special neurons that control muscle contractions?
motor neuron
What is the the name of the special neurons that control muscle contractions?
motor neuron
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates form a...
motor unit
An adductor muscle...
moves a part of the body toward the midline
Which of the following movements is a good example of flexion?
moving the hand toward the shoulder
If ACh is not released at the neuromuscular junction then...
muscle contraction will not happen
Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
muscle contraction.
During the recovery period following exercise, all of the following are true, except
muscle fibers are unable to contract.
In an isotonic contraction,
muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load.
A weakness of muscles caused by an abnormality at the neuromuscular junction that partially blocks contraction is known as...
myasthenia gravis
Cross-bridges are portions of of which proteins?
myosin molecules.
Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single
neuromuscular junction.
Muscles with fibers that run at an angle to the long axis of the body are called
oblique.
A muscle of the head that is divided into two parts, separated by an aponeurosis is the...
occipitofrontalis
At peak levels of muscle exertion the mitochondria can supply
only about one-third of the energy required by the muscle.
Which of the following movements is a good example of depression?
opening the mouth
To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called
opposition
What surrounds a muscle fascicle?
perimysium
Nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the
perimysium.
Which foot movement enables the ballerina to stand on her toes?
plantar flexion.
A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the:
prime mover
Which type of muscles play the major role in accomplishing a particular movement?
prime movers
Muscles generate heat, stabilize the body positions and...
produce body movements
What is the purpose of Aerobic respiration?
produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule.
The maximum ability to move the bones of a joint through an arc is...
range of motion
The elevated use of oxygen after exercise is called...
recovery oxygen uptake
Muscles with fibers that run parallel to the long axis of the body are called
rectus
Fast muscle fibers can adapt to aerobic metabolism by generating more mitochondria in response to
repeated, exhaustive stimulation.
Which of the following best describes the term sarcomere?
repeating unit of striated myofibrils
After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as
rigor mortis.
The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a(n) ________ joint.
saddle
Which type of joint is the joint at the base of the thumb?
saddle joint
What is the smallest contractile unit?
sarcomere
What is the name of the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber?
sarcoplasm.
Which of the following describes how the Deltoid muscle was named?
shape
Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten, the muscle fiber
shortens.
The motor end plate is part of a...
skeletal muscle cell at the synapse
What part(s) of the skeleton can sutures be found?
skull only.
The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the ________ fiber.
slow
Which of the following movements is a good example of abduction?
spreading the fingers
Which of the following best describes the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
storage and release site for calcium ions
What is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
stores Ca2+ when the fiber is at rest
The diaphragm muscle inserts on the...
strong aponeurosis called the central tendon
Which action turns the palm anteriorly?
supinators
Creatine phosphate...
supplies energy for synthesis of ATP
The joint used to hold a tooth in its socket is actually a _____________.
synarthrosis
A ligamentous connection such as an interosseus ligament is termed a
syndesmosis.
An epiphyseal line is an example of a
synostosis
In terms of structure, which type of articulation has a joint capsule
synovial
Which synovial joint structure can be described as the part that secretes a lubricating fluid into the joint capsule?
synovial membrane
At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a
tendon
Which connective tissue component is described as tube-shaped structure of fibrous connective tissue?
tendon sheath
The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n)
tendon.
Which of the following hormones directly stimulates growth of muscle tissue, leading to increased muscle mass?
testosterone
Which of the following acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of muscle?
the head portion of the myosin molecule
In an isometric contraction...
the muscle contracts but does not shorten
Which of the following groups of muscles does NOT move the vertebral column?
the rhomboid group
Which of the following become connected by myosin cross-bridges during muscle contraction?
thin filaments and thick filaments
Which type of lever is the effort (or applied force) exerted between the fulcrum and load/resistance?
third-class lever
Which type of lever is the elbow considered to be?
third-class lever
Which type of lever is the most common in the human body?
third-class lever
Which of the following is an example of a saddle joint?
thumb metacarpal and the trapezium in the wrist.
Which muscle acts synergistically with the anconeus to extend the forearm?
triceps brachii
At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by
troponin molecules.
When calcium ion concentration in the sarcoplasm is low the...
troponin-tropomyosin complex slides back over the myosin binding sites
A fixator muscle can be seen as another type of synergist muscle.
true
Antagonist muscles oppose the movement of the agonist muscle.
true
Bundles of fine fibers that extend lengthwise along muscle fibers are called myofibrils.
true
In muscle terminology, the term rectus means straight.
true
Muscles maintain posture by the property of tonicity.
true
Muscles pull on bones; they do not push bones.
true
One of the major functions of muscles is heat production.
true
One of the major functions of muscles is movement.
true
One of the major functions of muscles is posture.
true
Synergists muscles contract at the same time as the prime mover.
true
The covering of individual muscle fibers is the endomysium.
true
The deltoid muscle is an example of a multipennate muscle.
true
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcolemma.
true
The smallest contractile unit of muscle is a sarcomere.
true
the smallest contractile unit of muscle is a sarcomere.
true
Which of the following movements is a good example of pronation?
turning the hand palm downward
Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?
turning the hand palm upward
Each thin filament consists of
two protein strands coiled helically around each other.
If a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. This is called
wave summation.
Under which condition can muscle fibers generate the most tension?
when fibers have an overlap of thick and thin filaments that is close to their resting length